SOLD BY: THE EFFICACY OF COMMONLY USED DISINFECTANTS IN NASARAWA TOWN
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects (Larson and Morton, 2010). Disinfectants are used extensively in the hospital and other health care settings on a variety of topical and hard surface application over the years rather than using antimicrobial drugs (Larson and Morton, 2008). Disinfectants have played important roles in the control of infectious disease, microbial food spoilage and growth of unwanted microbes. They are generally an essential part of infection control practices (Rutala, et al 2007).
Powerful antimicrobial chemicals (also known as disinfectants) are increasingly found in household cleaner and hand wipes. Research has shown that some of the common antimicrobial chemicals used at very high concentration tend to develop a decrease in their efficacy on pathogens or even develop resistance due to the long-term use in high concentration (Wesley and Margaret, 2000).
1.2 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This project work is only limited to testing the efficacy of disinfectants on some fungal pathogens such as, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Mucor.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The efficacy of a disinfectant not only depends on the active substances and their concentration but also on the conditions of use such as exposure time and temperature. Even when using disinfectants, the product must be used correctly under defined conditions.
Disinfectants used in homes, hospitals, and laboratories must be tested periodically to ascertain their potency and efficacy. Therefore this study tries to ascertain the efficacy of common disinfectants sold in Nasarawa town on some fungal pathogens.
1.4 AIM/OBJECTIVES
This project work is aimed at testing the efficacy of commonly used disinfectants in Nasarawa town.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To identify common disinfectants used in Nasarawa town by surveying chemist and stores.
2. To identify chemical composition of these disinfectants and source-factories.
3. To test their efficacy on some pathogenic fungi -Candida albicans, Mucor, and Aspergillus niger – using serial dilution and pour-plate techniques.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORICAL REVIEW
People are known to practice disinfection and sterilization since the beginning of recorded history (Black, 1999). For example the ancient Egyptians used fire to sterilize infectious materials and disinfectants to embalm bodies (mummifications) while the Greeks burned sulfur to fumigate buildings. Mosaic Laws commanded the Hebrews to burn any clothing suspected of being contaminated with leprosy bacterium (Mycobacterium leprae) as recorded by Collins, et al. (1999).
The first modern day disinfectant, carbolic acid, better known as phenol, was introduced in to the operating room to reduce infection risk during surgery in the late 19th century (Black, 1996).
Redmond (2007) observed that, as a result of the above discovery, post-operative infections were reduced dramatically and that marked the birth of modern science of disinfectants. Just as observed by Russel et al. (2000), man’s desire to end disease has led to the development of many different chemical compounds that kill pathogenic microorganisms. Today phenol itself and phenolic (phenol derivatives) such as cresols, xylenols (chloroxylenol- the principal ingredient in Dettol, a household disinfectant and antiseptic), thymol and hexachlorophene (now banned due to suspected harmful effects) are widely recognized as laboratory and hospital disinfectants (Prescortt, et al. 2003).
Advancement in the science of disinfectants has now reached apex and aside phenol other chemical compounds such as halogens, alcohols, and quaternary ammonium compounds (introduced in 1999) are used to produce a wide variety of disinfectants for hospitals, households, schools and other human abodes.
2.2 CLASSES OF DISINFECTANTS
Disinfectants are classified according to their potencies or degree to which they can be expected to kill microorganisms. Thus three classes are prominent: High-level disinfectants; Intermediate level disinfectants; and Low level disinfectants.
High-level disinfectants destroy all microorganisms, with the exception of high number of bacterial spores (Mamman and Kazeem, 2005). The high level disinfectants include hydrogenperoxide, gluteraldehyde and formaldehyde.
Intermediate level disinfectants inactivate even resistant organism such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, vegetative bacteria’s well as most viruses and fungi, but do not necessarily kill bacterial spores (Williams et al, 2003).
Low-level disinfectants kill most bacteria some viruses and some fungi, but cannot kill resistant microorganism such as tubercle bacilli or bacterial spores.
2.3 TYPES OF DISINFECTANTS AND THEIR MODE OF ACTION
2.3.1 ALCOHOLS
They are among the most widely used disinfectants. They are bactericidal and fungicidal but not sporicidal and destroy some lipid-viruses (Roger et al. 1990). The two most popular alcohol germicide are ethanol and isopropanol, usually used in about 70% to 80% which is more effective than 95% alcohol. They are used to wipe over benches and skin. They have limited activity in the presence of organic matter, and are non-corrosive but can be a fire hazard (Franklin et al. 1999; Collins et al. 2004).
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