SOLD BY: ROUTE SURVEY OF THE MAIN ROAD FROM SCHOOL GATE TO SENIOR STAFF QUARTERS OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, NASARAWA, NASARAWA STATE
ABSTRACT
The project explains the experience in practice, the student had during the course of study in the institution. And it explains the stages involved in carrying out the project. The project contains five chapters; chapter one contain the background of the study, the statement of problem, purpose of study e.t..c. chapter two contains literature review and chapter three talk on research methodology, while chapter four is on data presentation, finally chapter five is basically on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Road plays major role in the development of a nation or a state, as it is popularly known as the most common means of communication. Roads are also the common way of transportation of goods and services and people from village, town, and cities. Road serves as links between railways stations, airports and seaports. They are used for the spreading of social amenities to villages and towns, hence their location design and construction are of prime importance.
Route surveying is the determination of the part of a propose road in other to portray the relief of the path for office planning and design of such road by road engineers.
The field work of this project was also proceeded by reconnaissance i.e. a visit to the site in order to become familiarized with the site.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this project is to expose the writer to the practical aspect of route survey and to provide necessary survey data which will enable the production of a plan showing the route and also to provide the information necessary for road engineers to carry out the design of the proposed route for effective cost management of the construction of the road.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the project are summarized as folllows:
1) To carryout a levelling
2) To carryout traversing
3) To mark out the center line of the route at 25m interval for the longitudinal/cross section profile.
4) To fix linear details along the route
1.3 LOCATION OF PROJECT SITE
This project site is located at Nasarawa state, Nasarawa local government area, Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa from the school gate to the school senior staff quarters.
1.4 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The federal polytechnic Nasarawa is an educational institution of higher learning, it was established mainly for the training of individuals in the technical aspect. It is in this environment that the project site is.
1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Although the major road within the school is that which runs from the main gate: As student it is imperative that we know how to undertake this aspect as engineering survey, hence the need to undertake the task.
Here the statement of problem is how, do we go about getting the data for the;
a. Corridor of the road
b. Horizontal section and
c. Cross-sectional data.
1.6 PURPOSE OF STUDY
The main purpose of this project work is to carryout the route survey of the main road within Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, from the school main gate to the senior staff quarters.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This project work is significant because at the end of the entire field work, maps/plans showing the longitudinal and cross-section of the road will be produced.
1.8 RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS
There should be questions to be considered by the researcher.
Questions like:
1) Can the department provide sufficient instrument needed by the students?
2) Is the department highly recognized
3) Survey should be an important course to be offered in secondary schools.
1.9 SCOPE OF STUDY
– Reconnaissance
– Chainage marking at 25cm interval along the center line of route
– Height determination (levelling)
– Theodolite observation
– Cross sectioning
– Data processing
– Analysis and
– Plotting with a suitable scale.
1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Surveying: This can be defined as the linear and angular measurement made to determine the dimensions, features and relative positions of the earths surface.
Route Survey: this is the method of survey of determining parts of a propose road in order to portray the relief of the path and is the type or method of survey used in road construction.
Traversing: These are series of connected lines whose length and direction are determined from field observations using distance and angular measurement.
Levelling: This is the art of determining relative heights of points on the surface or beneath the earth surface.
Reconnaissance: This is the process of visiting the propose site to know more about the site work and involve the principle of survey.
Back Sigh (B.S): This is the first sight taken on a levelling staff and enables the surveyor to obtain the height of the instrument. It is taken on a point of known elevation.
Fore Sight (F.S): It is the sight taken on a levelling staff held at a point of unknown elevation to ascertain where the point is above or below the line of sight.
Intermediate Sight (I.S): This is the sight taken on a levelling staff held at a point.
Height of Instrument (H.I): It is the elevation of the line of sight with respect to the assumed datum.
Station: This is the point where instrument are positioned. They are also points of determining elevations.
Change point: This is the point on which both the fore sight and back sight are taken during levelling operation.
Cross section: It is the determination of the difference of elevations of the ground surface along line perpendicular to the center line of propose survey work.
GPS Global Positioning System: This is a means of measurement using satellite systems of positioning with the purpose of definition of co-ordinates.
Theodolite: It is an instrument used for angular measurement.
Foot Screws: They are used in theodolite levelling operations.
Circular Bubble: Used for setting the vertical axis of the instrument over a survey station.
Plane Bubble: Used for setting the horizontal axis of the instrument in the horizontal plane.
Circle Reading: They are graduated in degrees, minutes and seconds (0, 1, 11) which are used for angular readings.
Levelling Screws: They are used for setting the instrument.
Clamping Screws: Used for clamping the instrument in either vertical or horizontal plane.
Bench Mark (B.M): These are fixed references point, reduced levels of which are accurately determined by spirit levelling.
Reduced Level (R.L) This is the height or elevation above surface adopted as datum.
Face Left: This is when the vertical circle is to the left of the observer.
Face right: This is where the vertical circle is to the right of the observer.
Beacons: These are permanent survey marks of any kind made of concrete, iron or stone and includes pillars and boundary posts.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Route survey is to establish the horizontal and vertical alignment for transportation facilities which are assumed to form a network that includes the transport of people or goods by roads, highways, railways, pipelines and others. Route survey alignment planning, design and construction work includes obtaining necessary information regarding terrain and land use, making surveys to determine detailed topography and establishing horizontal and vertical control required for construction layout.
In general view, route survey consist of determining ground configuration and the location of objects within a proposed route, thereby establishing the linear alignment of the route and determining volumes of earthwork required for construction. The most important aspect in route survey alignment project is the establishment of horizontal and vertical control required for planning, design, construction and final as built surveys for the realignment.
With the advent of the Roman Empire, there was a need for armies to be able to travel quickly from one area to another and the roads that existed were often, which leads to poor movement of large number of people. To solve this problem, the Romans built roads which was with the use deep roadbeds of crushed stones as an underlying layer to ensure that they are kept dry, as water flows out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils.
In the medieval Islamic world, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire, the most sophisticated road were those of the Baghdad, which were paved with tar in the 8th century. Tar was derived from petroleum, accessed from oil fields in the region, through the chemical process of destructive distillation.
In the new construction method, 18thand 19th centuries; new roads and bridges began to be built, often based on Roman designs. Although there were attempt to rediscover Roman methods, there was little useful innovation in road building before the 18thcentury.
Roam road design using large stones at the bottom and gravel on top with depth of two meters was used by General George Wade 1725 and 1737 in constructing 250 miles (400km) of road and 40 bridges to improve Britain’s control of the Scottish highlands.
Route survey is also the determination of the part of a proposed road in order to portray the relief of the path and also the design and construction of linear works like road and pipelines or railways.
Of all roads is one of the most important infrastructure which can not be neglected. It plays a major role in the development of nations, because it aids a better road transportation management system also it serves a thoroughfare, route or way on land between two places which as been paved or otherwise improve for the transportation of goods and services
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology employed to accomplish the task include traversing and levelling method. This technique was used to determine the easting and northing co-ordinates of the route re-alignment and to obtain the co-ordinates for the route profile at the Chainage of 25m interval as well as to fix the existing details within 20m left and rights of the existing road. (A hand held GPS was also used to establish controls at every 1km of our project route).
3.1 AREA OF STUDY
The area of this project site is located at Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, Nasarawa state, from the school gate to the school senior staff quarters which covers about 1.982km in total.
3.2 POPULATION
The population of the road users which leads from the gate of Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa to the staff quarters are majorly the student of the school, staff of the school and farmers who farm within the school premises.
3.3 RECONNAISSANCE
Reconnaissance is the first step in any survey work it is the process by which the surveyor goes to study the nature of the terrain before selection of any equipment. Reconnaissance involve walking from whole to part, visiting the project site, clearing obstacle and selecting point or making survey marks on the ground surface intervisibility between the point selected. The final selected points are done during the field reconnaissance survey to suit the field condition for the observations. This project reconnaissance was carried out by visiting the project site thereby bringing out the recce diagram of all the information on the site.
A good field reconnaissance would produce a good survey result.
3.4 ROUTE MAPPING
Route mapping can be defined as the survey that have to do with the course that is highways road or utility line follows while at the end product from a utility line. It may also be said that the purpose of route survey are
1) To gather enough information about a particular route to make it possible for designers to select the final route.
2) To select general route for the road way of utility
3) also facilitate of work of survey and engineers
3.5 TRAVERSING
Traversing is one of the most basic and widely practiced means of determining the relative location of points. A traverse is a series of connected lines whose length and direction are determined from field observations.
TYPES OF TRAVERSING
1. Close traversing
2. Open traversing
CLOSE TRAVERSING
This is the type of traverse that started from a known co-ordinated station and closes back on the same starting station or on another station whose co-ordinates are known.
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