Monday, 31 January 2022

GAS LEAK DETECTION & MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF GAS LEAK DETECTION & MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF GAS LEAK DETECTION & MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO” is a project based on a wireless communication to enhance man and machine safety in a petrochemical industry. In today’s world petrochemical industry although being the largest process control industry it is also highly prone to major fire and gas disasters. A petrochemical industry has excessively high amount of crude oil stored within a confined area. Therefore presence of any external source which can cause heat or fire would lead to a major disaster. Even the gas that are present in petroleum refineries are hazardous.

The Bhopal gas tragedy, which claimed lives of nearly 3,787 people is one of the major accidents due to gas leakage. And another instance, the Vishakhapatnam, HPCL refinery tragedy claimed lives of 30 people. Though a gas and fire detection system was present which is connected to the sensors using large number of wires that run from the control room to various plant areas, during the fire the wire itself got damaged, so the information did not reach the control room.

So in order to avoid any hazard due fire and gas leakage in a petrochemical industry we will design an integrated system which will monitor timely gas leakage in any area around the plant using Arduino which is a wireless communication device. We will also proposed a new system which monitors human density within the plant area. Therefore Integrated plant safety monitor system based on arduino can realize workers attendance registration, Real-time precise positioning, Dynamic gas concentration monitoring, Real-time data transmission & Danger alarm. This project is focused on implementing the newly designed integrated system in CPCL, Manali, Chennai.

Pipeline systems deteriorate progressively over time. Corrosion accelerates progressively and long term deterioration increases the probability of failure (fatigue cracking). Limiting regular inspecting activities to the “scrap” part of the pipelines only, results ultimately into a pipeline system with questionable integrity. The confidence level in integrity will drop below acceptance levels. Inspection of presently uninspected sections of the pipeline system becomes a must. This project provides information on the “Gas leak detection”.

Pipelines are proven to be the safest way to transport and distribute Gases and Liquids. Regular inspection is required to maintain that reputation. The larger part of the pipelines system is accessible by In-Line Inspection Tools but this access is limited to the section in between the launching and receiving traps only. Unfortunately, corrosion does not have this limitation. The industry looks for means of inspecting these in-accessible pressure holding piping systems, preferably, without interrupting the operations. It is a fact that sufficiently reliable and accurate inspection results can only be obtained by direct pipe wall contact/access. If that is not feasible from the outside, we have to go inside. Since modifying pipeline systems for In-Line Inspection is mainly not practical,

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A gas leak refers to a leak of natural gas or other gaseous product from a pipeline or other containment into any area where the gas should not be present. Because a small leak may gradually build up an explosive concentration of gas, leaks are very dangerous.In addition to causing fire and explosion hazards, leaks can kill vegetation, including large trees, and may release powerful greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.Robotics is one of the fastest growing engineering fields of today. Robots are designed to remove the human factor from labor intensive or dangerous work and also to act in inaccessible environment. The use of robots is more common today than ever before and it is no longer exclusively used by the heavy production industries. The inspection of pipes may be relevant for improving security and efficiency in industrial plants. These specific operations as inspection, maintenance, cleaning etc. are expensive, thus the application of the robots appears to be one of the most attractive solutions. Pipelines which are tools for transporting oils, gases and other fluids such as chemicals, have been employed as major utilities in a number of countries for long time. Recently, many troubles occur in pipelines, and most of them are caused by aging, corrosion, cracks, and mechanical damages from the third parties. So, continuous activities for inspection, maintenance and repair are strongly demanded.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The aim is to develop a gas leak detection and location system for the production safety in Petrochemical Industry.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To detect the leakage of gas and immediately sends the details of that location to the observer.

To improve the rescue quality and shorten the time for rescue.

To compensate for the weaknesses of existing systems

GAS LEAK DETECTION & MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF GAS LEAK DETECTION & MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The aim is to develop a gas leak detection and location system for the production safety in Petrochemical Industry.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To detect the leakage of gas and immediately sends the details of that location to the observer.

To improve the rescue quality and shorten the time for rescue.

To compensate for the weaknesses of existing systems

Saturday, 29 January 2022

APPRAISAL OF FACTORS AFFECTING QUANTITY SURVEYOR'S ESTIMATE

APPRAISAL OF FACTORS AFFECTING QUANTITY SURVEYOR’S ESTIMATE

ABSTRACT

This study is an appraisal of factors affecting quantity surveyor’s estimate. The specific objective of the study is to establish the variation between costs estimates derived from the various estimation methods, to identify the factors that affects the quantity surveyor estimate of a project and to evaluate the degree of agreement between clients, contractors and consultant on the ranking of these factors. The research instrument used by the research is personal interview and structured questionnaire. Both were used in gathering information for this study. The questionnaire was designed in such a way that the respondent will understand the questions and be able to give the required answer appropriate. The study established and prioritised the factors that may influence the quantity surveyors’ estimate and final contract price when responding to a call for tenders. Results of a multi-attribute analysis showed thirty-seven factors which could influence the final contract price; the three most influential being poor tender documentation, complexity of design & construction, and completeness of project information. Other factors relating to project, client and contractor characteristics, design consultants and tendering conditions, estimating practice and external factors were also established and prioritised. Concordance analysis indicated high level of agreement amongst survey participants in the rank-ordering of the relative importance of the identified factors. The study recommend that the quantity surveying firms need to consider the building type, scope/size of building more critically when they are doing cost estimate in projects.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

Cost information on buildings is normally based on “unit rates” which assume that costs hear a simple and direct relationship to units of finished work such as the area of a wall (Morion and Jagger 1995, p 27). This is the genesis of a fundamental problem of accuracy and reliability. Morton and Jagger (Morton and Jagger 1995, p 27) suggests that this method does not accurately reflect the way costs arc generated in the building process, as the method is a considerable barrier to accurate prediction and control. A study of the evolution of building elements reveals a general aim to improve cost efficiency through design and construction (Ashworth 2004, p 98). It is becoming increasingly apparent that to predict costs accurately is a problem which is common to all industries.

In virtually all contracts, preparing a realistic cost estimate is an essential component of any construction operation. Pre-tender cost estimation is early stage cost estimation and is the forecasting of the cost of a project during the planning and design stage (Serpell, 2005). This estimate serves as basis for financial support decisions and cost control. At the pre-tender stage, clients are interested in knowing the total project cost commitments. But cost estimation at the pre-tender stage is vulnerable to inaccuracy (bias) because they are frequently prepared within a narrow time frame, and often devoid of finalized project scope. Over and underestimation of cost have potent effects on a project. The former may cause the client to spend more resources for no beneficial matters or discourage financing institutions from lending the required amount of money due to doubts regarding the cost and resultant benefits of the project, while the latter may lead to downsizing the project scope and eventual abandonment.

Estimates are the basis upon which tender comparison and negotiations are carried out. An over-estimation a particular project means lesser (minimal) resources would be available for other projects. And, an under estimation may result to unrealistic negotiation (Odusami & Onukwube, 2008). A significant part of the construction procurement process that needs proper attention is the management of client expenditure. This is usually carried out by means of a budgetary control which involves the setting of realistic project budgets and the subsequent monitoring of client expenditure (Skitmore & Picken, 2000).

Most tenders were substantially won and lost on price alone, it has been observed that the final price paid by most clients are different from the price tendered by the contractor. In a competitive contract, majority of contractors with the lowest bidder often win the contract. Nevertheless this bid must not be so low that it might lead to completing the work without profit (Al-Khaldi, 1990). Therefore, the preparation of an accurate estimate, which is done prior to the physical realization of the work, demands detailed study of the bid document vis-à-vis the environmental situation. This thus involves a careful and cautious examination of the outcome of the study so as to come up with the most accurate estimate of the likely cost consistent with the time on hand, the accuracy and completeness of the information submitted (Abdal-Hadi, 2010). In view of the significance of accuracy of pre-tender cost estimate, it is assumed that identifying these factors which have effect on the accuracy of pre-tender cost estimate and reflecting on them at the early design stage can improve the accuracy and precision of the preliminary cost advice of the consultant quantity surveyor to his client.Pre-tender cost estimate is an attempt to forecast a contractor’s tender sum before detailed designs are finalized or upon the receipt of tenders, is undertaken by the consultant quantity surveyor on behalf of his client. There is therefore the need for estimates to be as accurate as possible (Odusami & Onukwube, 2008).

A large number of factors have effects on quantity surveyors’. Meaning and explanation can be given to this, taking cognizance of the multidisciplinary nature of the construction industry and its works, which fuse together the combine efforts of the owner, the professionals, the contractors and suppliers. Proper integration of the combine efforts of these parties from the design table to the implementation or execution of projects will show significant effects on the overall project cost.

The problem of inaccurate cost estimate reflected by the increasingly large number of projects being completed with time and cost overrun. By identifying the factors responsible for the inaccuracy in a pre-tender cost estimate it would surely improve on project delivery. Improving tendering efficiency that will be of benefits to clients, consulting firms and it would provide contractors better ways to improve on their method of tendering. There is dearth of literature on the factors affecting quantity surveyor estimate in Nigeria. Thus the need to carryout an appraisal on the factors affecting quantity surveyors’ estimated.

1.2 Problem Statement

A number of cost estimating methods are used to ascertain and possibly project building costs at the pre-tender stage. These include the unit method, floor area method, cube method, approximate quantities, elemental analysis and pricing bills of quantities before tender. The most commonly used cost estimating method was the floor area method (The Quantity Surveyor 2001). This is largely a post second world war method, which had application in public building facilities that were identified such as schools and residential developments (Ferry et al 1999, p 121). Such an estimate merely attempts to forecast that a building of a certain size can be built for a certain sum of money. It cannot analyze whether a particular design is going to meet that cost. It is possible to weight the estimate subjectively on the grounds that the proposed solution looks to be at the expensive end or the low-cost end of the market, but this subject the work into the realms of guesswork. The other methods of’ cost estimation require more information at the design stage.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to appraise the factors affecting quantity surveyors’ estimate:

The specific objective of the study is:-

To establish the variation between costs estimates derived from the various estimation methods.
To establish factors that affects the quantity surveyor estimate of a project
To evaluate the degree of agreement between clients, contractors and consultant on the ranking of these factors

1.4 Research Questions

What is the magnitude of variation between preliminary costs estimates derived from the various estimating methods?
What are the factors that affect the quantity surveyors estimate of a project?
What is the the degree of agreement between clients, contractors and consultant on the ranking of these factors?

1.5 Scope of the Study

The study on the factors affecting quantity surveyor’s estimate was limited to residential and office buildings. This is because they comprise the bulk of construction work in Nairobi. In addition, the preliminary cost estimating methods has the large applications in the residential and office building projects.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study seeks to avail information for use by the various construction industry stakeholders; clients professionals, contractors, investors and researchers. The study on the appraisal of factors affecting quantity surveyor’s estimate has identified areas that cause estimating inaccuracies when using various cost estimation methods and make recommendations on how to improve on the methods. With inaccuracies and variations being reduced, it is expected that the clients would start actual financial planning with greater certainty. The results of this study will have practical application in the cost estimating and cost planning practice. The study is a step towards the development and establishment of a cost estimating model system to be used in the building industry in Nigeria.

1.7 Structure of the Study

This research project has five chapters and their contents arc briefly outlined below.

Chapter one discusses the problems of preliminary cost estimating. It discusses the effects of implications of potential avenues of inaccuracies. It includes the objectives, hypothesis, scope and significance of the study.

Chapter two discusses the concept of accuracy and its difficulty especially because of non availability of required information in early stages. It formulates a domain of reasonable accuracy which envisages availability of estimates for the purpose for which it is required. It discusses the various forms of estimates at different stages of the project and their levels of accuracy depending on information available.

Chapter three gives the methodology to be used in the study. The research design, The Population, sample, data collection instruments and methods employed.

Chapter four handles the analysis of the independent and dependent variables, the data interpretation and presentation in the forms of descriptive and inferential statistics is made and their explanations thereof. Chapter five covers the conclusions of the research findings, gives recommendations of the study and finally suggests possible areas of further study..

Thursday, 27 January 2022

ASSESSING ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AS FISCAL POLICY OF GOVERNMENT

ASSESSING ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AS FISCAL POLICY OF GOVERNMENT IN OFU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE

ABSTRACT

Generally this study seeks to assess entrepreneurship development as fiscal policy of government in Ofu local government area of Kogi State. To find out if there is significance in the role played by entrepreneurship in Nigeria, also to emphasize the need for entrepreneurship in an economy, examining the participation of government in the development of entrepreneurship through fiscal policy of the government in the country. This review the deliberate act or policy of government at all level in the federation initiated and executed, aiming at promoting the growth and development of entrepreneurship in the society. The researcher used both primary and secondary data collection to gather information for analysis. Base on statistical test carried out using X,²hypothesis shows that the inconsistency of the government to provide serious support for business sectors has contributed to the underdevelopment of the economy. Recommendations were made that government should at all level establish a strong support to small scale industries in the society.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Entrepreneurship is generally described as the ability of an individual or a group of individuals to create or discover an opportunity and utilize it to the benefit of the society, which will yield success to the innovators and their organization. According to Dau and Cuervo-Cazurra (2017), the authors take a legalistic view of entrepreneurship and define it ‘as the creation of fresh businesses a stable collection of people who coordinate their efforts to produce new value-added economic activity’. The relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth of a country has increasingly gained a lot of interest from economists and policy makers over the years.

The dynamic role of entrepreneurs and small business owners in emerging economies has contributed to vast development opportunities in these markets. Over the past decade, the evolution of entrepreneurs has been at the heart of Africa’s growing economy. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) Regional Economic Outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) indicates that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) create over 80% of the region’s employment. Thus revitalizing the working-class population and encouraging opportunities for robust economic interactions across borders. Hence, entrepreneurs are increasingly recognized as seeds of economic revival within the African region (Bouazza, 2015).

Entrepreneurship development performs a vital role on the growth and development of any modern economy. Entrepreneurship is viewed as the engine of economic growth and a main thrust of economic restructuring, decentralization and development toward market economy. In Nigeria, government of every states and local government embarks on policies and programs aimed at influencing the direction of economic progress towards a rapid and sustainable economic growth through entrepreneurship development (Ogundele et al., 2012; Sule, 2014).

The use of fiscal policy is very paramount in every society most especially in the less developed countries (LDCs) as a major tool for stabilization and for development to be sporadic. Fiscal policy as in many texts and literatures could mean the government actions affecting its receipts (revenue) and expenditure which is taken as ordinarily a measure by the government’s net receipts, its surplus or deficit. The government may offset undesirable variations in private consumption and investment by anti-cyclical variation of public expenditure and tax revenue. Simply put, when the government uses government revenue and expenditure policies to regulate and stabilize the economy toward development, the action is fiscal policy. It thus serves as an economy’s “shockabsorber” in specific areas of development.

Fiscal policy is essentially concerned with manipulating the financial operations of the government with a view to furthering certain economic policy objectives. In other words, it consists of government decisions to vary certain fiscal aggregate such as total government spending and tax revenues as opposed to some other aspects of public finance which are primarily concerned with the effect of specific government expenditures and taxes (Stein 1968). Fiscal policy is majorly measured in terms of government expenditure, tax revenue, government investment, budgeting and debts.

Fiscal policy fosters economic growth and development through a number of different channels. These include the macroeconomic (influence on budget deficit on growth) as well as micro (influence on efficiency of resource use). While in the developing economies, the economic policy objectives of fiscal policy have been pursued to a greater or lesser degree, the one and overriding objective, the furtherance of which has relied greatly on fiscal policy, is economic development, defined not only as a continuous and sustained growth in total output as well as in output per head, but also as the structural transformation from the basically underdeveloped agricultural economies to fully industrialised ones. The reliance on fiscal policy in developing economies for the achievement of the economic development objectives in particular and other objectives in general, has been particularly great in relation to the use of other policies such as monetary policy in the entrepreneurship development (Olaloku, 1987).

Ojo (2009) put forth one of the solutions to the problems of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria is the promotion of entrepreneurial development scheme through fiscal policies. A veritable way to do this is government promotion of small scale businesses. Entrepreneurship has been identified as vital for the continued vitality of the modern market for more businesses to emerge; hence, competition and economic growth are improved (Klapper & Love, 2011). Efforts have been taken by the Nigerian government for the development of small scale businesses over the years. The realisation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the vision of the Nigerian Government to be rated among the top 20 economies in the world is considerably determined by how government has recognised SSBs as drivers of economic growth and key strategy for poverty alleviation. However, the over-reliance on natural resources especially crude oil as the mainstay of the economy is capable of making the attainment of their desires an illusion. Government, through its actions may be a hindrance or promoter of small scale businesses; thus, this study seeks to assess entrepreneurship development as fiscal policy of government with particular reference to Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State

Statement of the Problem

The policy uncertainty and related decline in entrepreneurship development and small business startups is taking a toll not only on the traditional lower wage occupations, but on college graduates as well. According to Sum (2013) 36% of college graduates were working in jobs that did not require a college degree. The business environment is dynamic and competitive in such an environment an organization can be best achieved it’s good through a well established leadership style and good managing director that will manage business organization such as; Entrepreneurship development. The small scale business would have been a source to Nigeria economic development. But today, entrepreneurship development are not yielding positive result due to poor performance and lack of government intervention. Therefore, this project will source for various solutions to these problems that militate against entrepreneurship development. These are Entrepreneurship development which includes:

Poor Management:

The most critical problem affecting of almost all indigenous enterprise in Nigeria is poor management. The lack of efficient organizational structure and the practice of modern management techniques. If enterprises could be ascribe to two factors, first, if the limited understanding modern management practices by owners managers could be with their strong desire to run the business alone.

Lack of Management Skills:

Also the problem facing entrepreneurship development include stress primarily arise from the need of hire skilled and qualified personnel to assist in the running of the industries demands the greatest problems of entrepreneurship development is lack of necessary skill in the management group. In every entrepreneurship development, the entrepreneur is one person management team. This makes it difficult for the effective operation of the enterprises.

Individualism of management of entrepreneurship development:

This is the characteristics of individualism among entrepreneurs. The owner bears the management burden alone. The jobs varies and likes managerial responsibilities are few, if any. The managers are called “Jack of all trades and master of none”.

Difficulty in services of qualifies personnel: Another factor which leads to managerial problems with entrepreneurship development is difficulty in securing the services of qualified personnel.
Lack of training and development of personnel: Lack of training and developments of personnel is another factor which compounds the managerial problems of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Training provide employees change in job requirement and new technology. It equally serves as motivation of incentive for the existing employees, which increase their productivities. In essence, lack of training and development for the existing workers made replacement of vacant for the existing position difficult.
Financial Problem: The capital for entrepreneurship development industries are very small. This is because most Nigerian business men and women operate in a low income economy. They are unable to generate sufficient funds through personnel savings which involved huge capital equipment or other fixed assets.

Objective of the Study

The general objective of this study is to assess entrepreneurship development as fiscal policy of government in Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State.

The specific objectives include:

To find out the significant role of entrepreneurship in economic development of Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State.
To ascertain the extent that government policies have improved entrepreneurship development in Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State.
To identify the challenges of entrepreneurship development in Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State.
1. Research Question

The following research question will serve as a guide to the researcher in attempt to achieve the objective of this study.

Does entrepreneurship play significant role in economic development of Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State?
To what extent do the government policies improved entrepreneurship development in Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State?
What are the challenges of entrepreneurship development in Ofu Local Government area of Kogi State?

Research Hypothesis

H₀₁: Entrepreneurship does not play any significant role in economic development of Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State.

H₀₂: Government fiscal policies does not have significant impact on entrepreneurship development in Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State.

H₀₃: There are no challenges of entrepreneurship development in Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State

Significance of the Study

The study is significant in a number of ways to the following people:

Students: The study would be of immense significant to the students of management, economics/political economy and sociology as the findings of the study will serve as source of secondary data for further studies.
Entrepreneur: Entrepreneurs will find the findings of this study to be very useful as it will educate them on the role of entrepreneurship development to the development of Nigeria Economy. This will also enable government agencies and policy makers to make favourable policies that encourage the development of entrepreneurship in Nigeria.
Academicians: The study is significant in that it would contribute to the growth of literature in the area of entrepreneurial culture/entrepreneurship and it will be very useful for all those who want to carry out research in the same area.

Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to assessing entrepreneurship development as fiscal policy of government in Ofu local government area of Kogi State. The study will cover the role entrepreneurship development plays in economic development of Nigeria, the extent that government policies have improved the performance of entrepreneurial organization in Ofu local government area of Kogi State and finally identified the challenges of entrepreneurship development in Ofu local government area of Kogi State.

Definition of Terms

For easy and concise understanding of this work, it is necessary that vital terms be defined.

Entrepreneur: An Entrepreneur means a person who starts, organize a commercial enterprise especially one having financial risk. Meredith et al (2018) look at an entrepreneur as an individual who has the ability to see and evaluate business opportunities gather the necessary resources to take advantage of them and initiate appropriate action to ensure success and he is a risk taker.
Entrepreneurship Development: This is the coming into existence in society of the class of individuals, who are not limited to pace odds.
Small scale business: Ejiofor (2017) defines small scale business as those enterprises that have relatively little capital investment, that produce in small quantities and as a result of controlling a small share of market that employs not more than fifty workers (50) and in which management marketing and entrepreneurship functions are used in the proprietor.
Economic Development: The improvement of the individuals, society well being, such that the GDP of such people/societies equals or greater than the United Nations standard.
Fiscal Policy: Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending and tax policies to influence economic conditions, especially macroeconomic conditions, including aggregate demand for goods and services, employment, inflation, and economic growth.

Wednesday, 26 January 2022

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM APPARENTLY HEALTHY DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Antibiotic usage is possibly the most important factor that promotes the emergence, selection and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in both veterinary and human medicine (Daniels et al., 2009). This acquired resistance occurs not only in pathogenic bacteria but also in the endogenous flora of exposed individuals (animals and humans). In intensively reared food animals, antibiotics may be administered to whole flocks rather than individual animals, and antimicrobial agents may be continuously fed to food animals such as poultry, goats, and cattle as growth promoters. Therefore, the antibiotic selection pressure for bacterial drug resistance in the animal is high and invariably their faecal flora contains a relatively high proportion of resistant bacteria (Whitworth et al., 2008; Literal et al., 2010).

The mechanism for spreading antibiotic resistance from animals to humans and vice versa remains controversial. Colonization of the intestinal tract with resistant Escherichia coli from chicken has been shown in human volunteers and there is historical evidence that animals are a reservoir for E. coli found in humans (Akwar et al., 2008; Kikuvi et al., 2010). Furthermore, 0spread of antibiotic resistance plasmids in E. coli from chickens to human handlers or of antibiotics – resistant microorganisms from animal to humans in various countries has been reported (Fang et al., 2008).

Resistance has been found in organisms common to both humans and animals, such as E. coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Enterococcus among others (Davis et al., 2009). Due to the intricate balance of microflora of different habitats within the ecosystem, the transfer of resistance genes among bacteria occupying different habitats has the potential to occur frequently.

Resistance genes may be transferred vertically among bacteria of different genera and families or horizontally among different bacterial species within the same genus or family (Call et al., 2008). Widespread reliance on antimicrobials in food animal production has resulted in a considerable rise of antimicrobial-resistant strains of bacteria, complicating the treatment of infectious diseases in livestock, companion animals, and humans. This has led to important changes in the perceptions and priorities of regulatory agencies with regard to antimicrobial usage, particularly the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters and prophylactic agents. The selective pressure from the use of antimicrobial agents at sub therapeutic levels in dairy cattle could result in the selection of those strains that contain genes for antimicrobial resistance (Call et al., 2008).

1.2 Statement of problem

Molecular tools have been used to correlate animal associated pathogens with similar pathogens affecting humans and to clearly demonstrate transferable resistant genes carried by plasmids common to both animals and humans (Pitout et al., 2009; Ahmed et al., 2010). The possibility of antibiotic resistance genes circulating among humans, animals and the environment constitutes a direct threat to public health. This threat prompts research into emerging resistance mechanisms, novel approaches to antimicrobial efficacy and stringent control measures in the prudent use of antimicrobials in animal medicine.

In the developed world, the extensive use of antibiotics in agriculture, especially for prophylactic and growth promoting purposes, has generated much debate as to whether this practice contributes significantly to increased frequencies and dissemination of resistance genes into other ecosystems. In developing countries like Nigeria, antibiotics are used only when necessary, especially if the animals fall sick, and only the sick ones are treated in such cases. However, even in the absence of heavy use of antibiotics it is important to identify and monitor susceptibility profiles of bacterial isolates, particularly of commensal organisms. This, according to John and Fishman (1997), will provide information on resistance trends including emerging antibiotic resistance which are essential for clinical practice.

1.3 Aim of the study

The aim of this study is to investigate the antibiotic resistance profile of E. coli isolates from apparently healthy domestic livestock.

1.4 Objectives of the study

The specific objectives of the study include:

To determine the antibiotic resistance profile for E. coli strains from the selected livestock
To determine comparative resistance rates for E. coli strains from the different livestock

1.5 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to the investigation of antibiotics resistance profile of Eschirichia coli isolated from apparently healthy domestic livestock with particular interest in cattle, goats, swine and chicken in the absence of extensive use of antibiotics for both prophylaxis and growth promotion.

Sunday, 23 January 2022

EFFECT OF MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVE (MBO) ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

(A Case Study of United Bank for Africa, Nasarawa Branch)

ABSTRACT

The main aim of this study is to examine the effect of Management by Objectives (MBO) on the performance of United Bank for Africa, Nasarawa Branch. Management by Objectives is a way of getting improved results in managerial method, whereby the superior and the subordinate managers in an organization identifies major areas of responsibility, in which they will work, set some standards for good or bad performance and the measurement of results against those standards (Derek 2005: 156). The major problem of this study is that management of companies in Nigeria lack sufficient techniques to make them manage effectively. Some of these tools are not used and when used they are not properly utilized. Management by objectives is not only a managerial strategy to achieve a well co-ordinated managerial goals, but it is also a popular management techniques that cut across all human activities namely business areas, education, government, health care and non-profit organization. The major findings of the study were: MBO helps to obtain total commitment of all employees to work together in order to achieve a common goal; that good and prompt salary, promotion as when due, good relationship with management and recognition of achievement improves performance of the workers and by so doing enhances organizational performance when management by objectives is been adopted. The study recommended that managers should consult his subordinates in drawing up unit objectives which goes up the hierarchy from where it is modified, collected, approved and distributed throughout the organisation.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Of The Study

Management needs a lot of tools to be able to administer effectively in the day to day running of the business. Management by objectives is one of such tools. It is a way of getting improved results in managerial method whereby the superior and the subordinate managers in an organization identifies major areas of responsibility, in which they will work. Set some standards for good or bad performance and the measurement of results against those standards (Derek 2005: 156).

Management by objectives is also called managing by objectives. However, there have been certain individuals who have long placed emphasis on management by objectives and by so doing have management by objectives refers to a structured management technique of setting goals, for any organizational unit. Nwokoye (2018) defines MBO as a system of management whereby the superior and subordinate jointly identify objectives, define individual major areas of responsibility in terms of results expected, and use these objectives and expected results as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its member.

Management by objectives can work in any size of organization if the procedures are understand and managers are patient in letting the system set in first. Management by objective is an effective planning, control and development system.

Management by objectives gives the employee the opportunity to participate in decision making, the limits within these limits. It assumes that the employees has been properly selected and trained, and is informed that the employee will be responsible for achieving the desired results in the organization. Organizations are ubiquitous.

According to Mullins (2005: 256), organizations are designed by people to overcome individual limitations and achieve individually. Hence, organization becomes a means of survival for the people and exerts an important daily influence on the life of the people and the way they live. The major decider for the survival of any organization is the presence of capable men and women with the right technique to combine the organization resources (Man, Machine, materials and Money) to achieve organization goals. It is appropriate to note that management of companies in Nigeria lack sufficient techniques to make them manage effectively. Some of these tools are not used and when used, they are not properly utilized. Management by objective is not only a managerial strategy to achieve a well coordinated managerial goals, but it is also a popular management techniques that cut across for pervade all human activities namely business areas, educational, government, health care and non-profit organization. Most of the techniques, system, tools of management are hardly understood resulting in losses and damages to the organization. Besides it is the wrong use of techniques and unwillingness of top management to utilize the right tool to solve the management problems. It is on these tends that the researcher intends to find out the effect of management by objective on the performance of United Bank for Africa, Nasarawa Branch.

1.2 Statement Of The Problem

It is pertinent to note that management of companies in Nigeria lack sufficient technique to make them manage well. Some of these tools are not used and when used they are not properly utilized e.g. management by objectives. Management by objective if not only a managerial strategy to achieve a well co-ordinate management performance, unfortunately many of the organizations are yet to adopt this technique in enlisting commitment and support of their 6 staff. Those who do, often pay lip services only to the MBO technique. Thus excluding staff in standard/goal setting that involve them. Control and achievement of goals in cases like this suffer.

Objectives Of The Study

The broad objective of the study is to examine the impact of management by objectives on the performance of United Bank for Africa, Nasarawa Branch. The specific objectives of the study include:

To determine problems affecting management by objective as an instrument for organizational performance.
To find out the level of participation of both managers and employees in the setting of goals to be achieved in the organization.
To determine whether employees are given appropriate authority and responsibility for achieving the set objectives.

Scope Of The Study

This study focuses on the effect of Management by Objective on the Performance of an organization. But the scope is restricted to the United Bank for Africa, Nasarawa Brach. The time scope covers from 2010 to 2020

1.5 Significance Of The Study

The Firm (United Bank for Africa): The firm will through this study see the need to involve the subordinates in setting objectives as it will elicit higher productivity, profitability growth, sustainability of the organization as well as customer and employee satisfaction.

The Future Researchers: The study will be useful to those who will carry out studies in related areas in future. It will serve as a reference material to them. Even, the findings can provide the bases for further studies.

Friday, 21 January 2022

IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON DEMAND FOR RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY

THE IMPACT OF RURAL URBAN MIGRATION ON DEMAND FOR RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY IN NIGERIA CITIES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Rural-urban migration was formerly regarded as favourable in economic development. Today, it has become one of the most embarrassing problems in the Nigerian development experience.

Rural-urban migration is ‘‘the phenomenon of a historically unprecedented movement of people from the rural countryside to the burgeoning cities of Africa, Asia and Latin America’’ (Todaro, 1997). ‘‘It is the movement of people from rural areas into cities’’ (Wikipedia, 2013). Some time ago, migration existed internally to enable excess labour to be taken slowly from the rural areas to provide workforce for industries in the urban areas and therefore aid industrial growth. However, experience in Nigeria has shown that the rate of rural-urban migration has ceaselessly outweighed the rate of job creation and having an overweight on the social and infrastructural amenities available in the urban areas which equally reflects on housing demand.

Housing is one of the best indicators of a person’s standard of living and his place in the society. Like food and clothing, housing ranks among the three (3) basic human needs. Its availability is very crucial to the welfare of every human. Housing, literally is defined as buildings or other shelters in which people live, a place to live, a dwelling and to Nations a critical component in social and economic fabric. To most groups housing means shelter but to others it means more as it serves as one of the best indicators of a person’s standard of living and his or her place in the society (Nubi, 2008). It is a priority for the attainment of living standard and it is important to both rural and urban areas. These attribute make demand for housing to know no bound as population growth and urbanization increase very rapidly and the gap between housing need and supply becomes widen.

According to Olofinji (2016), demand for residential property demand can be explained as the willingness and ability of housing consumer to pay for a particular dwelling, depending upon such consumer’s income, house type, location preferences and local prices.

In other words, demand for residential property at certain price refers to the value that is placed on a house linked with the satisfaction derived in such house.

Residential property demand in urban center is a manifestation and reflection of different household desires to live in an urban center. The desire of people to live in an urban center especially in Owerri is increasing at an alarming rate. Owerri for instance has a teeming population that exceeds the resources inherent, and the city may indeed witness a population explosion if urgent measures are not taken to curtail it.

It is against this introductory background of the study that the researcher has intended to examine the impact of rural urban migration on demand for residential properties in Nigeria cities with particular reference to Owerri Municipal of Imo State in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

At a glance to everyone who visits Owerri Municipal, it is not farfetched to notice the influx of rural population into the area which is evident in the over-crowdedness of Douglas road, Wetheral road, School road etc. This may not be far from the fact that these rural population are seeking for “better life”. In some other places like Oguamanam Street, Uche Street, Uche street extension, Lobo Street to mention but a few, as much as these areas are overcrowded, most people are found living in indecent building apartments due to their socio-economic background which cannot cope with an ever increasing price of decent houses.

Ever since Owerri became the state capital of Imo state, a lot of people have migrated and still migrate from the rural areas and even from some urban areas into it. They come in search of job opportunities, apprenticeship, trading, school etc. Due to this migration of people from different areas into Owerri Municipal, problems of accommodation started, overcrowding on social infrastructure also started which brought about ageing of the infrastructure, damages on the electrical fittings and plumbing fittings of houses, bad ground water due to excess waste that penetrates in the ground etc. Many people live in crowded areas which in turn affect the human health, living standard and the structural members of the city.

On the other hand, it may be the cause of traffic congestion, delayed services in banks, hospitals, and shopping centers. Low quality education in schools in Owerri municipal may also be an issue caused by rural-urban migration. It may have also been the reason for the over utilization of facilities yielding impacts such as cracking of road, emergence of pot holes, wear-off on buildings etc.

Furthermore, observation has shown that government policies have been in favour of urban development, by purposely and continuously creating employment opportunities, educational opportunities and other infrastructural amenities more in the urban areas compared to the rural areas. Owerri Municipal is not an exemption to this fact. Currently, there exist about three (3) government owned Community Primary Schools clustered together within the boundaries of Tetlow Street and Royce Road whereas there are other surrounding communities which do not have up to two schools to support the entire community. It is noteworthy to also mention that some of the existing schools in these rural communities are not up to standard; therefore, people in search of better education may simply migrate from their rural communities into Owerri Municipal.

It may also be noticed that rural-urban migration have resulted to inequality in the development and quality of life between the rural and urban areas, and therefore may be an enhancing factor to rural-urban migration. People could be attracted to urban areas because they think they will have greater opportunities there.

It is a general notion that the rural areas in Nigeria are being affected by several incapacities in various levels of severity such as: inaccessibility, seclusion, under development, poverty, drabness, boredom, ignorance, depopulation, hunger, and all types of sicknesses. Migration from rural to urban areas may lead to reduction in the number of rural populace and on the other hand may result to high rate of demand on urban housing in cities to which they migrated to.

Therefore, there is need for studies that will focus on the reduction of residential property / housing demand in Owerri Municipal by discouraging rural-urban migration. Such studies will be important so as to create awareness on the present situation, improve understanding and proffer solutions to the issue. This research work is part of the endeavour to contribute towards filling this gap and thus focuses on the impact of rural-urban migration on demand for residential properties in Nigeria with references to Owerri Municipal, Nigeria.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES THE STUDY

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of rural-urban migration on demand for residential properties in Nigeria – a case study of Owerri Municipal.

OBJECTIVES

Specifically the objectives of the study are;

To ascertain the causes of rural-urban migration and its impact on demand for residential properties in Owerri Municipal.
To determine the setbacks which rural-urban migration has on residential property demand in Owerri Municipal.
To suggest ways of discouraging rural-urban migration thus reducing its impact on housing demand in Owerri Municipal.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions are posed to guide the study.

What factors lead to rural-urban migration?
What are the impacts of rural-urban migration on the

demand for residential properties in Owerri Municipal?

What mechanisms are to be adopted in solving the problem of rural-urban migration in other to reduce its impact on residential properties demand in Owerri Municipal?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The hypothesis for this research work is as follows;

H₀: The rate of residential properties / housing demand in Owerri municipal is not dependent on rural-urban migration.

H₁: The rate of residential properties / housing demand in Owerri municipal is dependent on rural-urban migration.

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to rural-urban migration and its impact on residential properties demand in Nigeria, with the primary focus on Owerri Municipal in Imo State.

Furthermore, the research assessed the high rate of housing demand attributed to rural-urban migration which may be associated with various detrimental consequences that will be unfolded in the course of this research.

Hence, the study is limited to showing the adverse impact rural-urban migration has on the demand for housing in Owerri Municipal. Generally, the study looked at the problems, impacts, causes, and how they can be tackled.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This work is expected to provide a proper understanding for the subject matter under study, thus it will be of immense help in tackling the problem of its practical perspective.

The study will supply the much needed background in tackling the impact of rural-urban migration on housing demand. Most of the developed countries today are great because they make use of research findings, which often originate from research works.

Therefore;

– The study when successfully completed will be of value to the educational planners and the government.

– The study will be of importance to researchers/students working on related topics.

– The study will reveal the reasons why people migrate from rural area to urban centers and the impact of such movement on housing demand in the study area.

– The study will also be an addition to previous works on the topic, thus, an addition to knowledge.

1.8 THE STUDY AREA

Owerri Municipal is a local government area of Imo state, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the city of Owerri. Owerri Municipal council, formerly the headquarters of old Owerri local government area(comprising the present day Owerri Municipal, Owerri north, Owerri west and Ngor-Okpala local government areas) became a Municipal council on 15^th December 1996.

The council has an urban setting with one autonomous community made up of 5 indigenous kindred (Owerri nchiise) vis: Umuororonjo, Amawom, Umuonyeocha, Umuodu and Umuoyima, under the rulership of one permanent traditional ruler, presently he is the Eze of Owerre (a.k.a Ozuruigbo of Owerri). The apex traditional institution in the area is the “Oha Owerri” elder’s council, which is the area, is also the judicial aim of government (settling all dispute and other matters). “Onyeishi ala Owerri” is the traditional chief priest of the community. The entire women of “Owerri nchiise” are also under one umbrella body- the “Udodinindom Owerri”.

Generally, the five kindred of Owerri Municipal council are: Amawom, Umuodu, Umuonyeocha, Umuoronjo, Umuoyima. Owerri Municipal also covers the following areas: New Owerri, Ikenegbu, Aladimma, G.R.A and Work layout. Entrances into the Municipal council are Okigwe road, Onitsha road, Port-harcortroad, Aba road and Mbaise road.

1.8.1 LOCATION AND SITE

Owerri Municipal in Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria is located at approximately 5.4833N (Latitude in decimal degrees) and 7.03041E (longitude in decimal degrees). That is 5.4833N 7.035E coordinates: 5.485N 7.035E

Nigeria->Imo state->Owerri->Owerri Municipal Time zone: WAT (UTC+1) Owerri Municipal is bounded on the north by Amakohia, on the north east by Uratta, on the east by Egbu, on the east by Naze, on the south by Nekede and on the north east by Irete.

(a) Rainfall

The study area is within the rain forest belt of Nigeria. Two distinct condition or season (ie wet and dry season) exists. These two regimes are derived from the different air masses prevailing over the country at different times of the year namely; the dry northeast air mass of Sahara origin (tropical continental air mass) which is responsible for the dry season. It blows across the Sahara desert towards Nigeria. This wind pushes the southeast wind further towards the coast where the tropical front is now formed. It is cold, dusty and dry; hence, it does not bring rain. Rather, it brings very cold, dusty, and dry weather called harmattan. It usually starts from November and ends around February and the humid tropical maritime air mass (south west trade wind) originating from the south atlantics. It blows from the high pressure belt area in the south in June to the low pressure belt in the north. This then pushes the tropical continental air mass towards the north where the inter-tropical front is formed. That is, the wind blows across the Atlantic oceans towards the coast of Nigeria. The wind is warm and wet; hence it brings rainfall to the study area. The rainfall decreases towards the northern part of Nigeria. It usually starts around March and ends around October with a short dry period in august called august break.

The rainfall pattern in the area is oscillatory, that is convectional rainfall occurs in area intensively heated like the study area. This results in heavy rain, accompanied by thunder and lightning. The area is characterised by heavy winds, lightning and thunder storm accompanied with heavy rain. The two peak periods are usually between June and September. The annual rainfall ranges from 1600-2900mm.

AN ASSESSMENT OF RETIREMENT OF CIVIL SERVANTS AND ITS CHALLENGES

AN ASSESSMENT OF RETIREMENT OF CIVIL SERVANTS AND ITS CHALLENGES

ABSTRACT

This research work is poised to look into the ‘’Issues and Challenges of Retirement of Civil Servant’’ (A case study of Kogi State Public Service) The research work is divided into five chapters with each chapter linking each other. The objectives of the research include: to investigate the issues and challenges in retirement as they affect civil servants in Kogi State. Two methods of data collection were used i.e. the primary and secondary sources of data and the data was analyzed using simple percentage method for easy understanding. The findings revealed that most civil servants are troubled and worried about retirement and because of that, old men who are due for retirement refuse to retire by cutting down their age. At the end of the research work, it was recommended that The Workers themselves should learn to plan before retirement so as to avoid the fear of retirement.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

No 102 of 1979 stipulate that officer is due for retirements with pension and gratuity after ten (10) years or thereafter for a period of not less than thirteen (13) years.

Despite the provision with regards to public services retirement, it is worth mentioning that the management of retirement in public service is not done in accordance to the provisions.

However, we have experience cases whereby civil servant are retired meritoriously without given their retirement benefits. In many cases or situations, the retired officer dies after some numbers of years before the benefits are paid.

This ugly situation has been the driving forces behind officer indulging in unethical conduct of falsifying rewards without hope of retirement benefits. The multiplier effect of this ugly trend is that some dead woods in service are not willing to led go for the young productive ones.

The order to curb this pathetic situation, it is very imperative that all efforts should be geared towards placing. The right machinery for the management of retirement benefits which is vital to eliminate the most prevail practice of falsification of records to remain in service endlessly.

More so, this research work intends to look at the issues involved in the management of retirement in the civil services with a view to recommending means and measured by which it can be improved.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Civil servants are expected to work together in harmony and in accordance with the interest of the study. Despite trips there are some problems encountered by civil services in Kogi State which can be categorically stated below:

Religious belief
Problem of ethnicity
Problem of tribalism
Inefficient performance of the civil servants
Lack of good posting of officers to their specialized areas
Falsification of documents to enable the officers continue in services.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this research work includes the following:

To investigate the issues and challenges in retirement as they affect civil servants in Kogi State
To identify the contributing factors to the success or failure of retirement of civil servants in Kogi State
To know the response of Kogi State government in making retirements benefits a reality.
To identify the various types of retirement
To examines the factors that militate against retirement in Kogi State
To make suitable recommendations based on our findings in order to ameliorate the challenges facing civil services in Kogi State.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

i. Does lack of prompt payment of benefits after retirement have any impact on workers productivity?

ii. Is the new pension reform an effective in Kogi State Public Service?

iii. Are the workers sure of blissful life after retirement?

iv. Does delay in payment of workers gratuity encourage their productivity?

v. Do retirees have any serious relationship with the government?

vi. Can mandatory retirement lead to sudden development?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is very significant to the entire public service as it will reveal the challenges militating against retirement of civil service in Kogi State.

This research shall also be of great significant to public service in Kogi State or the entire country at large especially in the area of developing techniques and methods.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This research project is on the issues and challenges of retirement of civil servants and its scope is basically centred on Kogi State Public Service. The essence of limiting its scope to Kogi State is due to the fact that the researcher has no capacity financially and materially to research on Nigeria public Servant as a whole.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

In a study of this nature, one is expected to encounter series of hindrances which serve as a limiting factor to the research work.

Secret nature of respondents: In the course of under doing this research work, the researcher is faced with the problem of secrecy on the point of the respondents who refuse to disclose certain information’s that would have ensured a comprehensive research work.
Non-availability of research material: The researcher find it difficult to source for relevant materials for the research and this is attributed to the ill-equipped nature of the school library which would have be a veritable research tool.
Financial constraints: This also serve as the limiting factor to this research as the researcher have to time-to-time recharge his phone in order to put a call to some of the public servants in Kogi State to get useful information.
Time: The time frame for this research work is relatively too short considering the various academic activities that one have to attend to. Some times, the researcher have to abide on proposed for lecture and researching for various assignment.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This project work comprise five chapters.

The first is the study foundation for the topic. It consist of introduction of the study and the problem facing public service in Kogi State.

The second chapter deals with literature review of the topic as well as defining some concepts and overview of some learned scholars in public services. The third chapter is the historical background of civil service in Kogi State in particular.

Chapter four examines all relevant data collected which undertaking the research project, data presentation in the tabular form and data analysis.

Finally, the fifth chapter seeks to summarize the finding of the research work in a conclusive way and then make an objective recommendations with respect to the concluding evidence

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The research considered it necessary to define the following terms as they are being applied within the context of the project work.

Commission: According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (6^th edition), commission means an official group of people who have been given responsibility to control or find out about person. For purpose of this work, it is a group of important officers chosen for a particular responsibility.

Retirement benefits: These are benefits paid to an officer on his exist from the service if he was appointed under permanent and pensionable circumstances.

Officers: It means a person employed into an established grade at the public service but do not include officers on temporary contract appointment.

Medical board: Medical board is appointed by commissioner or by any other person pursuant to a delegation of power under section 20 of decree No 102 of 1979 to assess the disbursement of benefit to an officer.

Next of kin: Is the person whose names are written by the diseased officer on his records officer of the Ministry of time established, or furnished by him in written at the time dealt to that ministry

Pensionable services: Means service which may be taken into account in computing an officers pension under this decree.

Final pay: Simply means in respect of an officer whose appointment has terminated or (if he was on daily pay rate of pay for thirty one days) multiply log is in respect of the last substantive rate held by him immediately before the end of this services.

Pensionable emolument: In the respect to an officer, it means the salary attached to the last substantive rank by the officer and do not include any allowance.

Transfer value: This is the accepted amount paid in discharge of pension liability in respect to an officer services.

Termination: It could means termination of service by retirement or been forceful retired.

Mandatory retirement: It is the causation of service after an officer have served for a maximum of ten years.

Civil service: The term civil service is normally used when reforming to the body of those employed in a civil capacity and non-political career basis, by the three tiers of government primarily to render advice and faithfully give effective t their decision.

Thursday, 20 January 2022

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Monday, 17 January 2022

IMPACT OF POVERTY ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1Background to the study

Poverty is a plague-affecting people all over the world and it is a condition that denies individuals the right to exercise their full potentials. There is no universally accepted definition of poverty, but poverty can be defined as having insufficient income to meet the basic human needs of life. If the real national income of a country is small that country will be poor, and a higher standard of living for its people can be achieved only by an increase in the total volume of production. Poverty often been defined as a situation of low income or low consumption.

Absolute and Relative poverty can also be seen from two perspective microeconomics and macroeconomics. In micro economics terms, poverty refers to a situation in which individual persons or households are not able to satisfy their basic needs. From a macroeconomic perspective, poverty exists when the average inhabitants of a country live below the minimum subsistence level. Thus, while the macroeconomic concept specifies the country, micro economic perspective is concerned with households or individuals.

Governments concern for the fate of the poor in developing countries has heightened in recent years but the economies of these countries were constrained with a rather hostile external and internal economic and environmental hardship. Some of these entanglement encountered are a recurring external debt-servicing burdens, disequilibrium in terms of trade, high and widespread unemployment, high rate of inflation, capital flight, low capacity utilization and high population growth. To that extent, sharp criticisms emanated from the various corners of the country about the inability of the government to design and implement strategies for meeting the basic human needs of the society so as to ensure a just and egalitarian society. Apparently, the plights of the poor and the need to rearticulate development programmes have dominated discussions of contemporary schemes. However, Nigeria is yet to formulate a rehabilitative welfare package directed towards alleviating poverty problems despite the attention and seriousness it deserves. A large proportion of Nigerians in the rural area still lack access to the basic social services. This is unconnected with the nature of the strategies, which are broad based and not targeted at any particular group. Various development plans designed to cushion the social welfare of the people has not been implemented to the latter. Better still, the expenditure structures of the government really give credence and confirm her unflinching commitment to the people’s welfare. Yet, mass poverty has remained the most prevalent socio-economic problem in Nigeria society.

Poverty is one of the intractable problems facing mankind today. In 1995, an estimated 1.3 billion people out of the estimated 5.8 billion people in the world were living in the shackles of extreme poverty, living on less than one dollar a day (Human Development Report, 1998)Nigeria has one of the greatest development potentials in Africa given the vastness of her resources and above all her rich human resource endowment. But regardless of these potentials Nigeria is still among the poorest countries of the world. The economy is mired by multiple difficulties. On the basis of widespread economic crisis, and the recent global economic meltdown, the country is unable to raise the standard of living of its citizens to an appreciable height. Thus poverty, in both absolute and relative terms, constitutes one of the most serious problems confronting Nigeria. Statistically, between 1960 and 1980, the poverty level covered about 28.0 percent of the population; by 1996 it rose alarmingly to about 66 percent of the population (Aliju, 2001).

According to the United Nation Development Program Human Development Report (2008-2009) which combined such components as; level of inequality, life expectancy at birth, standard of living and access to knowledge, and education, between 2004 and 2009 poverty in Nigeria has worsened from 0.43 to 0.49. This shows that despite its vast resources, Nigeria ranks among the 25 poorest countries of the world. In fact, poverty has been a serious challenge to governments in Nigeria. Its effect, which includes lack and deprivation in the basic necessities of life, is worrisome.

Poverty humiliates and dehumanizes its victim Ukpong (1996). To this end government and people in authority almost always strive to ensure that adequate structural programs are enshrined to see that poverty if not eradicated, is reduced to the barest minimum. Poverty alleviation strategies ranging from Operation Feed the Nation of 1978, the Green Revolution of 1982, the Directorate of Foods Roads and Rural Infrastructures DFFRI, the National Directorate for Employment NDE, Poverty Alleviation Program PAP, the National Poverty Eradication Program, NAPEP up to the Seven – Point Agenda were all attempts made by various governments in the country in order to curb the menace of poverty.

Finally, the indicators of poverty in Nigeria will remain alarming. Poverty alleviation in Nigeria requires among other strategies, the access of the poor to productive assets, the raising of their returns on the assets, increasing their access to education and health services, improving their employment opportunities and supplementing their resources with income or resource transfer.

1.2 statement of research problem

Poverty in Nigeria has continued to growth worse and wide spread. Firstly, the high rate of unemployment may also be responsible for poverty in Nigeria. The inability to get good jobs that produce a decent income leads to low productivity. In addition, many graduates wander the streets without any reasonable prospect of gainful employment in Nigeria. Bureau of Statistics puts Unemployment Rate in Nigeria to 23.9% percent in the third quarter of 2018 from 18.80 percent in the second quarter of 2018. Unemployment Rate in Nigeria averaged 10.63 percent from 2006 until 2018, exceeding an all time high rate of 19.70 percent in the fourth quarter of 2009 and a record low of 6.4 percent in the fourth quarter of 2014. By implication, it means that if Nigeria’s population is 186million, which means about 35 million Nigerians where unemployed as at 2018 (NBS 2018).

Secondly, inadequate education often stands as a bottleneck in any economy; according to the World Bank (2007) education plays an important role in economic growth and national productivity as well as innovation and democratic values. Illiteracy as well as a lack of education is common in poor countries. This is because governments in sub-Saharan African countries lack the resources to provide adequate public schools in rural areas, such that less than 60% of children in sub-Saharan Africa have an elementary education. Most times poor people in these countries drop out of schooling to enable them to concentrate on making a minimal wage for a living. This prevents people from having the opportunity to secure decent jobs and opportunities to develop themselves to enable them to fully participate in society. In Nigeria the educational system is very poor when compared with other countries in the world.

Thirdly, Social and economic unrest from the domestic and international scene arose from the failure of the government, which lacked the ability to successfully implement political transition programmes that may have actualized stability such that distortion resulted in recession. A restricted domestic market prevented productive ventures from flourishing because of and withdrawal of investment from such country and subsequent job and economic insecurity. The economy of Nigeria advanced 2.28 percent year-on-year in the third quarter of 2019 compared to an upwardly revised 2.12 percent rise in the previous period. It was the fastest expansion since the fourth quarter of 2018, as oil output grew the most in over three years. GDP Annual Growth Rate in Nigeria averaged 3.81 percent from 1982 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 19.17 percent in the fourth quarter of 2004 and a record low of -7.81 percent in the fourth quarter of 1983 (NBS, 2018).

Fourthly, Corruption has become a cankerworm in Nigeria such that government revenue is shared among political office holders and their cronies, while the masses are left to wallow in poverty. Nigeria is the 144 least corrupt nation out of 175 countries, according to the 2018 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Rank in Nigeria averaged 121.48 from 1996 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 152 in 2005 and a record low of 52 in 1997.This indicates that the well-being of the people are practically ignored by political leaders. Thus, corruption has led to increased poverty and income inequality and has contributed to increased crime rates in Nigeria.

Fifthly, Inequality: Inequality implies having large discrepancies in resource distribution, whether one is considering income, consumption or other welfare indicators or attributes (Oyekale, Adeoti&Oyekale 2007). Income disparity occurred in Nigeria as a result of the high economic growth that Nigeria experienced from 1965 to 1975.The result of the 2018 survey by NBS in Nigeria shows that persons between 15 and 64 (the economically active population), constituted 56.3 percent, while those aged 65 years and above constituted 4.2 percent. Before now, not a few economic watchers have queried the recorded Gross Domestic Product, GDP, growth rates in Nigeria, which over time are contrary to the growing rate of poverty. Income inequality has therefore increased the dimension of poverty in the country.

Finally, Laziness: Laziness is rampant among Nigerians and it has become a common disease most especially from youths who hail from wealthy households. Everyone wants to be comfortable, but they are not ready to work towards it. This often leads to greed such that people do whatever possible to keep the family wealth for themselves. In most families, everyone depends on the breadwinner, who works hard to keep the family going, and when he dies the family become poor because the dependants are lazy; they subsequently mismanage the funds that are bequeathed to them and become poor. In most Nigerian families, the death of the breadwinner means the death of the whole family’s fortunes; because everyone depended on him or her to provide for the needs of the household (Aigbokhan, 2008).

1.3 Research questions.

The research work sought to answer the following research questions.

i. What are the impacts of poverty determinants on the growth of Nigerian economy?

ii. What is the trend of poverty on the growth of Nigerian economy?

1.4 The aim and objectives of the study

The major objective of this research is to examine the impact of the determinants of poverty on the growth of Nigerian economy. Specific objectives of the research include the following.

i. To evaluate the impacts of poverty determinants on the growth of Nigerian economy.

ii. To examine the trend of poverty on the growth of Nigerian economy.

1.5 Statement of research hypothesis

The following hypothesis were determined for testing

Ho: that poverty determinants has no significant impact on the growth of Nigerian economy

H1: That poverty determinants has significant impact on the growth of Nigerian economy

1.6 The significance of the study

The significance of this research work is to determine the various determinants of poverty in the sense that it will give an insight to the government in the formulation of appropriate policies that will effectively reposition the productive sector. This will efficiently serve the developmental needs of the country and also give plausible solutions to ameliorate poverty in the drive for Nigeria to attain economic development.

The study is also expected to serve as a stepping stone to other researchers to acquire more facts about poverty and it’s implications on economic growth as evident in Nigeria gross domestic product (GDP).

1.7 Scope and limitation of the study

The study, implications of the determinants of poverty on the growth of Nigerian economy. it covered a period 20 years (1999 – 2018). The area of major concern is the determinants of poverty, its implications and effect on the growth of Nigerian economy. Due to the vitality and vast nature of the topic under investigation, one of the major limitations was how to approach the study to capture the most significant variables and that of inadequate information or materials like books, journals and periodicals to consult for knowledge development which will enhance a better result. Another hindrance was that of money which restricted the coverage of the work at hand. The last hindrance was that of time which was shared among several activities. However, a drastic step was taken to obtain data from reliable sources such as CBN statistical bulletin, NBS statistical publications etc. to overcome such limitations

1.8 Organization of the study

This research work is divided into five (5) chapters.

Chapter one contains the background to the study, statement of research problems, The research questions, aims and objectives, hypothesis testing, significance of the study, scope and limitation and organization of the study, chapter two undertakes the review of relevant literature on poverty, chapter three considers the theoretical framework and features of poverty as well as delving to criteria for measuring poverty in Nigeria, chapter four focuses on the research methodology, data analysis and interpretation of results and chapter five contains the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations.

AN ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BLOCK MOLDING INDUSTRY IN KEFFI TOWN

ABSTRACT

The block manufacturing activities in keffi town are involved in the production of virtually all sizes of sand Crete. The operators are mostly youth whose ages are between 28 years and 45 years with all of them having one form of education or the other but mostly in the elementary education category and like many informal sectors activities, skills for their job was acquired on the job. The activities of these artisans have contributed in no small measure to the development of AMAC urban economy providing jobs and skills to a large number of youths and helping the growths of the housing construction units. Their activities were however, unplanned, uncoordinated and so negates the essence of environmental planning, the poor electricity supply and other supporting facilities has not helped the growth of this sector and most importantly the lack of permanent location for the operators who only occupy and pay rent for yet-to be developed plots and road setbacks has made them nuisance within the urban environment even with their enormous contributions.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Block molding industries is becoming the backbone of building construction of every country. Block molding industry is one of the largest production sectors of the construction industry in Nigeria (Anosike 2011). Virtually every Local Government Area has one or more small or large scale block production factories. Block production is no doubt a lucrative venture, if properly managed.

Mead (1994) in a study asserted that block molding industry are category of small industry that contributes only 2-3% to the GDP. The industry plays an important role in the economy of developing country. These block molding industry are divided into several parts which includes stabilized bricks /blocks, sundried (Adobe) soil blocks, burnt clay bricks/ blocks, cast in-situ walls, rice husk ash (RHA), mud and straw, lime and stone Crete blocks.

Their locations, like several other informal activities, are without formal arrangement (Jelili, et. al 2017) and as such remain unpredictable. They take advantages of open spaces, and undeveloped land within the urban Centre’s there by deforming the beauty of the urban environment.

According to part B of the fifth schedule of the environmental protection Act (EPA), item 3. Location/sitting of block molding industry includes the followings, the site should be located in industrial areas or at a suitable site outside the defined settlement/residential areas or within the buffer of bad neighborhood activities/development, and the existing development context of the site should be compatible with the activity. At the design stage of new block making plants, consideration should be given to the site lay-out, with a view to avoiding disturbances to the surrounding environment. In particular, attention should be paid to the location of entrances, exists, car parks, access road and amenities, the site should not be located within any environmental sensitive area (ESA) and it’s prescribed buffer zone as per ESA study 2009 such as wetlands, steep slope and in areas that are likely to be affected by hazards such as inland flooding, landslide and Storm surges, amongst others.

On-site wastewater disposal facility such as septic tank and absorption pit/leaching fields shall be located not less than 30m from any water course, existing natural drains and watercourse on or in the vicinity of the site shall not be Tampered with.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In developing countries like Nigeria Block molding industry is seen as an informal sector which make used of open spaces within the residential areas thereby posing threats to the surrounding environment. The problems that face the block molding industries in KEFFI.Are common (Sultan &Kajewski, 2003). These problems include:-

1. Poor location/sitting of block molding industry in the study area withoutrecourse to environmental protection guideline for block making plant

2. Lack of physical planning standard and regulations for sitting block industry in Nigeria.

There is also evidence that the problems have become greater in extent and severity in recent years (Ofori, 2000).

1.2 AIM

The aim of study is to examine the locational distribution of block molding industries in keffi, with a view of evolving appropriate planning proposal for the study area.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

To examine the existing planning provision for the sitting and operation of block molding industries in KEFFI.
To examine the concept of block molding industries in KEFFI.
To examine the standards of block molding industries in KEFFI.
To identify the prospects and challenges facing block molding industries in KEEFI.
To examine the socio economic characteristics of block molding industries in the study area.
To make planning proposal for block molding industry in the study area.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What is the existing planning provision for the sitting and operation of block molding industries in KEFFI?
What is the concept of block molding industries in KEFFI?
What are the standards of block molding industries in KEFFI?
What are the socio economic characteristics of block molding industries in the study area?
What are the prospects and challenges facing block molding industries in KEFFI?

1.5 SCOPE

The study is delimited to planning implication of indiscriminate location of Block molding industries in KEFFI.

1.6 JUSTIFICATION

This study is imperative in order to achieve the various urban planning objectives of enhancing, convenience, aesthetics, compatibility in land uses and functionality within the urban area as well as striving to achieve the millennium development goal of ensuring environmental sustainability. It will serve as a working document that will guide the federal government in the provision of block molding activity in KEFFI town, and it will also create job opportunity.

This study is important because effective implementation of this work will serve as a model for other urban centers in the state and the country at large, and will also serve as a reference material for other researchers who will embark on similar project.

1.6 STUDY METHODOLOGY

The study will deal with research designed, procedure use in carrying out investigation about any prevailing circumstances. However methodology refers to the method a researcher adopt in the collection of necessary information about research on block industries in keffi town.

1.7 SOURCE OF DATA

Primary Data: – This data is collected directly by the researcher from administered questionnaire, oral interviews and observation. This will include public attitude such as: feeling, participation and understanding as shell be measured by liker scale and from questionnaires. The source will be from the despondence.
Secondary Data:- secondary data shall include materials from published and unpublished source and records that have to do with land sub-division.

1.8` METHOD AND INSTRUMENT OF DATA COLLECTION

The instruments used are questionnaires, oral interview and library review.

1.9 QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

One questionnaire was prepared and distributed containing 32 items and was administered to respondents using the systematic sampling method. A total of 204 questionnaires were administered to the respondents, this is done to elicit information from the respondent alike on sector proposal block molding industries in keffi L.G.A.

1.10 ORAL INTERVIEW

Oral interview were conducted in KEFFI. The purpose of this, is to clarify issues that were not contained in the questionnaire and also to determine why the respondent respond the way the did to certain questions. The two methods above formed the source of primary data used for this investigation.

1.11 LIBRARY REVIEW

The major source of secondary data was materials from books, journal, magazine, internet (search Engine) and other related previous research works. These materials were found must useful in literature review. Private and public library were also consulted.

1.12 RESEACH POPULATION

A research population of 5092 was taken, 204 questionnaires were administered and collected. 1:4 sampling frame was adopted and 4% of sample survey was carried out.

1.13SAMPLING METHOD

Systematic sampling procedure was adopted for respondents. The area was divided into two and each of these area, 102 questionnaires were distributed given a total of 204 questionnaires.

1.14 INSTRUMENT USED FOR DATA ANALYSIS

This include, table, figures, percentage, and bar chart were used to classify analysis and evaluate the data collected from the field survey in order to present an understanding and clean picture of the field data.

SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY TECHNQUES PROCEDURE

Total population 5092
Sample size 4%
Sample frame 1:4
Number of questionnaire 204
Sampling method Systematic sampling technique

ENEMS PROJECT

Pages

Monday, 31 January 2022

GAS LEAK DETECTION & MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF GAS LEAK DETECTION & MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

GAS LEAK DETECTION & MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF GAS LEAK DETECTION & MONITORING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

Saturday, 29 January 2022

APPRAISAL OF FACTORS AFFECTING QUANTITY SURVEYOR'S ESTIMATE

APPRAISAL OF FACTORS AFFECTING QUANTITY SURVEYOR’S ESTIMATE

Thursday, 27 January 2022

ASSESSING ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AS FISCAL POLICY OF GOVERNMENT

ASSESSING ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AS FISCAL POLICY OF GOVERNMENT IN OFU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE

Wednesday, 26 January 2022

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM APPARENTLY HEALTHY DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM APPARENTLY HEALTHY DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK

Sunday, 23 January 2022

EFFECT OF MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVE (MBO) ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

EFFECT OF MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVE (MBO) ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Friday, 21 January 2022

IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON DEMAND FOR RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY

THE IMPACT OF RURAL URBAN MIGRATION ON DEMAND FOR RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY IN NIGERIA CITIES

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

AN ASSESSMENT OF RETIREMENT OF CIVIL SERVANTS AND ITS CHALLENGES

Thursday, 20 January 2022

Hello world!

Monday, 17 January 2022

IMPACT OF POVERTY ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF NIGERIA

IMPACT OF POVERTY ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF NIGERIA

1.1Background to the study

1.2 statement of research problem

1.3 Research questions.

1.4 The aim and objectives of the study

1.5 Statement of research hypothesis

1.6 The significance of the study

1.7 Scope and limitation of the study

1.8 Organization of the study

AN ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BLOCK MOLDING INDUSTRY IN KEFFI TOWN

AN ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BLOCK MOLDING INDUSTRY IN KEFFI TOWN