IMPORTANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

IMPORTANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

(A Case Study of Agatha Trading Company Nigeria)

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research work is to expose the general public on how small and medium scale enterprises can provide employment and Transform the country’s economy. The sectors have the capability of providing employment to 70% of the country’s population. The work will show the practical aspect of employment creation through Agatha Trading Company (operations). The researcher work will also cover some organizations that promote SMEs in Nigeria. The researchers equally try to look at the importance of small and medium scale enterprise in the country’s economy.  One of the bases of this research work is for public to understand the importance of SMEs as a vehicle of effective growth and development in the country as it reduces unemployment. In order to check the validity of the subject matter; data were gathered using both primary and secondary data collection method. A well-constructed questionnaire as dispatch out to respondents (i.e. staff of Agatha Trading Company Nigeria) which were collected within four days of dispatch. The data collected was tested using chi-square test statistics and at the end it was discovered that Small and Medium Scale enterprise will provide adequate goods/services to ultimate users at the right time, right place, and in the right quantity. It will also encourage people to be independent on government and will increase employment which in turn increase the Gross domestic percentage (G.DSP) per capital income of the country and good standard of living.

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the policy instruments which the Federal Government OF Nigeria adopted to speed up industrialization in the country is the promotion of small and medium scale enterprises (SMES). Their activities were encouraged, and the incentive given to them to boost the operation. Incentives, such as tax relief, import duty, restates on essential raw materials, loans and credit facilities through organizations like the small scale industrial credit scheme development, development of industrial centers to assist young entrepreneurs to perfect their skills and so on.      

These efforts were complemented by numerous financial institution set up solely to provide funds towards the industrial sector of the economy such as the Nigeria Industrial Development Bank (NIDB), Nigeria Bank of Commerce and Industry (NBC), Nigerian National Economic Reconstruction Funds(NNERFUN) and the like, all providing funds for operations or importations of vital raw materials. Father measures were taken by the Government towards the development of indigenous enterprises through the Nigeria Enterprises Promotion Decree of 1976 and 1977 with subsequent adjustment, which reserved certain enterprises mainly for indigenous entrepreneurs, while allowing foreign participation in others. This was further expanded through revitalization and commercialization were slated to be privatized in their operations, commercialized so that they could complete effectively with other private sector organizations offering similar services or products.

Recently, the federal government has established the Bank of Industries (BOI), to support small and medium scale enterprises despite all the initiative from the Federal Government that are operated, through banks and other financial houses, the small and medium scale enterprises, sub sector is still faced with a lot of problems that prevent them from the available funds and the delivery of such funds.
in view of the above, this research is therefore carried out to lay down the importance of small and medium scale enterprises to the Nigerian economy and the measure to be put in place to enhance their performance  so as to make way for effective performance of present and the future small and medium enterprises in the economy.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Commercial banks are generally week in granting loans to small and medium scale enterprises.

There is also poor administration of government in assisting programmes for small and medium enterprise development. Instead they are looking down upon and regarded as “No future ambitioned people” poor communication networking and lack of information made available either from experience or from other people also constitute the problem of development some government policies are also not to be overlooked as a potential small an medium scale problem. These policies tends to discourage any initiative put forward by a small and medium scale enterprise in their operation for instance a business man who is starting fashion designing business would be challenged with the government policy of loan on the importation of textile materials.

1. OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY

Objective of this study is to search for better ways to solve the above mentioned problems and proffer solutions to this. The discussion on small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) is very wide and could be endless. Nevertheless for the purpose of this research the scope of discussion shall cover the following areas:

1. To find out the importance of the small and medium scale enterprises to the Nigeria economy.
2. To find out the role of the small and medium scale enterprises on economical Nigeria development.
3. To determine the problems encountered by the small and medium scale enterprises.
4. To identify those strategies that will enhance the success establishment and operation of small and medium scale enterprises.

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This project work is significance due to some numbers of reasons:   

1. The study will provide a yard stick with which to develop appropriate measures against the problem or factors that prevent the full utilization of enterprises. (small and medium scale enterprises).
2. It is the researcher’s belief that study will be of immense assistance to investors and entrepreneurs alike.
3. It will also enlighten the general public and prospective investors on the potentials of small and medium scale enterprises (SMES).
4. This will therefore, guide them on the type of viable enterprises to venture into.

1.5   RESEARCH QUESTION

To make this research work more explicit or clear, the following questions would be considered by the researcher:

1. Are individual advised to engage in small and medium scale enterprise?
2. How has small and medium scale enterprises impacted on the current economic development of Nigeria.
3. Does the government of Nigeria encourage small and medium scale business?
4. What do you think are the major financial sources of small and medium enterprises (SMEs)?
5. What is the motivational tool or force for small and medium scale enterprises?
   1. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis is a tentative statement of plausible assumption, the validity of which is yet to be known. Here statement of reasonable assumption is made and later subjected to test.

The study shall test the following hypothesis:

H_o:   Effective distribution system does not significantly increase organization sales volume.

H_i:    Effective distribution system significantly increases organization sales volume.

1. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research work shall cover the vital issues of small and medium scale enterprises through SMEs among others by limiting the scope of the study, to its relevance in the country economy, the benefit and what is stand to achieve as well as taking AGATHA as a major contributing stakeholders.

1.8   LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is constrained by human factors which on the possible failure of individuals nor likely to tell the exact truth of what are available. Similarly, time has the tendency to hinder on intensive research work. But not withstanding the above effort has been made to overcome incidents obsolete as much as necessary, finally insufficient fund was constant because of vital information have to be sourced from the internet.

1.9   DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS

a.     Management: Management is the continuous systematic process of planning, organizing or directing staffing and controlling resources of the organization (man, money and materials) so that, the individuals, the organization and the society can achieve certain objectives.

b.     Mental ability: This consists of creative thinking ability, analytical ability and general intelligence.

c.      Strategy: Is the determination of the long terms goal and objective of an enterprise and the adoption of courses necessary to carry out the goals.

d.     Self confidence: Base on a very adequate self confidence that an enhance problem solving or the ability to handle difficult situation.

e.     Technical knowledge: To know how related to the business that is ability to use tools, procedures and techniques necessary to ensure judicious utilization of resources.

EFFECT OF TRAINING AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF WORKERS

EFFECT OF TRAINING AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF WORKERS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

There are a number of factors that contribute to the success of any organization, these factors include: capital, equipment, manpower, etc. All these factors are important but the most significant factor is the human factor. Since it is the people that will put the other resources to work, it should be viewed as such by management by giving it due attention in order to achieve its organizational goals and objectives. Manpower planning aimed at ensuring that the right person is available for the right job at the right time. This involves formulating a forward looking plan to ensure that the necessary human effort to make it possible for the survival and growth of the organization, it becomes imperative to develop the employee.

Manpower development is a process of intellectual and emotional achievement through providing the means by which people can grow on their jobs. It relates to series of activities, which an enterprise would embark upon to improve its managerial capacity. Manpower development is important in any discussion of strategic human resources management.

These emphasis on manpower and development is influenced by the belief that it is now desirable to focus more attention on areas which in the past has been relatively neglected because every organization regardless of its size must provide for the needs, interest and desire of its employee within the work environment if it is to earn loyalty, dedication, involvement and commitment necessary to compete effectively.

Since the early 1960, the human factor of production of manpower as it is alternatively called, has increasable been recognized as the most critical resource of the factors without which an effective utilization of all other factors remain a dream. Although, it might to tempting to attach more importance to the availability of physical resource such as capital and equipment undermining that they are mere passive factors of production, which depend on human intellectual which is the active agent to exploit them in order to achieve the objective of the organization. Thus, the human factors (manpower) is the main stay of the organization.

In other words, the success of an organization depends on the ability and expertise of those who operate it both at the managerial and lower levels of operation, such abilities and expertise usually stems from the knowledge they possess and training received.
According to Harbison, F.H. (1973), human being constitutes the ultimate basis of a nation’s wealth. This proposition applies to the organization, which implies that with daily increase and complexity in the organizational activities and the problem ensuring optimum productivity which is fast becoming a challenge as well as imperative for the management of organization, thus, training and development of staff on whom the huge responsibility of furthering these goals rest, must take top priority if the organization must continue to enjoy maximum performance from the staff. The main objective of setting up a company is to make profit and to achieve this organizational goal, adequate manpower planning and development programmes should be put in place to enhance performance.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The human resources (manpower) is considered the most critical to any organizational survival of a truism that adequate supply of material and financial resources that utilizes these available resources to bring about the desired goals.

However, most organizational plans meticulously for their investment in physical and capital resources and these plans are reviewed with utmost attention to detail while rarely do such organizations pay attention to human investment in which the capital and equipment will be in vain. Not many organizations consider the necessity for a well-defined and sustained training and development for staff in order to upgrade their performance or they are not able to cope financially with training and development programmes.

The very few organizations that give thought to this very important aspect of staffing functions do so with lack of seriousness; all round attention and continuity. The programmes are carried out not only once in a blue moon but are also lopsided in terms of content and staff participation. As a result of this, lackadaisical attitude of management towards training and manpower development. There had been a progressive decline in the ability of manpower to cope with the challenges that attend the over unfolding new dispensation in the industry, in the circumstance, what we find is that the rise in industrial output is inconsequential in spite of the enormous wave of modern technology that now exist in industrial activities.

It is the opinion of industry observes that the poor performance of the organization-workers follows from their inability to keep abreast with the new technological current as a result of the absence of appropriate and sufficient staff training. It is against this background that the researcher considered the impact of performance training and development on organizational performance of this mission, however, the researcher used Eco Bank Plc as a reference.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Are the employees of the Eco Bank Plc satisfied with quality of the selection and interview procedure?

2. Are the employees of the Intercontinental Bank Plc satisfied with the placement and promotion procedure?
3. Are there training programmes for the employees?
4. How adequate in terms of content and relevance, are these training progammes relevant?
5. Has the promotion process in the bank improved employees’ performance?
6. Are the employees of the bank utilized after their training?

1.4 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To conduct an empirical investigation through a review of the manpower planning and development policy of the bank.
2. To access the staff recruitment, selection and training programmes and from it, establish some relationship between these programmes and problems enumerated.
3. To highlight the need for manpower planning and development in the company.
4. To identify some techniques of manpower training and development in the company and their relevance to the company needs and the industry at large.
5. To establish the relationship between personnel training and development and staff performance.
6. To correct the belief that in this age of computerization and technological development, all that business units need to survive in the acquisition of up-to-date capital equipment to the neglects of the power management of its human resources
7. To proffer solutions to the identified problems.
   
   

1.5       RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The testable hypotheses of this research study are the following:
HO: There is no direct relationship between manpower training and productivity in the bank.
H1: There is direct relationship between the manpower training and productivity.
HO: Lack of adequate manpower training and development is not directly responsible for high labour turnover.
H1: Adequate manpower and development is directly responsible for higher labour turnover.
HO: Training does not the productivity of employees and the organization.
H1: Training improves the productivity of employees and the organization.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Banking services constitute the backbone of the economy of a great country like Nigeria; no wonder it is always the most active sector in stock exchange. It is upon this premise that government monitors the activities of the banks through the Central Bank of Nigeria and provides the necessary infrastructures for optimum services to the public.

In spite of all efforts geared towards improving the services of that banking industry, there are some doubts as to the quality of services rendered by the banks to its customers in particular and the nation in general. It is in light of this that the researcher through the work intend to look into the factors militating against Eco Bank Plc in achieving its sets objectives, by this, the study will look into the manpower base and quality of staff of the Eco Bank Plc and assess their suitability with the aim of developing training programmes to enhance their performance since the progress of an organization is a function of the quality of those directing its affairs. The importance of this cannot be overemphasized especially in these periods when most companies are international standard complaint. It therefore behooves a company to plan and train its workers for the best quality of work to be relevant in the scheme of globalization.

This is particularly directed to establishment that are prone to think that the intractable problems of their organization is finance and not manpower planning and development it will also evaluate aspects of the recruitment, selection and training process, which bear strong relevance to corporate image, productivity efficiency and morals.

For the management of Eco Bank Plc, the benefit of training and development is that quality of work, life of the employees will reciprocate with increase performance on the job.

This will go a long way in providing job satisfaction and services as motivation towards the realization of individual aspiration, it will also be relevant to the human resource development department in the formulation of policies relating to training and development of personnel and for the government, to ensure adequate training and know-how to improve the economy as a whole.

1.7 LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Eco Bank Plc was selected for this study. The coverage may give time representation of selection practice in the government owned enterprises in the economy and the organized private sector.

The study was also limited to employees of the bank. The problems, the researcher encountered was that some officers were either too busy for interviews or cleverly avoided certain questions for the fear that the information given might put their jobs in jeopardy. Those who responding to questions tends to make their answers to reflect what ought to be rather that what is, this undoubtedly affected the quality and accuracy of information collected during the study.

A large population of the staff falls among the junior staff and as such, it is difficult to really get their opinion as regards manpower development as they are shy to respond and do not really appreciate the importance of development. A lot of finance was also required in making this project a reality, thus, the researcher was faced with the problem of finance and time.

These difficulties notwithstanding the researcher made concert efforts to ensure that the project was comprehensively carried out to meet the desired needs.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Effects were made at defining the following terminologies use din this study to avoid ambiguity and elicit proper understanding.
Ø Development: This is the process concerned with people’s capacity in a defined and over a period to manage and involve positive change, and reduce or eliminate unwanted change.
Ø Manpower: The human resource of a business concern. These include unskilled, skilled supervisory and management staff of a company.
Ø Planning: Setting objectives and deciding on the best ways of achieving the objectives.
Ø Empirical: Of people or method guided only by practical experience rather than by scientific ideas.

THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS PRODUCTIVITY

THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS PRODUCTIVITY

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Motivation is concerned with why people do what they do. It answers such questions as why do managers or workers go to work and do a good job. This tries to explain what motivates people to act the way they do, with primary focus on the work place. It is the primary task of the manager to create and maintain an environment in which employees can work efficiently to realize the objectives of the organization.

Employees differ not only in their ability to work but also in their will to do so (motivation). To motivate is to induce, persuade, stimulate, even compel, an employee to act in a manner which fulfills the objectives of an organization. The motivation of employees depends on the strength of their motives. Motives are needs, wants, drives, or impulses within the individual, and these determine human behaviour.

Motivation then is the process of:
Arousing behaviour.
Sustaining behaviour in progress, and
Channeling behaviour into a specific course of action.

Thus, motives (needs, desires) induce employees to act. Motivation, therefore, is the inner state that energies, channels, and sustains human behaviour.
Since it has been established that all behaviour except involving responses are goals directed, manager can apply motivational theories of management in their attempt to direct the job behaviour of employees towards the goal of their establishment.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Workers leave organization due to the fact that they are not motivated enough. Some are not willing to leave because they are enjoying some benefit in terms of promotion which leads to increase in salaries and wages, bonuses and some other incentives.

Organizations must improve the work performance, productivity, skills and ability of its employees. The problem is how to motivate workers to achieving higher productivity.

1.3 RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Some of the research questions are:
1. To what extent does the personnel policy implemented by your company affect your productivity?

2. How often does the company embark on staff training and development?

3. Does your company clearly/respect trade union position of its employees?

4. Are there differences in the way staff and workers are t4eated in the organization?

5. Is joint consultation practiced positively, as a method of obtaining employees views on problems and proposed charges before final decisions are taken?

1.4 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The research hypotheses are:
Hypothesis I:
HO: The more there is effective motivation, the less the morale of employees.
H1: The more there is effective motivation, the more the moral of employees.

Hypothesis II:
HO: Adoption of motivational techniques will automatically decrease the workers productivity.
H1: Adoption of motivational techniques will automatically increase the workers productivity.

Hypothesis III:
HO: the success of an organization does not depend on the motivational procedures being adopted.
H1: The success of an organization depends on the motivational procedures being adopted.

1.5 PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study is to ascertain the motivational activities of Intercontinental bank Plc.
a. To ascertain the application of the motivational techniques by the organization concerned.

b. To know the problem inhibiting the success of the employees’ motivation in the organization.

c. To know the response of the employees to motivational techniques adopted by the organization.

d. To provide solutions and recommendations where necessary on the best and effective motivational techniques used in the organization.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This project covers the aspect of motivation in persuading, stimulating and compelling an employee to act in a manner which fulfills the objectives of the organization.

One cannot but say that data collection is the most tedious of writing the project.

Another limitation is that the researcher being a student who has to read other courses as well as to take normal lectures during the period of the research may be limited by time given for the study being too short.

Lastly, the fund constraint in carrying out this research project, the cost of getting materials and information as well as their adequacies will also constitute the limitation of the study.

1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study cannot be over-emphasized. It will be base don the examination of the motivation practice in Intercontinental Bank Plc, and to know the extent to which it is being carried out, the effects on the workers, the organization and the country at large. Moreso, to acquaint the various managers and different categories of employees to the need to embrace motivation which will go along way in achieving higher productivity.

Besides, those students in the field of administration will find it educative, interesting and challenging in that, the various activities and techniques of motivation are revealed and logically analyzed.

Lastly, this project will be of value to those who may want to carry out similar research in the nearest future.


1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Motivation: This is the process of arousing behaviour, sustaining behaviour in progress, and channeling behaviour into a specific course of action.

Management: This is the process of getting things done through people. It involves planning, organizing, staff, directing, coordinating and controlling both human and material resources for the purpose of achieving a set goal.

Responsibility: This is the subordinate’s obligation to perform a duty which has been assigned to him.

Leadership: Is a process of using non-coercive influence to direct and coordinate the activities of group members towards goals’ accomplishment.

Manager: Is one who performs the functions of management (planning, organizing, staffing, etc) and occupiers a formal position in an organization.

Organization: This has to do with determination and provision of capital, material, equipment and personnel that may be required in an enterprise in order to achieve the set goals.

Organizational Structure: This is the established pattern of relationships among the components of the organization.

Organizational Chart: It is a diagram that shows the arrangement, positions and interrelationship of various component parts of company.

Employee: This is a person who is paid to work for an organization or business enterprise.

Behaviour: Is the manner that someone, an animal, a plant etc do thing sin a particular way.

Department: Any of the division or unit of a government, business, school or college and so on.

Employees’ Services: This is the maintaining of the general welfare of employees on the job and assisting with problems related to their security and personal wellbeing e.g. medical services and insurance protection.

THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE BUDGETING AS A TOOL FOR PLANNING IN BANKING INDUSTRY

THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE BUDGETING AS A TOOL FOR PLANNING IN BANKING INDUSTRY

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

A substantial advance has been made in the act and science of managing group efforts in industry, government and other endeavours. The complexity of modern management problems has led to the development of those management tools, techniques and procedures which are commonly and collectively referred to as scientific management. If business is not operated under some sorts of plans, it is merely an incoherent unit without any sense of direction and certainly it cannot be referred to as an organization.

Planning is inherent in the very nature of modern business conditions. Banks and other organizational activities must be well planned so that the firm may operate effectively and efficiently utilize all resources economically to achieve the desired result.

One of the most important approaches that has been developed for facilitating performance of the management process of the bank is comprehensive effective planning and control (management budgeting).

The concepts and techniques of the need for effective planning can be said to be a means by which complex organization can be guided so as to make or produce intended results. One of the objectives of budgeting is to secure economic stabilization in order to achieve desired goals.

Another objective of budgeting is to see how the organization accomplishes its set objectives and this can be inform of what organization does and what it achieves.

Budgeting also tries to allocate and secure adjustment in resources availability this is achieved with the aim of placing some of the laudable programme on priority list prompt alienation.

Planning on the other hand is of course decisions making since it involves selecting among alternative planning is referred to as future circumstances and requirement, deciding objectives, making short and long term plans, determining policies to be followed and also standard to be set.

Planning is based upon a clearly define objectives and it considered factors in the environment which will help or hinder organization goals, planning provides a tools so that performance can be evaluate with established standard, it should be precise, practicable and simple operate and understand. Planning should also be flexible to ensure that circumstances necessitate changes without disrupting the plan. However, budgeting drawn up a financial plan which contain certain financial proposals, these financial proposals

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the most important approaches has been developed for facilitating performance of the management process of the bank is comprehensive effective planning.

The need for effective budgeting as a tool for planning in the banking industry in Nigeria involved use of budgeting to plan, planning is significant in the functional areas of management, which are brought into focus, creating a mutual enrichment of performance that is a vital focuses on the usefulness of planning to aid the management on how profit can be realized. Also, the planning function of the budget is very central to the realization of budget objective.

Planning involves the determination of objectives. This aimed at studying the meaning and importance of budgeting in banks, the problem face by this bank and also how budgeting procedure in planning can be used in bringing possible solution to their problems. As a result, a budget reflects the status of an organization.

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The bank still finds it difficult to administer their operation effectively to the public because of the fluctuating effect of some factor ranging from economic political socio-cultural and religion factors.

1. Are there prospect of these bank?
2. Have you experienced any problem as regards budgeting yet?
3. What benefit are derivable from the service of the bank?

Other related problems are unqualified staff employed at the influence of top management (directors) and non-repayment of credit facilities at the specific date proposed.

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to ascertain THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE BUDGETING AS A TOOL FOR PLANNING IN BANKING INDUSTRY. The specific objective of the study includes:

1. To find out some problems facing the authority in the process of budgeting.
2. To determine the area of price rating of authority in planning process and policies in achieving the goal of the organization through budgeting.
3. To examine how budgeting influence specifically relating the plans to actual performance of UBA Plc. through budgeting can do planning and this.
4. To offer useful suggestions on the basis of finding and how best to improve the budgeting system through planning process.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This researcher work is relevant in the following ways:

1. It will point the importance of budgeting and how UBA Plc uses it to achieve its organizational aims and objectives.
2. It is envisage that this project will provide an insight to the problem which is associated with the bank with respect to the topic and proper solutions.
3. It could serve as a “think tank” for other business owners, particularly for the fact that will involves a big and successful business like UBA.
4. It is also significance in the area of academics, as it could be used for future reference where it is relevant.

1.5     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research work covers the activities of UBA Garki Branch. AU information in respect of this study is based on the branch. The study covers the need for effective budgeting as a tool for planning in banking industry in Nigeria.

Therefore, with the Abuja branch located where researcher is based, it ensures the cost of transportation for the collection of data and necessary information from the other branch.

1.6     DEFINITION OF TERMS

It is essential to make know every bit of term used there in, therefore some terms must be explained in detail to avoid misconception and misinterpretations since there are different people’s interpretation.

The following terms are to be considered:

1. Budgeting: Is a carefully worked out financial plan, a co-ordinating tool as well as a control technique based on forecasts and the best possible estimate that can be made at the date when budgets are prepared.
2. Planning: This involves taking a view of an organization how to make it forward through the use of resources and strategies to ensure customer satisfaction.
3. Management: The act of running and controlling a business organization to achieve its objectives and identify potential problem area for detailed investigation and corrective measure or actions.
4. Organization: Is a group of people who form a business together in order to achieve a particular aim to ensure effective cost control and put an effective organizational structure.
5. Credit: Money at owner disposal in an account it could be a sale on trust without money at the time of sale.
6. Overdraft: This is allow customers to draw cheque in excess of his current account balance.
7. Current Account: Customer deposit that is with drawable by cheque.
8. Advance: These are monies lent by a bank general in firm of an overdraft on a current account holder by means of loan.
9. Loan Capital: Loan capital is normally represented by fixed interest security.
10. Loan: Lending money to borrowers.

AN ASSESSMENT OF TAX POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ON THE GOVERNMENT COUNCIL

AN ASSESSMENT OF TAX POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ON THE GOVERNMENT COUNCIL

ABSTRACT

Taxation has been a vital tool towards improving the living standard of Nigeria citizens through allocation of revenue generated (Taxes) into the federation revenue. In this research work, it is been carried out on the impact of company income tax in the federation revenue. The research want to know if the taxes collected from the companies as company income tax is actually having impact on the federation account. The research also went further to pick some years to analyze the revenue generation. In my study, I also discover that company pay taxes at 30% of their profit annually. So with 30%,company income tax have a significance influence on the federation revenue also discovered after a careful analysis that the data compared with other sources of revenue to the federation revenue that company contribution immense the federation account. Finally, to do justice to this work I divided into three sections.

SECTION ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In this present time, it is obvious that the governments raises and spend funds to finance her activities and to provide practical mechanism of positive central control over the economy. Government expenditure is mainly directed towards the satisfaction of collective wants, that is, those wants which are common to all members of the society rather than to the particular ends of individuals. These collective wants included provision of law and order, administration of justice and defense of the country.

Therefore, for the government to meet this wants, there must be an enforcement of fiscal policy which is concerned with the provision of government revenue through taxation.

Tax as the name implies is a compulsory payment imposed on the citizens and companies by the government modern to attain her national goal and objectives.

According to A.K. AGYUEI, he states that tax is the transfer of resources from the private to the public sector, in other to accomplish some of the nation’s economy and social goals.

Therefore, taxation is the system whereby individual and companies are assessed and the final collection of funds for and used as a variable instrument for shaping and directing a nations social political effectiveness of the various types of taxes introduced.

However, for the purpose of the study, the researcher is more concerned with the main reason on how the government generates her own revenue from companies, individual and corporate bodies. One of the act regulating the taxation practice relating to companies income tax Acts 1979(CITA 1979)this Act is contained in chapter 60 law of federation of Nigeria (LFN 1990).it is a consolidation of the provision of the formal principal Act. The companies’ income tax Acts 1916 and the various amendments were top in other to ascertain the extent, to which such profits were incurred in Nigeria, derived from Nigeria, received in Nigeria or brought into Nigeria. The companies’ income tax Act (CITA, CAP6O, and LFN 1990) classified companies into two broad categories namely:

1. Nigeria companies

2. Foreign companies

Companies classified as Nigeria companies for the purpose of Nigeria taxation are those companies incorporated under the companies allied matters decree(CAMD 1990) Or any enactment replaced by that decree. Any profit made by such companies shall deemed to have either incurred in Nigeria, been derived from Nigeria, received in Nigeria, and brought into Nigeria, such profit thereafter be subject to Nigeria companies income tax irrespective of where they have actually arisen. By constitutional arrangement, the taxation of companies in Nigeria is vested In the federal tax authority thus irrespective of where a company may be located in Nigeria. it is under federal tax jurisdiction.

Companies classified as foreign companies for the purpose of Nigeria taxation are those company corporations (other than corporation sole) established by or under any law. in force in any territory or country outside Nigeria, any profit made such companies shall be to have incurred, been derived from, or arisen from outside Nigeria to the extent that they are not attributed to the activities within Nigeria.

Tax is payable for each year of assessment of the profits of any company at the rate of 30%.these include profit incurred, been derived from, brought into or received from a trade business or investment. Also, companies paying dividends to its shareholder are first obliged to pay tax on its profits at the companies’ tax rate.

Generally, in Nigeria company dividends or other company distribution whether or not of a capital nature made by a Nigeria company is liable to tax source of 1O%.However, dividends paid from the bonus of share of scrip share to individual shareholder are not subject to tax, were also a company is a shareholder in another company, then such dividends are excluded from the profit of the company br the purpose of computation of tax.

1.3    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Despite emotion of tax payer on why the government should take part of the legitimate earnings of persons, certain reasons can be advanced to justify government in position of tax in any country. Some of these reasons are stated as follows:

I. REVENUE GENERATION: Provision of service and infrastructure facilities entails huge expenditure. Most of the services and facilities are public goods which cannot be adequately financed by individuals. Revenue realized from taxes, are used to cover such public expenditure such as school, roads, water supply etc.

2. ECONOMIC STABILIZATION: When a country is facing some economic problems like inflation and poor economy used to bring about a change in case to inflation, high rate of taxes will be charged to reduce the disposable income in the hand of the consumer which in turn reduce the demand of goods and services and which in a long run bring about low prices. Taxes can also be used to sustain economy growth when a country is experiencing a depression, in this case, taxes will be lowered to increase disposable income in the hand of consumers and thereby increasing the demand for goods and services the multiple increases of income, output and employment.

3. REGULATNG OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: Government can use taxes in regulating micro economic activities like consumption and production patterns. When the government intends to discourage the consumption of certain goods and services tax, for such goods and services will be increased and reduced when consumption is to be encouraged, imposition of impact duties. This applies when there is need to encourage or discourage production patterns.

4. RE-DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME: Government levy progressive tax to reduce disparities or difference in the standard of living between the rich and the poor.

1.4    SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This research work will be useful to the government in planning her fiscal policy as regards improving the Nigeria economy. This reason is that much emphasis will be placed on the companies income tax of which in the past generation over 30% of the government revenue instead they concentrated solely on petroleum (oil sector)ineffective in centrally disposable income and inflation, thus, the research work is to urge the government in paying more attentions on company income tax, also government should use the excess income from the oil sector and allocate such sector like agriculture, industries to mention, but a fence of the Nigeria economy so as to strengthen government tax policy.

1.6    DEFINITION OF TERMS

TAX: A tax is a compulsory levy imposed by the government or public authority on the income, profit or wealth of an individual, community, corporate body etc. for public purpose.

TAXATION: Taxation can be defined as the process or system of raising an income through the levying types of taxes.

COMPANY: The court defined company as a justice person having no physical existence of its own but recognized by law as performing its functions through agents and servants who do exist physically.

ASSESSMENT OF INCOME: This is the amount of income after charging expenses and outgoing against the gross income from each source in the year immediately preceding the year of assessment.

VALUE ADDED TAX: Value added tax is a tax payable on the supply of services they purchase. (input VAT is charged VAT on goods and services they supply output VAT),input VAT relates the goods and services purchased or imported directly for resale and goods which from the stock in trade used for the manufacturer production of any new product on which the output tax is charged.

WITHHOLDING TAX: Tax is an advance tax on income deducted at source, in some cases; it is the final tax most especially when it is paid to nonresident recipient.

COMPANY INCOME TAX: Tax is payable on each year of assessment profit of any company at a specific rate. Company income tax is assessed on all the profits of any company that is incurring in, derived from, brought into or received in Nigeria in respect of any trade or business for whatever period of time such trade or business may have been carried on.

CONTRIBUTION OF APPRENTICESHIP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE BUSINESS

CONTRIBUTION OF APPRENTICESHIP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE BUSINESS

(A case study of Abel Garment Enterprises Onitsha, Anambra State)

ABSTRACT

This project title “Contribution of Apprenticeship in the Development of Small and Medium Scale Business” (A case study of Abel Garment Enterprise Onitsha, Anambra State) is geared towards the contribution of apprenticeship in the development of small and medium scale business it views the difficulties involved in carrying out such task. Apprenticeship is a method in which trainees learn a craft or trade by hands-on experience while working with a skilled worker, usually under a written or implied indentureship agreement. This project is divided into five chapters, the first chapter comprise of background of the study. The second chapter comprises the meaning of Apprenticeship, Problems and prospects of apprenticeship system in Nigeria, Overview of small and medium scale business, and contribution of apprenticeship in small and medium scale business. The third chapter comprises of how the data was collected and sample size of 70 employers was selected. The method used was questionnaire and chi-square method was used to analyze data presentation and it was establish that apprenticeship contribute to the development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. The final chapter is the conclusion of the study. The researcher recommends that government should also encourage people to go into small scale business entrepreneurship. This will help in reducing the employment in the society thereby raising the standard of living of the citizens and leading to the growth of the economy. This is an intellectual work and like all other intellectual work did draw a final conclusion.

THE EFFECTS OF EBOLA VIRUS SPREAD ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SERVICE INDUSTRY

THE EFFECTS OF EBOLA VIRUS SPREAD ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SERVICE INDUSTRY

(A case study of Sheraton Hotels and Towers, Abuja)

ABSTRACT

This research titled “The effect of Ebola Virus Spread on the Performance of Service Industries (A case Study of Sheraton Hotel and Towers, Abuja) is aimed at discussing Ebola Virus in detail and examining its effects on service industries. Ebola Virus is a member of the Filoviridae Viral family of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) viruses characterized by long thin filaments seen in micrograph images. Nigeria confirmed its first case of Ebola in 23 July, 2014 at First Consultant Hospital, Obalende, Lagos State. The virus entered the country via an infected Liberian air traveler, Patrick Sawyer, who had been visibly ill before even boarding his flight. The outbreak of the virus in Nigeria took its toll on the economy of Nigeria including Sheraton Hotel Abuja which had to take additional measures to protect their numerous guests by retraining their staff and increasing sanitation. Ebola virus is of a great concern to public and global health because it has such a high mortality rate and is a potential bio-terrorism agent. If not properly addressed its spread could pose a big problem to both public and private business organizations. In gathering data for this research, primary and secondary sources were used. Interviews were conducted, questionnaires were distributed, a lot of literature was reviewed and the findings used to make conclusions and recommendations on the possible ways to curb the spread of the disease, curtail its damaging effects on the performance of businesses and the society at large and explore any positive aspects it may have.

 CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYEbola virus is a member of the filoviride viral family of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) viruses, which are characterized by the long, thin filaments seen in micrograph images. It is named after the Ebola River where the virus was first discovered.The virus causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever which is a serious and usually fatal disease for those who contact it. It damages the endothelial cells that make up the lining of the blood vessel walls become more damaged and the platelets cannot coagulate, the individual undergoes hypovelemic shock, or a dramatic decrease in blood pressure.Depending on the type of virus, Ebola can have up to a ninety (90) percent mortality rate for those infected.There are several different types of Ebola virus that affects humans. Currently, they are Zaire, Sudan and Ivory Coast. Ebola virus, named for the respective regions in Africa in which the strain was found. Reston Ebola Virus is a type of Ebola that only affects non-human primates. It was first discovered in an outbreak in Reston, Virginia. Outbreaks of Ebola are sometimes caused by new strains of virus; so more type can and are being discovered. For example in 2007, there was an outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Bundibugys district of Uganda where a new strain of the virus, as classified by the centre for disease was found to be the cause.Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976 when an outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever occurred in Zaire and another later that year in Sudan. Each outbreak had about 300 victims but did not spread larger than that because of the remoteness of the area in which they occurred. The Zaire Ebola virus has one of the highest fatality rates of any pathogenic virus affecting humans. In the 1978 outbreak, it killed 88 percent of patients, 81 percent on 1995, 73 percent in 1996, 80 percent in 2001-2002, and 90 percent in 2003, although none of these outbreaks were as large as the original.Ivory Coast Ebola Virus was first discovered in 1.994 when a scientist travelled only to other countries through shipment of non-human primates or through accidental confirmation in testing facilities. Crab-eating manqué that were imported from the Philippines to Reston, Virginia in 1989 were found to have a virus similar to Ebola. Over 150 animal handlers were all tested for Ebola and only 6 were found to have developed Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The centre for disease control concluded that this strain had a low infection rate for humans and it was later classified as its own strain named Reston Ebola virus.In Nigeria, in 2014, nine of the doctors and nurses who treated the first patient became infected and four died. In total, the country recorded 20 cases and 8 deaths.1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe statement of the problem serves as a guiding principle on how and what the research investigates pertaining Ebola virus epidemic in Nigeria.The problems are:- Could it be that Ebola has effects on the performance of service industries in Nigeria?- What exactly are the effects and br threats of Ebola to the service industries?1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe objectives of the study include:a. To examine the threats of the Ebola virus spread on service industries in Nigeria.b. Identifying ways to curb the spread of the disease curtail its damaging effects and explore its positive aspects.c. Implementing infection control precautions. 1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYOne of the biggest weapons we have in the battle is knowledge and education. The study of the deadly Ebola virus will throw more light on the disease in terms of preparing individuals with the proper gear to make sure they don’t have unnecessary exposure, how the disease is contracted and spread, its prevention, its treatment, courses of action to take in the event of contraction, as well as its effect on the economy.1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS1.       What are the effects of Ebola virus spread on the performance of service industries? Using Sheraton Hotels and, Towers as a case study.2.       How can the spread of the disease be curbed, its damaging effects curtail      ed and its positive aspects explored?3.       What are the prevention control precautions?1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESISNo research work can be done without some basic assumptions which tend to be a guide or give a sense of direction.Hypothesis is a basic assumption in relation to subject of proof, verification and test in order to ascertain the authenticity of such assumptions, in view of the topic under study.H₀: Ebola virus does not have effect on the service industries in Nigeria.H₁: Ebola virus has effects on the service industries in Nigeria.1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe scope of the study focused on Ebola, its effects on the performance of service industries in Nigeria, and the study covers only Sheraton Hotel and Towers, Abuja.1.8     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThis research was hampered by so many constraints, which affected the quality of the work. In the first place, the project was constrained by financial and time factors. Secondly there was a little difficulty getting information from sources and respondents. Something’s will definitely not turn out easily which are the limiting factors to the quality of this research work. 1.9     DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS1. Ebola:Lethal Virus: a virus transmitted by blood and body fluids that causes the linings of body organs and vessels to leak blood and fluids, usually resulting in death.2. Performance:Working Effectiveness: the way in which somebody does a job, judged by its effectiveness.The manner in which something or somebody functions, operates or behaves.3. Service Industry:An industry that provides a service rather than goods and services or such industries as a whole.4. Endothelia:Internal tissue: a layer of cells that lines the inside of some body cavities e.g. blood vessels.5. Virus:A sub-microscopic, parasitic particle of a nucleic acid surrounded by protein that can only replicate within a host cell.6. Coagulate:To thicken or cause liquid to thicken into a soft semisolid mass.7. Bio-terrorism:Terrorist acts involving the use of biological or chemical weapons.8. Antibody:A protein produced by cells in the body in response to the presence of an antigen e.g. a bacterium or virus.Antibodies are a primary form of immune response in resistance to disease and act by attracting themselves to a foreign antigen and weakening or destroying it.

THE EFFECT OF MARKETING STRATEGY IN A DIVERSIFYING ECONOMY

THE EFFECT OF MARKETING STRATEGY IN A DIVERSIFYING ECONOMY

(A case study of Nigeria Export Promotion Council Headquarter, Abuja)

ABSTRACT

This project title “The Effect of Marketing Strategy in a Diversifying Economy” (a case study of Nigeria Export Promotion Council Headquarter, Abuja) tends to focus on the diversification of oil to non-oil sector of the economy. Marketing strategies cannot be effective without the logic called tactics, tactics is the yardstick of achieving it predetermine goal. Marketing strategies could also be attributed to management concept where planning, coordinating, staffing, directing and supervising become the mean to win engagement. This project is divided into five chapters, the first chapter comprises of introduction, statement of problem and research hypothesis. The second chapter comprises of review of related literature and the theoretical framework. The third chapter comprise of how the data is collected and the sample size. The fourth chapter comprises of data presentation and analysis and test of hypothesis. The final chapter is the conclusion of the study. Also appropriate recommendations were made as to how to address the effective of marketing strategy in a diversifying economy. This is an intellectual work and like all other intellectual work did not draw a final conclusion.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The important of marketing in a diversifying economy cannot be overemphasised. Its activities cut across the social, political and economy state of the country. However, marketing activities has not achieved much both home and abroad. The marketing field is bound both by the environment and by the limit impose by the perception of the observer. In some companies, marketing is still concerned with little or more than sale force and advertising management; in other forms marketing is an integrative corporate activity that provides the direction for corporate strategic planning. In non-business organisation executives are only beginning to perceive the potential of marketing in achieving institutional goals. The different between these approaches is due in part to the perception of management and its attitude towards change.

This study is focus on ‘marketing strategy in a diversifying economy’ A case study of Nigeria export promotion council Headquarters, Abuja is that Nigeria economy is import oriented which discourage local industries to improve in the production of goods and services. The word diversifying means to move oil to non-oil sector of the economy.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The end of the civil war in 1970 and the emergence of petroleum export in the early 70s, as the major source of foreign exchange for Nigeria market a significant watershed in the economic history of Nigeria.

The collapse of the international oil market in the early eighties and consequently downward spiral of prices left Nigeria with serious economic crisis manifested in recession macro-economic inability, fiscal, balance of the authorities the dangers associated with the countries over dependence on a single commodity (oil)and the compelling need to diversify the country’s productive base through the non-oil exports. Since the early 80s there are economic and social deficiencies that emerged including the following.

1. An import dependence economy.
2. A debt-ridden treasury.
3. High levels of unemployment and underemployment coupled with underutilization of installed capacity.
4. An economy leaden with subsidies.
5. Over-valued currency.
6. Neglect agricultural and food storage.
7. A nation without a clear vision purpose leadership and sense of direction.

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The writer’s interest in this subject matter is to look at:

1. The role the export promotion council has played in trying to diversify the economy of the country.
2. The exploration sector and its participation in the exploration of non-oil products.
3. It will also look at the measures that government has taken so far, to see to the development and growth of such programs.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

One major significance of this work is that it will contribute to existing knowledge about the effect of marketing strategies in a diversifying economy.

It will help educate both individuals and organization about the need to have a diversifying economy that can improve the economy and provide job opportunities.

This project work will serve as a literature to new projects and to those wishing to write on the effect of marketing strategies in a diversifying economy and also to fulfil a part of what is required to obtain a National Diploma (ND) in Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa and the study will give knowledge to other students and the society at large.

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the roles the export promotion council has played in trying to diversify the economy of the country?
2. What is the participation of the exploration sector in the exploration of non-oil products?
3. What measures have the government taken so far, to see to the development and growth of such programs.

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The aim of the study is to question the reliability and to validate this hypothesis.

H_o:    Marketing strategies play an important role in the diversifying of the Nigerian economy.

H_i:     Marketing strategies does not play an important role in the diversifying of Nigerian economy.

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

For convenience, this study is limited to the effect of marketing strategies in a diversifying economy a case study of Nigeria Promotion Council Headquarters Abuja. The result generated will serve to mirror it effects Nigeria Promotion Council Headquarters Abuja and all organizations in general.

It will help to understand the problems faced by the promotion council and how diversifying economy has helped improve the economy of Nigeria.

1.8     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study is limited to the activities of Nigerian Export Promotion Council Abuja and related literature. Any information or recommendation received from questionnaire personnel interviews and will be used for this project.

The writer faced a lot of constraints during the period of this work. One of such constraints was time. Time needed for gathering information, travelling, administering questionnaires and conducting personal interviews.

Getting the required information from the organisation was not an easy task because of the reluctance on their part to release needed information for this research work.

The class work and other academic activities to the constraints the researcher had. Funds were also part of the constraints, there were not enough funds to enable the writer travel always or whenever the need arises. And also cost of station any and scarcity of textbooks was part of the constraints experienced. Also cost of typing manuscript and building of the research work.

1.9     DEFINITION OF RELEVANCE TERMS       

Marketing strategies: The fundamental marketing logic by which the business wants to achieve it marketing objectives.

Marketing mix: The particular blend of controlling marketing variables that the firm uses to achieve it marketing objectives in the target market.

Recession: Period of temporary business reduction.

Diversification: Means engagement in products, industries, technologies and market which are new to the company. These products will normally appeal to new classes of customers.

Economy: Avoidance of waste of money, strength or anything else of value.

Market: The set of all actual and potential buyers of a product or set of condition in which buyers and sellers transact business.

Product: Anything that can be offered for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a need. It includes physical objects, services, person, places, organisation and ideas.

Industrial goods: Usually refers to such products as machinery, manufacturing plant or raw material. Essentially, they are goods sold to industry as opposed to costumers.

Spiral: Continuous or expanding of decrease or increase in prices, wages or employment.

Foreign market: Marketing activities by a firm outside its home country.

International markets: The set of buyers found in other countries. This set includes foreign countries, producers, reseller and government.

Inflation: An economic phenomenon in which decreasing purchasing power of currency caused by a persistent tendency of prices to rise often sharply compare with deflation.

Invisible exports: Items such as financial services in the current balance of payments, that is not physically tangible as exports.

THE IMPACT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS PERFORMANCE IN PRIVATE SECTORS

THE IMPACT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS PERFORMANCE IN PRIVATE SECTORS

(A CASE STUDY OF DANGOTE GROUP OF COMPANIES)

ABSTRACT

This research work tends to examine “The impact of motivation on workers performance on the private sector (A case study of Dangote groups of Companies). To this end the project is divided into five chapters. Chapter once introduce the topic to highlight the background of the study, importance and objectives of this study, state the problem of the study, its significance, made hypothesis   and delineate the scope and limitation of the study. Chapter two deals with the background of the case study, concept of the motivation, forms of reward systems, organizational theories, job evaluation and pay, highlight the effect wages and salaries, incentives/remuneration, and fringe benefits. It also gives a review effective motivation and management. Chapter three discusses the design of the study, research population, sample size and techniques, sources of data collection and research instrument used. It also shows the method data analysis and the distribution and collection of questionnaire. Chapter four treats data presentation and analysis, testing of hypothesis and summary of finding. Finally chapter five consider some facts and finally ends with the summary, conclusion, recommendation. Also appropriate recommendations were made as to how to address the “The impact of motivation on workers performance on the private sector using Dangote groups of companies as a case study. This is an intellectual work and like all other intellectual work did not draw a final conclusion. 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Almost all organizations irrespective of size have an objective to accomplish within a given period of time. The achievements of these objectives depend largely on the caliber of employees at its disposal. It is imperative for organization to employ the appropriate and highly qualified human resources with corresponding motivational incentives in order to achieve its objectives.

Many business managers today are not aware of the effects that motivation can (and does not) have on their business and its therefore important they learn and understand the factors that determine positive motivation in the work place. The size of your business is irrelevant, whether you are trying to get the best out of fifty off your staff or just one, everyone needs some form of motivation.

Motivation is something that is approached differently by different business and responsibilities of its integration lies with all immediate supervision of staff. However, it is the business owner who must initiate motivation as a strategy to attain job satisfaction.

This research considers the impact of motivation on works of Dangote Group of Companies and the problems associated with the system being used. It is designed to throw more light on the fact that lack of adequate motivation affects productivity, changes in behaviours and employees development.

Motivation is an act of desire, drive or appeal to achieve a particular goal; it may be physiological or psychological. Motivation is a set of attitude and values that predispose a person to act in a specific goal directed name. it is an invisible inner state that energizes human goal which can be divided into two components; firstly, the direction of behaviour (working to attain a goal) and secondly, the strength of the behaviour (how hard or strong an individual will work).

According to the Kedonistic theory of motivation, seeking pleasure and avoiding pains over the basic motives underlying human behaviour. Instance theory suggests that motivation is greatly influenced by physiological inheritance while continue theory argued that motivation is the result of working national choices through the exercise of free will.

Maslow needs (motive) as occurring on several levels, as placed in pyramidal form maintained that the need at the bottom must be satisfied before an individual will progress to the largest level. Physiological motives can be seen in terms of the body effect to maintain take homeostatic internal balance. The existence of need generate a drive to seek out an objective that will satisfy the need. Among the various psychological motives that have been studied, are the drive for curiosity and explanation including the need for attention and interpersonal relationship.

According to Allport (1940), motives sometimes continue to exist well after their original purpose has disappeared. He described such motives as one hidden form one motivated by unconscious motives. All managerial activities described on human reactions, communication, planning, decision-making, direction and motivation etc. must be in place in order to have staff willing to market the required contribution. The ability of managers and supervisors to inspire their subordinate will depend on the degree of motivational policy of the top management.

This is not only because attitudes of top management are usually repeated throughout lower level but also lay the personnel policies decided at the top and also determine the extent to which lower managers can improve relationships with their staff.

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In order to find solutions to undisturbed productivity and reduced workers apathy to work both in the public and private sector, the system of motivation will be examined with the view of highlighting its problem as follows:

1. Lack of adequate motivation could cause apathy to work?
2. Inadequate training and development leads to poor productivity of the workers.
3. Managements policy, is it human centered or production centered.

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

          The objective of the study in this research work is to

1. Examine the motivational policy of Dangote group of companies.
2. Assess the impact it has on workers performance.
3. Assess the means of motivating workers.
4. The extent of motivational policy in Dangote group of companies.
5. To know if motivated workers perform better than those not motivated.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is to expose the secret behind the strides recorded in the few years of operation of Dangote group of companies in the country. The study is aimed at looking at motivation as a catalyst for achieving organizational cooperate objectives. Among the various physiological motives that have been studied are the drive for curiosity and explanation including the need for affection and inter-personal too.

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTION

i.        What is the motivational policy of Dangote group of companies?

ii.       What is the impact of motivation on workers performance?

iii.      What are the means of motivating workers?

iv.      What is the extent of motivation policy in Dangote group of companies?

v.       Do motivated workers perform more than does not motivated?

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H_o:    Effective motivation will lead to increase in workers performance in Dangote group of companies.

H_i:     Effective motivation will not lead to increase in workers performance in Dangote group of companies

H_o:    Promotion is an adequate means of motivating employees in Dangote group of companies.

H_i:     Promotion is not an adequate means of motivating employees in Dangote group of companies.

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Because of the nature of the topic “a case study of Dangote group of companies” the scope was limited to the management staff of the organization whether it is human centered or productivity centered. The information gathered was through personal industries, questionnaires and workers hand-book.

1.8     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

These are always two sides to a coin, the head and the tail, known as undertaken within a setback. In the course of this work the researcher encountered some difficulties. A work of these magnitude demands more time to effect on the past research in order to come out with a viable and acceptable work.

Among other problems encountered were the attitudes of people interviewed. Despite that, the researcher revealed that information sighted was for academic purpose, they remained indifferent. Limited literature on the subject matter was another limitation, and from available ones, motivation of workers to enhance productivity in an organization was not elaborately discussed. The researcher had to put the available ones together with relevant magazines, newspapers, internet plus the financial review of Dangote group of companies.

1.9     DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS

Motivation: This is the process of arousing behaviour, sustaining behaviour in progress, and channeling behaviour into a specific course of action.
Management: This is the process of getting things done through people. It involves planning, organizing, staff, directing, coordinating and controlling both human and material resources for the purpose of achieving a set goal.
Responsibility: This is the subordinate’s obligation to perform a duty which has been assigned to him.

Manager: Is one who performs the functions of management (planning, organizing, staffing, etc.) and occupiers a formal position in an organization.
Organization: This has to do with determination and provision of capital, material, equipment and personnel that may be required in an enterprise in order to achieve the set goals.

Organizational Structure: This is the established pattern of relationships among the components of the organization.

Organizational Chart: It is a diagram that shows the arrangement, positions and interrelationship of various component parts of company.
Employee: This is a person who is paid to work for an organization or business enterprise.

Behaviour: Is the manner that someone, an animal, a plant etc. do things in a particular way.

Department: Any of the division or unit of a government, business, school or college and so on.

Employees’ Services: This is the maintaining of the general welfare of employees on the job and assisting with problems related to their security and personal welbeing e.g. medical services and insurance protection.

THE ROLE OF REVENUE GENERATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES

THE ROLE OF REVENUE GENERATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES

(A case study of Langtang North Local Government)

ABSTRACT

The project work is titled “The Role Of Revenue Generation And Its Impact On The Effective Implementation Of Policies And Programmes” (a case study of Langtang North Local Government) was carried out to examine the role of policies and programme on the effective implementation of revenue generation. The aim of this project is to highlight the problems of revenue generation and to suggest some possible ways of combating them. The general public has to be synthesized about the need to pay their tax regularly and staffs in charge of collections should be warned on how to collect the revenue effectively. The structured questionnaires were used and the data collected were subjected to simple percentage and chi-square; the result shows that, most of the revenue generated were not properly managed, most of it were lost through leakage i.e. fraud or misappropriation by the staffs carrying out thereby reducing the actual amount that has been generated. Therefore, there is a need to implement policies and programmes that will block staff excesses or their act of embezzlement and to increase their pays, thereby increasing their standard of living.

Chapter one

1. Introduction

Local government refers to a formof public administration which in a majority of contracts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within a given state, Local Government generally act within powers delegated to them by legislation or directives of the higher level.

The common names for local government entities include state, province, region, department, country, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire and village.

There is no nation, country, or political organization that can do without some form of local government even in the primitive society there were source form of decentralization, decentralization or active division of power and delegated function.

Therefore, the local government is a system of administration that can be found at the grass root level i.e. local level be it cost, district or village lever exercised through elected or nominated representatives to provide basic necessities of life for the inhabitants of the particular sub-mention boundary and as provide by the law of the concerned state or nation, the above information is just to enable us understand the topic of discussion which is the revenue generation.

Since money is the source of everything within any organization, the local government must provide a meaningful ways of generating revenue at its council. Therefore means are drawn to generate more revenue to the local government, so revenue is an income in which government receive as a tax to its organization or council.

1.1      Historical background of Langtang North Local Government

Langtang North Local Government Area was crated on 27^th August, 1991 out of the defunct Langtang LGA.

Langtang North is located on longitude 890-300N, Latitude 9-90-300E, it is about 190km drive south of Jos, the state capital and bordered by Kanke and Kanam LGA to the North and Wase LGA is on the East, while Langtang South LGA is on the Southern border and Mikang, Qua-pan and Shendam LGAs from it’s western border. The local government was created under the leadership of General Ibrahim Babangida Administration of military era, in October, 1991.

The local government area covers an area of 2446 squares kilometer with a population size of 513,255 people being taroh; therefore of course, pockets of other settling tribes on the LGA who have found themselves in the area purely for commercial undertakings.

The climate of the LGA is tropically made up of two main seasons namely the rainy and dry seasons.

The rainy season begins from the month of May to October, while the dry season starts from November to April. The major physical features of the area include the famous Kwallah hills, Mabe hills, Jat rock and Lagan hills.

The major occupation of the Taroh people is agriculture. Most of the farmers are subsistence farmers who produce crops such as groundnut, guinea corn, millet, beans, cassava, rice, cottons among others for family consumption.

The Local Government Area is made up of basically four districts namely; Kuffen, Gazum, Pil0Gani and Bwarst districts.

A number of banks branches have been set-up in the area which include; Union Bank Nigeria Plc, Nigeria Agricultural and Rural Development Co-operative Bank (NARDCB), First Bank Plc and Micro Finance Bank.

The Taroh People are known for their rich cultural heritage and festivals, which are observed annually.

The provision of basic health services becomes pertinent thus, the Local Government is being serviced by Jos University Teaching Comprehensive Centre at Zanko and  the State Government Council operates about thirty (38) health centres spread throughout rural area. There are also about ten (10) privately and community owned clinics.

The Local Government Council operates seven (7) departments such as:

1. Finance and supplies department
2. Personnel management department
3. Social services department
4. Primary health care department
5. Agricultural and natural resources department
6. Works and housing department
7. Research planning and statistic department

1.2      Statement of the problem

The general concern over the seemingly slow development of the rural areas in Nigeria has created a doubt as to the relevance of Local Government, all areas of the state land. Inadequacy of funds for various developmental projects stands as the cause for these shortcomings despite the increasing revenue allocation from the Federal Account to the Local Government. And also, it has been discovered that, most of the revenue generated were not properly managed, most of it were lost through blockage i.e. fraud or misappropriation by the staffs carryout the jobs thereby reducing the actual amount that has been generated.

And they create ways of getting exercising and so many act of embezzlement. Also, the revenue collectors are not properly trained on to collect revenue effectively, the general public has to be synthesized about the need to pay their tax regularly.

These are some of the problems which the research work intend to tackle and solved.

1.3      The scope of the study

The study is designed to find out revenue generation and its impact on the effective implementation of policies and programmes. The study covers only a particular Local Government (Langtang North Local Government Council), the researchers intend to see how contemporary Local Government funds re being managed and handled in Langtang North Local Government Council.

1.4      Limitation of the study

These research work hampered by so many constraints, which affected the quality of the work. In the first place, the project was constraints by finance and time factor, and information from source would also be difficult to the respondent, something would definitely not turn out easy, which are the limitation factors to the quality of this research work.

1.5      Statement of hypothesis

No research work can be done without some basic assumptions which tend to be a guide or give a sense of direct to the topic outstand.

Hypothesis is a basic assumption in relation to subject to understudy which must be subject to proof, verification and test in other to ascertain the authenticity of such assumption, in view of the topic understudy.

H_o: Lack of effective revenue generation affects implementation of policies and programmes of Local Government.

H_i: Revenue has been the bedrock of Local Government administration to the extent that, it create an impact to the Local Government programmes and policies implementation.

1.6      Significance of the study

Local Government are potentially very important for Nigeria as they play a significant role in generating revenue  and encouraging civil involvement, as well as creating visible link between taxes and service delivery. The increasing cost of running government coupled with dividing revenue has left various Local governments in Nigeria with formulating strategies to improve the revenue available to the various tiers of government as specified in the Nigeria 1999 constitution, since 1970s till now, over 80% of the annual revenue of the three tiers of government comes from petroleum.

However, the serious decline in the price of oil in recent years has led to a decrease in the funds available for distribution to the Local Government. The need for Local Governments to generate adequate revenue from extreme urgency and importance, the need for underscores, the eagerness on the part of the Local Government to look for new sources of revenue or to become aggressive and innovative in the mode or to become aggressive from excitind sources.

It will be of a great pleasure for an individual handling this research work to know that revenue generation will be of a benefit to this case study in the sense that, it will increase the revenue allocation of the Local Government, which invariably means that the Local Government will have more funds in financing projects. It will also be a boost to the general public to know that funds generated through various means will enhance the growth and the worth of the economy in promulgating new policies that will positively affect the nation. Furthermore, it will be of a benefit to the predecessors, in the sense that, it will give the current employers the funds to promote or finalize unfinished project by the predecessors. The benefit also go down to the general public in attaining it’s economic growth and development and also meet up with the challenges of her expenditures in terms of enjoying the social amenities. That will be embark upon by the government.

1.7      Definition of terms

To guarantee a complete comprehensive report, there is need to define some terms for the clarity as you read through this work.

Revenue: Revenue is the amount of money that a company actually receives during a specific period, including discounts and deductions for returned merchandise. It is “top line” or “grass income” figure from which costs are subtracted to determine net income.

Revenue is calculated by multiplying the price at which goods or services are sold by the amount of money that is brought into company by its business activities.

Local Government: Local Government refers to a form of public administration which is a majority of contexts existing as the lowest tier of administration within a given state.

Local government as a concept derived from the term decentralization. The decentralization is the transfer of authority on a geographical basic, and decentralization is either through decentralization or devolution. Deconcentration refers to delegation of authority to unite the same ministry in order to decongest the ministry while under devolution the central government give legal power to sub-national units of government at grass root level which are legally constituted so in a federal structure, local government is the third tier of government after the federal and state government, local government is all about government at the local or grass root. It could be defined as the third tier of government in order word, it could be said to be as old as mankind, that is to say that, local government it may be said some people that represent local government is just like an old nine in a new bottle. Also is a claim of government function like provision of public parks like, pipe water, electricity, good road, hospitals etc. they are empowered to one may therefore be right to say that local government is equivalent to individual rule during colonial era.

THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE DEREGULATION ON CAPACITY UTILIZATION IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA

THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE DEREGULATION ON CAPACITY UTILIZATION IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA

(A case study of Anambra Motor Manufacturing Company, Enugu)

ABSTRACT

This research work explores the effect of exchange rate deregulation on capacity utilization in the Nigerian manufacturing industries in Anambra Motor Manufacturing Company, Enugu. The data used for this study were obtained through primary and secondary sources of data collection and various sources like the statement of accounts and annual report published by the Central Bank of Nigeria. The variable used are Average manufacturing capacity utilization rate Inflation rate Exchange rate Ratio of government capital expenditure to GDP Commercial bank loans and Anambra motor manufacturing company. The result shows that exchange rate, federal government capital expenditure to GDP, commercial bank loans and advances to Anambra motor manufacturing company has a positive effect on manufacturing capacity utilization. Recommendations include the adoption of economic policies that ensures price stability and at the same time achieve target objectives. Exchange rate deregulation policy promotes manufacturing capacity utilization and therefore fiscal policy measures involving increased government capital expenditure to Anambra motor manufacturing company and those which raise the aggregate demand in the economy are advocated.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Industrial development, particularly the promotion of manufacturing sectors, has been the basic driving force for a relatively high economic growth of both developed and developing countries of the world. In viewing the contribution of the manufacturing sector to the growth of the gross domestic product of some selected countries (IMF 2001), pointed out that the long term growth rate of the manufacturing value added in china was 10.7% and it increased to 14.7% during the period of 1990-1998. The growth rate of India’s manufacturing sector remains constant.

Industrialization has not taken serious root in Africa and indicators of growth in manufacturing show a continent at a standstill. In the 1980’s, manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP, accounted for 36.6% of the total for the whole of Africa. Nigeria’s manufacturing sector is faced with capacity underutilization and this has been a threat to the economic growth and development of the country. This sector has been agreed to determine the rate of import and export of the country and plays an important role or have a great influence on the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country.

There is much capacity availability in the country but these capacities are underutilized and this can be argued from the fact that the manufacturing sector has not been impressively doing fine since till date and this is as a result of lack of the following :

• Employment Rate: This connotes the fact that there is low level of human resource utilization in the country’s manufacturing sector. Human resources has been said to be one of the most essential factors in the manufacturing sector or any organization.
• Effective monetary policy: This is essential for the increase in output and growth of the sector, price stabilization (factor price and consumer price), full employment, sustainable balance of payment, exchange rate stability, to make use of most suitable interest rate despite the above mentioned role of effective monetary policy in the economy, and manufacturing sector in particular, it is lacking and unavailable in the country.
• Effective Fiscal Policy: A good fiscal policy plays an important role in the economic development of a country such role as: maintaining an economy at full employment so that the savings capacity of the economy is not e impaired and also raise marginal propensity to save by the community as far as above as the propensity as possible without discouraging workforce.
• Upgrading and Development of Natural Resources Endowment: These natural resources in economics is classified under the heading of “land “ as a factor of production, the gravity of these natural resources are high in Nigeria, yet there exists low productivity due to low or poor management of the resources leading to underutilization of these resources.

All these balls down to political instability as the main cause of the sector’s poor performance. The country has witnessed many and frequent change of government and leading to frequent change of policy measures for the manufacturing sector in Nigeria and most of which are unfavorable to the sector, the frequent change also gave rise to poor planning/ implementation and policy discontinuity hampering the growth of this sector. 

Taking Nigeria as a case study in Africa, we notice that after so many years of various policy initiations, indicate in terms of it’s contribution to GDP shows that the manufacturing sector performed below expectation. Available data shows that the manufacturing sector performed below expectation. Available data shows that the sector’s contribution in nominal value to GDP in 1982, was N128.6 million, and thereafter, there was a sharp decrease in 1983 to N94.8 million, and has remained relatively so till 1987 which recorded a sharp increase to N130.8 million. It maintained a continuous annual decline and stood at N135.4 million in 2000. In spite of this nominal increase, its contribution to GDP is falling. Its share in GDP was 8.3% in 1991. It has ever since then recorded a continuous fall in its share in GDP, (CBN 2000). One of the reasons for the low share of manufacturing sector in GDP is the prevalence of low capacity utilization. It is a known fact that manufacturing sector in the developing world and indeed Nigeria, is not as strong as those in advanced countries, the installed capacity are usually not fully utilized. It is therefore the concern of this research to find out the factors responsible for the low capacity utilization in Nigeria.  

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Players in the Nigerian industrial and manufacturing sector can be classified into four groups namely; multinational, national, regional and local. Apart from the multinational operators most of the other players have disappeared in the last two decades, due to unpredictable government policies, lack of basic raw materials, most of which are imported.

Today, the Nigerian Industrial and manufacturing sector accounts for less than 10% of Nigeria’s GDP with manufacturing capacity utilization remaining below 35% for the most part of the last decade. The history of industrial development and manufacturing in Nigerian is a classic illustration of how a nation could neglect a vital sector through policy inconsistencies and distractions attributable to the discovery of oil. The near total neglect of agriculture has denied many manufacturers and industries their primary source of raw materials. The absence of locally sourced inputs has resulted in low industrialization. Some of the constraints faced in this sector include;

High interest rates

Unpredictable government policies

Non implementation of existing policies

Lack of effective regulatory agencies

Infrastructural inadequacies

Dumping of cheap products

Unfair tariff regime

Low patronage

Globalization and liberalization pose challenges to the Nigerian industrial sector. The impact of these global trends will intensify competition, reduce protection, increase focus on product quality and increased expenditure on research and development. The prospects of manufacturing in Nigeria are bright, given the nations nascent democracy, a market size of over 120million people, rich mineral and other resources, size of the West African market as well as cheap and abundant labour. Developing Nigeria’s industrial sector requires the concerted efforts of government and the private sector to create an environment that would encourage investments, primarily by Nigerians as a firm basis for attracting and sustaining foreign investments in the sector. A fully developed industrial sector would provide a firm basis for sustainable economic growth and development.

This research work will be solely based on assessing the benefits of derived from determining the capacity utilization in the Nigerian manufacturing sector ranging 1980-2009. Here am going to carry out a critical research with the aim of discovering the rate of capacity utilization (high or low rate) in our manufacturing sector as well as its effects (positive or negative) on either the improvement or non-improvement in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria by providing reliable answers to the following questions;

• What are the trends in capacity utilization in the Nigerian manufacturing sector?
• Why and what are the causes for the low improvement in capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector?
• What are the major factors that determine capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector?

All the above questions are meant to cover the years between 1980 and 2009.                                                                                                                                    

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This research work is carried out to attain certain aims and objectives which will be necessary to solving the problem of low capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector and serve as a guide for and favorable to business men and women and the nation’s economy at large. The various objective of this study can be stated below as follow:

1. Identifying and critically analyzing the major factors that determine capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector.
2. To examine the trend in capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector.
3. This research work is aimed at suggesting measures which will improve the rate of capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector and consequently accelerate the growth of manufacturing output in the country.  

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The Nigerian manufacturing sector has been described as the major sector that contributes to the investment development of any economy whether developed and developing economy.

In Nigerian context, several research and studies have been conducted to investigate the determinants of capacity utilization in this sector (manufacturing), basically on its contributory role to economic growth and development.

Therefore the method and scope (sample size) used by this former authors need to be updated in other to close their historical gap. Thus I intend with this research work to bridge the gap by bringing the samples used to the nearest years and to also subject some of the variables used by this authors to co-integration test and unit root test to avoid spurious result.

This study is very important for development and growth in potential input and output in the manufacturing sector of the economy, it is very important for policy and project identification, preparing, appraisal, implementation and evaluation which will in turn aid and foster the rate of capacity utilization in the manufacturing sector of Nigeria.                                    

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the major factors that determine capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector?
2. Is there any trend in capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector?
3. What measures should be taken to improve the rate of capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector and consequently accelerate the growth of manufacturing output in the country.  

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 

Since the major problem and reason for this research is identifying the major factors determining capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector, the hypothesis will be stated as follows:

H₀:    All determinants of capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector have significant impact on the capacity utilization growth in Nigeria manufacturing sector.

H₁:    The determinants of capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector have insignificant impact on the capacity utilization growth in Nigeria manufacturing sector.

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope entails the period of analysis and the periods covered by this study is a period of 5 years and this is between 2010 and 2014.

1.8     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Some practical limitations are lack of adequate data,  information, difficulties encountered in collecting and arranging the data’s, this research work also had to contend with time and other resources constraint like finance, cost consideration also posed a serious problem.

1.9     DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS

Exchange rate: The rate at which a unit of the currency of one country can be exchanged for a unit of the currency of another country.

Deregulation: To free something such as an organization or industry from regulation.

Capacity utilization rate: The percentage of total production capacity that a company, industry, or economy is using.

Manufacturing: to make something into a finished product using raw materials, especially on a large industrial scale.

Industry: organized economic activity connected with the production, manufacture, or construction of a particular product or range of products.