SOLD BY: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF BREAST CANCER IN NATIONAL HOSPITAL ABUJA, 2005-2014
ABSTRACT
The data for this research work
titled statistical analysis of reported cases of Breast cancer was
collected from the National Hospital Abuja. The statistical tool used
for the analysis of the data is Time Series. The time series model gave a
slope of -1.2 which indicates that new cases of the disease is
gradually decreasing.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Breast cancer (Malignant breast
neoplasm) is cancer originating from the tissue most commonly from the
inner living of the milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with
milk. According to one of the breast cancer journals (www.webmd.com)
the size, stage, rate of growth and other characteristics of the tumor
determine the series of treatment. Treatment may include surgery, drugs,
chromosomal therapy and (radiation and immunotherapy) surgical removal
of the tumor provides the benefits with surgery alone being capable of
producing a cause in long term disease free survival. Several
chemotherapy regime are commonly in addition to surgery. Most forms of
thermotherapy kills cells that are dividing rapidly anywhere in the
breast that were missed by the surgery which usually extends survival
somewhat, although, radiation exposure to the heart may cause heart
failure in the future. Some breast cancers are sensitive to hormones
such as estrogen and progesterone which makes it possible to treat them
blocking the effects of these hormones.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Breast cancer surgery in the 18th
century, because of its visibility, breast cancer was the form of
cancer most often described in ancient documents, because autopsies
were rare, cancer of the internal organ were essentially invisible to
ancient medicine, breast cancer however could be felt through the skin
and in its advanced state often developed into fumigating lesion, the
junior would become necrotic (die from the inside causing the tumor to
appear to break up) and ulcerate through the skin, weeping fetid dark
fluid. The oldest description of cancer was discovered in Egypt and
dates back to approximately 1600BC. The Edwin Smith pangrus described
eight cases of tumors or ulcers of the breast that were treated by
cauterization, the writing says about the disease, there is no treatment
for centuries, physicians describes similar cases in their practices
with the same conclusion. Ancient, from the time of Greeks through the
17th century was based on humoralism and thus believed that
breast cancer was generally caused by imbalances in the fundamental
fluids of black biles, alternatively, patients often saw it as divine
punishment.
In the 18th century, a wide
variety of medical explanations were proposed, including a black of
sexual activity, physical injuries to the breast, curdled breast milks
and various forms of lymphatic blockages, either internal or due to
restrictive clothing. In the 19th century, Scottish surgeon
John Rodman said that there is a fear of cancer’s tendency to run in
families. Although, breast cancer was known in ancient times, it was
uncommon until the 19th century when improvements in
sanitation and control of deadly infectious diseases result in dramatic
increase in life span. Previously, most women had died too young to have
developed breast cancer. Additionally, early and frequent child bearing
and breast feeding probably reduced the rate of breast cancer
development in these women who did survive to middle age. Ancient
medicine believed that the cause was systematic, rather than local and
because surgery carried a high mortality rate. The referred treatment
tended to be pharmacological rather than surgical. Breast cancer journal
(www.webmd.com).
According to society of women’s health
research in the US (2005) both incidence and death rates for breast
cancer have been divining in the last few years in native Americans and
Alaskan, the research also indicated that breast cancer remains the
most feared disease even though heart disease is exaggerated than the
risk of breast cancer. According to “world cancer report 2008”, breast
cancer caused 455,503 deaths worldwide (13.7% of cancer deaths in women)
breast cancer is more than 100 times common in women than in men,
although, males tend to have poorer outcome due to delay in diagnosis.
The Federal Capital Territory like other
states in Nigeria had suffered great pain from this deadly disease even
before the establishment of National Hospital Abuja on the 22nd
of May 1999 by the federal government of Nigeria and was commissioned
by the former head of state, his Excellency, Gen. Abdulsalami Abubakar
and opened its door to patients on the 11th Oct. 1999.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Breast cancer is one of the dangerous
disease that affect women in the world, causing pains in the faces of
our mother and even men in the society at large. This has prompted the
researcher to determine whether the reported cases of breast cancer are
on the increase or decrease within the period of ten years.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to analyze
whether the rate of breast cancer is on the increase or decrease within a
period of ten years.
The objectives of this research work are:
- To determine the trend movement of the disease.
- To forecast the trend of the disease.
- To determine if the proportion of survival is equal among the specified age groups.
This research work will be useful to the
Government, the medical centers, private and public health
practitioners, researchers who may like to investigate more about the
disease and to the society at large.
1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY.
This research work covers a period of ten years and was restricted to National Hospital Abuja.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY.
Due to the financial constraints and
time factor, the researcher was unable to cover the whole health center
in Abuja to collect data for this research work. Therefore, the
researcher limited her findings to national hospital Abuja.
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.
The researcher wants to impact more knowledge on breast cancer and to do this, the following questions are stated below:
- What are the causes of breast cancer?
- Can breast cancer be prevented or controlled?
HO: The rate of breast cancer is on the decrease
HI: The rate of breast cancer is not on the decrease.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS.
Malignant Tumor: A mass of cells growing on part of the body where they usually cause medical problems.
Cancer: A serious disease in which there is an abnormal growth in the body cell and kill the normal body cells
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