THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE LEAVE EXTRACT OF VITEX DONIANA AND CAJANUS CAJAN ON SOME BACTERIA ISOLATE

THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE LEAVE EXTRACT OF VITEX DONIANA AND CAJANUS CAJAN ON SOME BACTERIA ISOLATE

ABSTRACT

The antibacterial activities of acetone, hot and cold water extracts of leaves of vitex doniana and cajanus cajan on gram Negative  bacteria (salmonella Typhi)and gram positive bacteria  (Bacillus subtilis) were investigated. The antibacterial activity were partially high in acetone extracts of vitex doniana against salmonella typhi, followed by hot and cold water extracts of vitex doniana on Bacillus  subtilis. Again, Bacillus subtilis was resistance to all the extracts except acetone extracts of vitex doniana and cajanus cajan. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts were equally  determine. The kinetic  killing of individual cells by addition of extract to culture broth  indicated decrease in the number of the viable counts during the period of monitoring. The analysis of variance showed that, there was no significant difference between the antimicrobial activity of standard antibiotic gentamicin and acetone extracts of vitex donian and cajanus cajan leaf on the isolate’s, the outcome of the results suggest that, the acetone extracts of vitex doniana and cajanus cajan have antimicrobial properties which can be pharmaceutically exploited.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Herbs have being used for centuries to improve health and well-being of mankind. It is well established that plants contains compounds able to inhibits microbial growth and survival. Main-stream modern medicine is now beginning to re-focus on herbs and natural plant therapies as a primary means to deal with current-day health issues. These plant compounds have different structures and different action when compared with antimicrobials conventionally used in the clinic or laboratory to inhibit microbial growth and survival. (Baris et al, 2006). Herbal medicine refers to or also called botanical medicine or phytochemidicine “Refers” to using a plant seed, berries, roots, leaves, bark or flower for medicinal purposes.

Plant-derived substances have recently become of great interest owing to their versatile application…medicinal plants are rich Bio-resources of drugs. A number of interesting outcomes have been found with the use of a mixture of natural products of plant extracts to treat diseases. ( Hammer eta, 1999).

The antimicrobial properties of plant have been investigated by a number of researchers world-wide though through biological evaluation of plants extracts are to be accepted as valid medical agents for the treatment of infectious diseases especially in light of the emergence of drug-resistant micro-organisms, substance such as alkaloids, iso-flavonoids, cumarines, terpenes, poly-phenols and organic acid in plants extracts have be identified as the bioactive ingredients responsible for antimicrobial activities (Tanaka etal, 2016, Gibbons, 2003)

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The present study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of acetol, hot and cold water extracts of leaves of vitex doniana and cajanus cajan on salmonella typhi and Bacillus substills and to identify the phytochemicals responsible for antimicrobial activity of the plant on selected strains. This plants consists of leaves, stem, bark and roots of which all contains medicainal, therapeutics and pharmaco acts. (Hammer etal, 1999)

• ORIGIN AND DESCRIPTION OF VITEX DONIANA

Vitex doniana belongs to the family verbenaceae and is commonly called “blackplum” while is locally known as “utakiri” in Eastern Nigeria, “Dinya” in Northern Nigeria and “Ori” in western Nigeria. (Gibbons, 2003). Chemical constitutes of the plant include: glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, essential fatty acid. Vitex  doniana is a deciduous, grow up to 20m tall, with some specimens reaching 25metre, the bole can be clear of branches for up to 5 metre. A very useful, multi-purpose tree providing food, medicine and materials often harvested from wild, the tree is also cultivalted or semi-cultural near villages. The edible fruits and leaves are sold in Local markets and the wood is also some-times traded, vitex doniana is scientifically classified as follows:-

          Kingdom     –        Plantae

          Phylum       –        Tracheophyta

          Class           –        Magnoliopsida

          Order          –        Lamiales

          Family        –        Lamiaceae

          Genus                   –        Vitex

          Species       –        Vitex doniana

                                      (Gibbon 2004)

• ORIGIN AND DESCRIPTION OF CAJANUS CAJAN

Cajanus cajan belongs to the family Fabaceae, commonly called pigeon pea and locally known as “fiofio” in Eastern Nigeria, “Aduwa” in Northern  Nigeria, “otili” in southern Nigeria and “olele” in western Nigeria. The centre of origin is most likely Asia, from where it travelled to East Africa and by means of the slave trade to the America continents. Cajanus cajan flowers are yellow, in sparse peduncled racemes, about 1.5cm long. pod is hairy, 4-7cm long, 1cm wide, containing two to seven (2-7) seeds. (Gibbons) cajanus cajan is widely used as food, they contain high level of protein and the important amino acids like methionin, Lysin and tryptophan. The green leaves of cajanus cajan is widely and usually used traditionally as medicine, in the treatment of stomach or intestinal disorder. This study was designed to evaluate the extracts or vitex doniana and cajanus cajan (Leave) as antimicrobial agents, the are scientifically classified as follows:

Kingdom     –        Plantae

          Phylum       –        Tracheophyta

          Class           –        Magnoliopsida

          Order          –        Fabales

          Superorder –        Rosanae

          Family        –        leguminosae/Fabaceae

          Genus                   –        Cajanus

          Species       –        Cajanus Cajan

(Arikiyaraij etal, 2009, Silanin (Ari) and don maydell 1986)

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research is to evaluate the antibacterial activities of leaf of vitex doniana and cajanus cajan on selected bacterial strains which are salmonella  typhi and Bacillus  Subtilis.

OBJECTIVES

• To verify the claims that vitex doniana and cajanus cajan are effectively used on some bacterial’s.
• To test three water soluble extracts of acetol, hot and cold water extracts of leaves of vitex doniana and cajanus cajan on salmonella typhi and Bacillus

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

Vitex  doniana belongs to the family verbenaceae which is commonly known as Black plum, vitex doniana is the  most commonly and extensively tree of its kind because of it therapeutic properties, medicinal value and contents, (Sani, 2012). This rapidly growing and hardly tree is indigenous and the specie is found in coastal woodlands and savannah at low attitude in wetter areas and in upland, grassland and is also riverine, again vitex  doniana is found in dry-moist and wet low lands about (0.1, 800 metres).