ENEMS PROJECT: Project

Showing posts with label Project. Show all posts

Saturday, 25 October 2025

How to Write Chapter One of a Project (with Examples)

🧩 OVERVIEW: WHAT CHAPTER ONE IS ABOUT

Chapter One (Introduction) is the foundation of any research project or thesis.
It introduces the study, explains what the study is about, why it is important, what it seeks to achieve, and the scope of its coverage.

In most institutions, Chapter One typically contains these subheadings:

1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses (if applicable)
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitations of the Study (sometimes included)
1.9 Definition of Key Terms (optional but useful)

🔹 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

✍️ How to Write It:

The background of the study provides the context for your research.
It should discuss:

The broader issue or topic area (e.g., education, health, crime, business, etc.)
The specific problem within that area
The relevance of the topic to society, the economy, or policy
A brief history or trend related to the topic
What previous studies or observations have revealed (optional)
The gap that your research will address

It should gradually narrow down from general to specific—ending with your study’s focus area (e.g., a particular organization, location, or group).

✅ Example:

Topic: The Influence of Social Media on Students’ Academic Performance in Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.

Background of the Study (Example):

In recent years, the widespread use of social media has transformed how individuals communicate, learn, and share information. Platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, TikTok, and Instagram have become integral to students’ daily activities. While these platforms offer opportunities for collaboration and knowledge sharing, they also present distractions that may affect academic performance.

In Nigeria, tertiary institutions have witnessed an increase in students’ engagement with social media for both academic and non-academic purposes. Studies have shown mixed results—some researchers argue that social media enhances learning through online discussions and resource sharing, while others claim that excessive use contributes to procrastination and poor study habits.

At Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, the trend of students’ reliance on social networking platforms has raised concerns among educators and parents about its impact on concentration, study time, and overall academic achievement. This study, therefore, seeks to assess the influence of social media usage on the academic performance of students in the institution.

🔹 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

✍️ How to Write It:

This section clearly states what the research problem is — the issue your study is trying to solve.
It should:

Describe the existing situation or challenge
Explain why it is a problem
Highlight what previous research or policies have failed to address
End with a clear statement of what the study intends to examine

Aim for 3–5 strong paragraphs.

✅ Example:

Despite the growing popularity of social media among students, there is increasing concern that its excessive use could negatively affect their academic focus and productivity. Many students spend several hours daily on social media platforms, sometimes during lecture hours, which could lead to reduced academic performance.

Although some studies have highlighted the educational benefits of social media, such as easy access to information and collaborative learning, others have shown that social media distractions can lead to poor grades and low concentration levels.

In Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, it is common to see students engaged with their mobile devices even during lectures and study sessions. Yet, there is limited empirical data to determine whether this behaviour significantly affects their academic outcomes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the extent to which social media usage influences the academic performance of students in Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.

🔹 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

✍️ How to Write It:

Objectives are what the study seeks to achieve.
They are divided into:

General Objective (overall goal of the study)
Specific Objectives (broken down, measurable goals)

Use action verbs like: analyze, examine, assess, determine, investigate, evaluate, etc.

✅ Example:

General Objective:
To examine the influence of social media on the academic performance of students in Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.

Specific Objectives:

To determine the extent of social media usage among students.
To identify the major social media platforms used by students.
To assess the impact of social media usage on students’ study habits.
To examine the relationship between social media engagement and students’ academic performance.
To suggest ways of promoting positive use of social media for academic improvement.

🔹 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

✍️ How to Write It:

Research questions are derived directly from the specific objectives.
Each objective should have a corresponding research question.

✅ Example:

What is the extent of social media usage among students?
Which social media platforms are most frequently used by students?
How does social media usage affect students’ study habits?
What relationship exists between social media engagement and students’ academic performance?
How can social media be used to promote academic excellence among students?

🔹 1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES (If applicable)

✍️ How to Write It:

Hypotheses are testable statements predicting relationships between variables.
They are used mainly in quantitative studies.

You can write them in:

Null form (H₀): assumes no relationship
Alternative form (H₁): assumes there is a relationship

✅ Example:

H₀₁: There is no significant relationship between social media usage and students’ academic performance.
H₀₂: Social media usage does not significantly affect students’ study habits.

🔹 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

✍️ How to Write It:

Explain why the study matters and who benefits from it.
Mention:

How it contributes to knowledge
How it benefits policymakers, educators, students, or organizations
How it provides a basis for future research

✅ Example:

This study is significant because it contributes to the growing body of literature on social media and education in Nigeria. It will help lecturers and school administrators understand how social media influences students’ academic performance and design strategies to manage its use for learning.

The findings will also benefit students by increasing awareness of the effects of social media on their studies. Furthermore, the study will serve as a reference material for future researchers interested in exploring similar topics.

🔹 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

✍️ How to Write It:

The scope defines the boundaries of your study — what it covers and what it does not.
Include:

The geographical area (where the study is conducted)
The population/sample (who or what is studied)
The variables or aspects being examined

✅ Example:

The study is limited to Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, focusing on students across selected departments. It examines the relationship between social media usage and academic performance. The research does not cover students from other institutions or aspects of social media beyond its influence on academic outcomes.

🔹 1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY (optional but useful)

✍️ How to Write It:

Briefly mention challenges that may affect your research accuracy, such as:

Time constraints
Limited resources
Poor response rate
Inaccurate data from respondents

✅ Example:

The major limitations of this study include time constraints and limited access to some students during data collection. However, these challenges were minimized through proper scheduling and online data gathering methods.

🔹 1.9 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS (optional)

✍️ How to Write It:

Define major terms used in your study to ensure clarity.

✅ Example:

Social Media: Interactive platforms that allow users to create, share, and exchange information or content (e.g., Facebook, WhatsApp, TikTok).
Academic Performance: The measure of students’ achievement based on test scores, grades, or cumulative results.
Students: Individuals enrolled in various academic programs in Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.

✅ SUMMARY CHECKLIST FOR CHAPTER ONE

Section	Description	Approx. Length
1.1 Background of the Study	Introduce topic, context, and research gap	1.5–2 pages
1.2 Statement of the Problem	Identify and describe the specific problem	1 page
1.3 Objectives of the Study	State general and specific goals	Half page
1.4 Research Questions	List 3–5 questions	Half page
1.5 Research Hypotheses	Optional; for quantitative studies	Half page
1.6 Significance of the Study	State importance and beneficiaries	1 page
1.7 Scope of the Study	Define boundaries of study	Half page
1.8 Limitations	Mention challenges	Few lines
1.9 Definition of Terms	Define key concepts	Half page

Saturday, 4 March 2023

IMPORTANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

(A Case Study of Agatha Trading Company Nigeria)

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research work is to expose the general public on how small and medium scale enterprises can provide employment and Transform the country’s economy. The sectors have the capability of providing employment to 70% of the country’s population. The work will show the practical aspect of employment creation through Agatha Trading Company (operations). The researcher work will also cover some organizations that promote SMEs in Nigeria. The researchers equally try to look at the importance of small and medium scale enterprise in the country’s economy. One of the bases of this research work is for public to understand the importance of SMEs as a vehicle of effective growth and development in the country as it reduces unemployment. In order to check the validity of the subject matter; data were gathered using both primary and secondary data collection method. A well-constructed questionnaire as dispatch out to respondents (i.e. staff of Agatha Trading Company Nigeria) which were collected within four days of dispatch. The data collected was tested using chi-square test statistics and at the end it was discovered that Small and Medium Scale enterprise will provide adequate goods/services to ultimate users at the right time, right place, and in the right quantity. It will also encourage people to be independent on government and will increase employment which in turn increase the Gross domestic percentage (G.DSP) per capital income of the country and good standard of living.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the policy instruments which the Federal Government OF Nigeria adopted to speed up industrialization in the country is the promotion of small and medium scale enterprises (SMES). Their activities were encouraged, and the incentive given to them to boost the operation. Incentives, such as tax relief, import duty, restates on essential raw materials, loans and credit facilities through organizations like the small scale industrial credit scheme development, development of industrial centers to assist young entrepreneurs to perfect their skills and so on.

These efforts were complemented by numerous financial institution set up solely to provide funds towards the industrial sector of the economy such as the Nigeria Industrial Development Bank (NIDB), Nigeria Bank of Commerce and Industry (NBC), Nigerian National Economic Reconstruction Funds(NNERFUN) and the like, all providing funds for operations or importations of vital raw materials. Father measures were taken by the Government towards the development of indigenous enterprises through the Nigeria Enterprises Promotion Decree of 1976 and 1977 with subsequent adjustment, which reserved certain enterprises mainly for indigenous entrepreneurs, while allowing foreign participation in others. This was further expanded through revitalization and commercialization were slated to be privatized in their operations, commercialized so that they could complete effectively with other private sector organizations offering similar services or products.

Recently, the federal government has established the Bank of Industries (BOI), to support small and medium scale enterprises despite all the initiative from the Federal Government that are operated, through banks and other financial houses, the small and medium scale enterprises, sub sector is still faced with a lot of problems that prevent them from the available funds and the delivery of such funds.
in view of the above, this research is therefore carried out to lay down the importance of small and medium scale enterprises to the Nigerian economy and the measure to be put in place to enhance their performance so as to make way for effective performance of present and the future small and medium enterprises in the economy.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Commercial banks are generally week in granting loans to small and medium scale enterprises.

There is also poor administration of government in assisting programmes for small and medium enterprise development. Instead they are looking down upon and regarded as “No future ambitioned people” poor communication networking and lack of information made available either from experience or from other people also constitute the problem of development some government policies are also not to be overlooked as a potential small an medium scale problem. These policies tends to discourage any initiative put forward by a small and medium scale enterprise in their operation for instance a business man who is starting fashion designing business would be challenged with the government policy of loan on the importation of textile materials.

OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY

Objective of this study is to search for better ways to solve the above mentioned problems and proffer solutions to this. The discussion on small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) is very wide and could be endless. Nevertheless for the purpose of this research the scope of discussion shall cover the following areas:

To find out the importance of the small and medium scale enterprises to the Nigeria economy.
To find out the role of the small and medium scale enterprises on economical Nigeria development.
To determine the problems encountered by the small and medium scale enterprises.
To identify those strategies that will enhance the success establishment and operation of small and medium scale enterprises.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This project work is significance due to some numbers of reasons:

The study will provide a yard stick with which to develop appropriate measures against the problem or factors that prevent the full utilization of enterprises. (small and medium scale enterprises).
It is the researcher’s belief that study will be of immense assistance to investors and entrepreneurs alike.
It will also enlighten the general public and prospective investors on the potentials of small and medium scale enterprises (SMES).
This will therefore, guide them on the type of viable enterprises to venture into.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

To make this research work more explicit or clear, the following questions would be considered by the researcher:

Are individual advised to engage in small and medium scale enterprise?
How has small and medium scale enterprises impacted on the current economic development of Nigeria.
Does the government of Nigeria encourage small and medium scale business?
What do you think are the major financial sources of small and medium enterprises (SMEs)?
What is the motivational tool or force for small and medium scale enterprises?
1. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis is a tentative statement of plausible assumption, the validity of which is yet to be known. Here statement of reasonable assumption is made and later subjected to test.

The study shall test the following hypothesis:

H_o: Effective distribution system does not significantly increase organization sales volume.

H_i: Effective distribution system significantly increases organization sales volume.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research work shall cover the vital issues of small and medium scale enterprises through SMEs among others by limiting the scope of the study, to its relevance in the country economy, the benefit and what is stand to achieve as well as taking AGATHA as a major contributing stakeholders.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is constrained by human factors which on the possible failure of individuals nor likely to tell the exact truth of what are available. Similarly, time has the tendency to hinder on intensive research work. But not withstanding the above effort has been made to overcome incidents obsolete as much as necessary, finally insufficient fund was constant because of vital information have to be sourced from the internet.

1.9 DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS

a. Management: Management is the continuous systematic process of planning, organizing or directing staffing and controlling resources of the organization (man, money and materials) so that, the individuals, the organization and the society can achieve certain objectives.

b. Mental ability: This consists of creative thinking ability, analytical ability and general intelligence.

c. Strategy: Is the determination of the long terms goal and objective of an enterprise and the adoption of courses necessary to carry out the goals.

d. Self confidence: Base on a very adequate self confidence that an enhance problem solving or the ability to handle difficult situation.

e. Technical knowledge: To know how related to the business that is ability to use tools, procedures and techniques necessary to ensure judicious utilization of resources.

STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATE IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

In the Nigeria context, the public housing estate constitutes an active and major part in prospect development. Without the support of the government providing the public with housing estate, there will be housing shock/shortage in the country but the major problem after financing the structure is the effective management of the public housing provided. This term paper is aimed at examining the strategies for effective management of public housing estate in Nigeria. Literature was reviewed and it was discovered that public estate can be properly management if all the required facilities are available. It was recommended that allocation of accommodation to tenants should be passed on certain policy and point allocation. That allocation accommodation should be those that desired it and make judicious use of the house. In fact, allocation should reflect the need of the tenants and ability to pay the rent and other liabilities that will arose in the process of management.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

There is no universal accepted definition for management, it can however be looked at as the science of organization and operation or at the practical level, the act of directing and conducting affairs. Management elements, or functions. Activities include forecasting, planning, commending, co-coordinating and controlling, the functions should be well integrated by a valuer in order to effectively manage the estate to obtain optimum return.

Lawal, (1999) define management as an objective for providing a policy for decision or economic direction. i.e. management can be viewed as a decision making process. Management entails the selection of goals and planning, procurements, organization, coordinating, and controlling of the necessary resources for the desired achievement.

Allsop (1979) defines management as science organization and operation or at a particular level, the act of getting things done in an efficient manner.

The management of public housing estate can be defined as the use and direction of nation’s land resources in order to receive maximum return for the community as a whole. The decision taken in respect of administrating, planning asset must always be viewed against the pattern, the political priority for the community as a whole. Where the interest of the estate and public at large seem to conflicts the estate differed.

However, the country that goes on building but will not effectively manage what it has built is quite simple making history and destroy it immediately putting out a very good structure is not the only thing necessary in housing delivery but sound management and effective maintenance of the built structure. The building without proper management and maintenance can be likend to a new born baby. To obtain a maximum return on property, proper management for the particular property has to be adopted. One has to become to the real understanding of the fact that property management is not a test work rather it requires variety of skills and experience before the management can be effective. At this point, we the management techniques of public housing estate in Nigeria will be examine.

1.2 Aim and objectives of the study

This study is aimed at examining the sustainable strategies applied to the management of public estate in Nigeria.

To achieve the above aim, the following objectives will be pursued;

To examine the meaning and management functions as relation to public estate.
To examine and analyze the problems inherent in the management of public estate.
To ensure the proper use and maintenance of the management of public estate.
To make useful recommendation that would improve the management of public estate.

1.3 Need for the study

The need for the management of public estate is not known by all and that is why the general public need to be highlighted. Even though if the public estate do not belong to private individual, there is need to manage estate property because when the government gets back their desired amount in return from the estate then the (government) would push their resources elsewhere and the money gotten from the estate can be used to pay the professional field and maintain the estate.

Scope and limitation of the study

This term paper is limited only to the management strategies of public housing estate. Some of the constraints encountered in the course of carrying out this research include; lack of adequate finance, time constraints, inadequate materials in the library. Also the epileptic power supply and inconsistent availability of network posed problem. But the researcher was to gather enough material to justify the validity of the research.

1.5 Methodology

In achieving the objectives of this research, secondary source of data collection was adopted.

General information

Most of the information used in this project are past ideas for this work was collected extract from journal and lecture notes, gadgets, unpublished texts, literature past project, newspaper and verification of past records etc. the analyses of data collected is used properly.

THE CAUSES AND PROBLEMS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR

A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK PLC

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The importance of capital as a necessity though not sufficient condition for economic growth is recognized in development economy where it is believed that the position of adequate financial resources is a pre-requisite for industrial transformation.

Experiences in some countries notably Japan, India and Germany have shown that banks if sufficiently in their respective countries could serve as an engine of growth to greatly assist the promotion of rapid economic transformation of any nation. Banks all over the world occupy a strategic and lending position in financial sector. Many Nigerians see banks as places nobody can mess up. Hence, their accepting institutions as the safety place for depositing their money. It is equally because of the confidence they have in the industry as a whole that over the years, many of them imbedded this habit of savings, which in turn is very necessary of positive economic development of the nation.

Ekechi (1995) said that confidence is a pre-requisite for economic recovery and sustained growth, but confidence is not a gift. It must be earned through the adjustment effort or rather confidence is rented because it is never yours and because it can be taken away anytime. The adjustable effort has to go on each and everyday”.

One legacy the structural adjustment programme (SAP) left on its trials is the increase in the number of banks in the country before the introduction of SAP in 1986. The number rose to about 127 as at August 1995. This phenomenal growth of banks was initially hailed as a healthy development in the economy because it was to spread the resources in the economy.

Because of the importance of banks monetary authorities pay great attention to the banking industry. In this process, they are sometimes faced with the problems of how best to handle financial distress in Nigeria banking sector. Financial distress in Nigerian banking sector date back to 1930 when the industrial and commercial bank, (ICB) failed one year after it’s established.

As Hornby defined distress as “great pains, discomfort of sorrow caused by wants of money or other necessary things.

John Ebhodaghe in explaining financial distress “two major problems are usually of serious concern. These are liquidity and insolvency”. He went further to explain liquidity as the inability of banks to meet its inabilities as they mature for payment while insolvent when the value of its realizable asset is less than the total value of liabilities.

The reasons for early distress of banks are summarized in the following features, which characterized the banks since during the period.

Foreign banks domination of deposit base, credit availability.
Banks services tailored to the needs of the expatriates.
Indigenous bank boom and failure resulting from under capitalization and poor quality management.
Lack of banking, control and direction.

Recently, it was realized that the development of statistical based, early warning system for problem banks identification would greatly assist regulators on classifying banks into sound and unsound categories. Worthy of notes is Decree No. 26 of August 1992 that prescribed the following for banks to be adjusted healthy.

Specified cash reserve
Specified liquidity ration
Adherence to prudential guidelines
Statutory minimum paid up capital requirement Adequate capital ration
Sound management.

Any bank, which did not satisfy any or all the listed factors, is adjudged unhealthy. It must be expressed here that there exist a thin dividing line between a distressed and unhealthy banks. This is because a bank, which is unhealthy in the short-run, may become distress in the long run. At the core of distressed bank, are twos basic problems compared to liquidity the later could not be neglected because it is an ominous sign of insolvency.

Therefore, in assessing the financial condition of a bank, it is customary to use the CAMEL framework. Also ownership structure and types of banks are important factors on explaining the financial condition of a bank. The recent NDIC report revealed that ownership structure was used to explain the degree of financial distress seven out of eight banks, that were financially distressed were either owned or controlled by the state government.

Another indicator of a distressed bank used in most countries of the world is a classified asset that exceeds 100 percent of shareholders fund. Following from above, it is therefore reasonable to conclude that a distressed bank is one that is technically insolvent the financial distress is caused by a number of factors including macro-economic conditions, the inhibitive policy of government capital adequacy, wide spread incidence of frauds, non-performing loans, unbraided risk by banks and so on. The effect of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector is a distressed economy. The causes and problems and the ways out of this financial distress will be discussed in details in this work.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Financial distress in Nigerian banking sector dates back to colonial era. One of the early Nigerian indigenous banks, the industrial and commercial banks, the industrial and commercial banks (ICB) failed in the early 1930’s and between 1992 – 1994, the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) were face with the problems on how best to prevent the financial distress in the banking sector. Within this period, more than thirty banks had been adjudged financially distressed.

The question remains what are the causes of these financial distresses in the banking sector? According to Charles worth, research arises when there is problem to solve, peculiarities or puzzle about a phenomena or the question to attaching meaning to identify and examine the causes and problems of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

In writing this project, the researcher had certain objectives in mind. In line with this following are the objectives of this write up.

To identify the extent to which low capital base has contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian, banking sector.
To identify the extent to which multiplicity of banks has contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian baking sector.
To ascertain how inefficient management has contributed to financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.
To identify to a large extent how fraudulent practices has contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.
To identify the effects of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.
To recommend possible ways of preventing financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be immense benefits to the Nigerian banking sector. This will enable them to know the causes of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector, and based on the recommendation of this study, they will know how to prevent financial distress.

Government will also benefit. As the operators of the economy, they will know the causes and effects of financial distress in the economy. Likewise, the depositors and potential investors will also benefits. There is a need for a development conscious country like Nigeria, to evaluate the performance of her financial sectors so as not to jeopardize her development efforts. It is helped that these findings will add to existing literature on causes and problems of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To what extent has low capital base contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian banking sector?
Does multiplicity of banks contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian banking sector?
Does inefficient management contribute to financial distress in Nigerian banking sector?
To what extent has fraudulent practices contributed to the financial distress in Nigeria banking sector?
What are the effects of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector?
What are the possible ways of preventing financial distress in Nigeria banking sector?

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

To come out with a reliable result, the following hypothesis were formulated and tested statistically.

H_o: Low capital base has not contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.

H_i: Low capital base has contributed to the financial distress in

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research work covers the causes and problems of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector with reference to First Bank Plc.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This research work covers the causes and problems of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector with reference to First Bank Plc. In the cause of this study, the researcher could not carry out the work extensively due to the following constraints.

TIME CONSTRAINTS: Time was my greatest enemy as I had to cope with my class work, assignments, home work, and the project work at the same time, and moreover, most of the materials for the project work are not located in one place.

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: Finance was my major constraints since I don’t have enough fund for running around and this hindered the full coverage of the work.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

BANKS: Banks are financial institutions, which hold themselves out to the public (individuals, firms, organization, and governments) by accepting deposits and giving out advances as well as performing other customers.

FRAUDS: Fraud is intentional distorting twisting or changing of financial statement or using criminal deception to deceive someone in order to achieve illegal advantage

LIQUIDITY: Liquidity is inability of a bank to meet its liabilities as they mature for payment.

INSOLVENCY: Insolvency is when the value of realizable assets of a bank is less than the total value of its liabilities.

CAPITAL ADEQUACY: Capital adequacy is when banks through proper fund management has enough capital to serve as a fall back and at course, shock absorber in the event of losses resulting from business transactions.

SHAREHOLDERS: shareholders are the owners of the bank, whose names were described to the memorandum of the bank when the bank is registered. This is done through the purchase of the bank’s shares.

PAID UP CAPITAL: This refers to that part of the issued capital, which has been paid-up.

DISTRESS: This means great pains; discomfort or sorrow caused by wants money or other necessary things.

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME SELECTED VEGETABLES IRRIGATED WITH POLLUTED WATER IN KABALA WEST AREA OF KADUNA STATE

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME SELECTED VEGETABLES IRRIGATED WITH POLLUTED WATER IN KABALA WEST AREA OF KADUNA STATE

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to assess the levels of different heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium and Zinc in Vegetables like cabbage, lettuce, spinach, Bitter leaf and pumpkin irrigated with polluted water in different farms in Kabala West area of Kaduna state, the concentrations of the heavy metals were determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis, the result shows that lead (2.130-9.075 mg/kg), Cadmium (1.365-1.735 mg/kg) and Zinc (2.720-6.765 mg/kg) were detected in all the samples except for Zinc which was not detected in lettuce and cabbage. The concentration of lead (9.075 mg/kg) detected in spinach was the highest and that of cadmium (1.365 mg/kg) detected in bitter-leaf was the lowest in all the samples analyzed. The result also indicated that Lead and cadmium detected in all the samples analyzed in this project were above the permissible limit of (0.3 mg/kg) and (0.10 mg/kg) respectively with the exception of Zinc which was below the permissible limit of (100 mg/kg) set by FAO/WHO in 2001.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The consumption of vegetables as food offer rapid and least means of providing adequate vitamins, supply minerals and fibers. Vegetables that are used as food include those used in making soups or served as integral parts of the main sources of a meal. Leafy vegetables occupy a very important place in the human diet (Zurera et al., 1999), but unfortunately constitute a group of food which contributes maximally to nitrate and other anions as well as heavy metal consumption. Heavy metals deposition are associated with a wide range of sources such as small scale industries (including battery, Metal smelting and cable coating industries); vehicular emissions, and diesel generator sets. Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and zinc are important environmental pollutant, particularly in areas where vegetables are irrigated with waste water, consumption of vegetables such as spinach, cabbage, lettuce, Bitter leaf and pumpkin by humans and animals pose serious health hazards, Although some heavy metals as Lead, Cadmium and Magnesium are important in plant nutrition, many of them do not play any significant role in the plant’s physiology. The uptake of these heavy metals especially into the human food chain is done through these leafy vegetables and they have harmful effects on health (Jarup, 2003).

Vegetables act as neutralizing agents for acidic substances formed during digestion, as human activities increases especially with the application of modern technology, pollution and contamination of human food chain has become inevitable. Heavy metals cannot be underestimated as these food stuffs are important components of human diet, they are very rich and comparatively cheaper sources of vitamins, Consumption of these items provides taste and palatability increases appetite and provides fibre for digestion and prevent constipation (Agrawal, 2011). Heavy metal contamination of food item is one of the most important aspect of food quality assurance; International and national regulation on food qualities have lowered the maximum permissible levels of toxic metals in food items due to an increased awareness of the risk these metals pose to food chain contamination.

Rapid and Unorganized industrialization and Urbanization has contributed to the elevated levels of metals in the urban environment in developing countries, Heavy metal are non bio- degradable and persistent environmental contaminants which may deposited on the surfaces and then absorbed into the tissues of the vegetables; Plants take up heavy metals by absorbing them from deposits on the parts of the plant exposed to the polluted water (Amoah, 2008) Waste water from industries of mining electroplating paints or chemical laboratories often contains high concentrations of heavy metals, These elements at concentration exceeding the physiological demand of vegetables, not only could administer toxic effects in them but also could enter food chain, get biomagnified and pose a potential threat to human health. Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils from waste water irrigation is of serious concern due to its implications on human health.

1.1 EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ON HUMAN HEALTH

Small amounts of heavy metals are needed in our environment and diet and are actually necessary for good health, but large amount of any of them may cause acute or chronic toxicity (poisoning). Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs. Long term exposure may result in slowly progressing physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative processes, allergies are not uncommon, and repeated long-term contact with some metals (or their compounds) may cause cancer (WHO, 2006). For some heavy metals, toxic levels can be just above the background concentrations naturally found in nature. Therefore, it is important to learn about heavy metals and take protective measures against excessive exposure. The association of symptoms indicative of acute toxicity is not difficult to recognize because they are usually severe, rapid in onset, and associated with a known ingestion or exposure. Symptoms include: cramping, nausea and vomiting; pain; sweating; headache difficulty in breathing impaired cognitive motor, and language skills, mania and convulsions symptoms of chronic exposure (impaired cognitive and language skills, learning difficulties; nervousness and emotional instability; and insomnia, nausea, lethargy, and feeling ill) are also usually recognized; however, they are much more difficult to associate with their cause(Jarup, 2003). Symptoms resulting from chronic exposure are very similar to symptoms of other health conditions and often develop slowly over mouths or even years. Sometimes, symptoms of chronic exposure subside; thinking the symptoms are related to something else people postpone seeking treatment. (Khillare et al., 2004).

1.2 BENEFITS OF HEAVY METALS

In small quantities, certain heavy metals are nutritionally essential for a healthy life. Those elements, or some form of them, fruits and vegetables and in commercially available multivitamin products (WHO, 2006), this research work focuses on vegetables because it is widely consumed in Nigeria, so it is important to know about their relationship with heavy metals. Diagnostic medical application include direct injection of gallium during radio logical procedures dosing with chromium in parent nutrition mixtures, and the use of lead as x-ray shield (Jassir, M.S., et al , 2005). Heavy metals are also common in industrial applications such as the manufacture of pesticides, batteries, alloys, electroplated metal parts, textile dyes, steel, and so forth (WHO, 2006). Many of these products are in our homes and add to the quality of life when properly used.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project work is to determine heavy metals in some selected vegetables in Kabala West, Kaduna, Nigeria..

Objectives

· The objective of this work is to ascertain the level of heavy metals in analyzed samples

· To determine the concentration of heavy metals in the selected vegetables

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

The scope of this project work covers the determination of the presence of heavy metals in vegetables grown in kabala west area of Kaduna state, and also to determine the various concentrations of the heavy metals in the selected vegetables.

JUSTIFICATION

Previous projects have been carried out to ascertain different levels of heavy metals in soil and water samples, but this project specifically targets heavy metals in vegetables grown and irrigated with polluted water in Kabala area of Kaduna state.

THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE BUDGETING AS A TOOL FOR PLANNING IN BANKING INDUSTRY

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

A substantial advance has been made in the act and science of managing group efforts in industry, government and other endeavours. The complexity of modern management problems has led to the development of those management tools, techniques and procedures which are commonly and collectively referred to as scientific management. If business is not operated under some sorts of plans, it is merely an incoherent unit without any sense of direction and certainly it cannot be referred to as an organization.

Planning is inherent in the very nature of modern business conditions. Banks and other organizational activities must be well planned so that the firm may operate effectively and efficiently utilize all resources economically to achieve the desired result.

One of the most important approaches that has been developed for facilitating performance of the management process of the bank is comprehensive effective planning and control (management budgeting).

The concepts and techniques of the need for effective planning can be said to be a means by which complex organization can be guided so as to make or produce intended results. One of the objectives of budgeting is to secure economic stabilization in order to achieve desired goals.

Another objective of budgeting is to see how the organization accomplishes its set objectives and this can be inform of what organization does and what it achieves.

Budgeting also tries to allocate and secure adjustment in resources availability this is achieved with the aim of placing some of the laudable programme on priority list prompt alienation.

Planning on the other hand is of course decisions making since it involves selecting among alternative planning is referred to as future circumstances and requirement, deciding objectives, making short and long term plans, determining policies to be followed and also standard to be set.

Planning is based upon a clearly define objectives and it considered factors in the environment which will help or hinder organization goals, planning provides a tools so that performance can be evaluate with established standard, it should be precise, practicable and simple operate and understand. Planning should also be flexible to ensure that circumstances necessitate changes without disrupting the plan. However, budgeting drawn up a financial plan which contain certain financial proposals, these financial proposals

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the most important approaches has been developed for facilitating performance of the management process of the bank is comprehensive effective planning.

The need for effective budgeting as a tool for planning in the banking industry in Nigeria involved use of budgeting to plan, planning is significant in the functional areas of management, which are brought into focus, creating a mutual enrichment of performance that is a vital focuses on the usefulness of planning to aid the management on how profit can be realized. Also, the planning function of the budget is very central to the realization of budget objective.

Planning involves the determination of objectives. This aimed at studying the meaning and importance of budgeting in banks, the problem face by this bank and also how budgeting procedure in planning can be used in bringing possible solution to their problems. As a result, a budget reflects the status of an organization.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The bank still finds it difficult to administer their operation effectively to the public because of the fluctuating effect of some factor ranging from economic political socio-cultural and religion factors.

Are there prospect of these bank?
Have you experienced any problem as regards budgeting yet?
What benefit are derivable from the service of the bank?

Other related problems are unqualified staff employed at the influence of top management (directors) and non-repayment of credit facilities at the specific date proposed.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to ascertain THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE BUDGETING AS A TOOL FOR PLANNING IN BANKING INDUSTRY. The specific objective of the study includes:

To find out some problems facing the authority in the process of budgeting.
To determine the area of price rating of authority in planning process and policies in achieving the goal of the organization through budgeting.
To examine how budgeting influence specifically relating the plans to actual performance of UBA Plc. through budgeting can do planning and this.
To offer useful suggestions on the basis of finding and how best to improve the budgeting system through planning process.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This researcher work is relevant in the following ways:

It will point the importance of budgeting and how UBA Plc uses it to achieve its organizational aims and objectives.
It is envisage that this project will provide an insight to the problem which is associated with the bank with respect to the topic and proper solutions.
It could serve as a “think tank” for other business owners, particularly for the fact that will involves a big and successful business like UBA.
It is also significance in the area of academics, as it could be used for future reference where it is relevant.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research work covers the activities of UBA Garki Branch. AU information in respect of this study is based on the branch. The study covers the need for effective budgeting as a tool for planning in banking industry in Nigeria.

Therefore, with the Abuja branch located where researcher is based, it ensures the cost of transportation for the collection of data and necessary information from the other branch.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

It is essential to make know every bit of term used there in, therefore some terms must be explained in detail to avoid misconception and misinterpretations since there are different people’s interpretation.

The following terms are to be considered:

Budgeting: Is a carefully worked out financial plan, a co-ordinating tool as well as a control technique based on forecasts and the best possible estimate that can be made at the date when budgets are prepared.
Planning: This involves taking a view of an organization how to make it forward through the use of resources and strategies to ensure customer satisfaction.
Management: The act of running and controlling a business organization to achieve its objectives and identify potential problem area for detailed investigation and corrective measure or actions.
Organization: Is a group of people who form a business together in order to achieve a particular aim to ensure effective cost control and put an effective organizational structure.
Credit: Money at owner disposal in an account it could be a sale on trust without money at the time of sale.
Overdraft: This is allow customers to draw cheque in excess of his current account balance.
Current Account: Customer deposit that is with drawable by cheque.
Advance: These are monies lent by a bank general in firm of an overdraft on a current account holder by means of loan.
Loan Capital: Loan capital is normally represented by fixed interest security.
Loan: Lending money to borrowers.

THE EFFECT OF RISING PRICES OF BUILDING MATERIALS ON PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

(A CASE ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL)

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Housing is one of the essential necessities of life beside food and security. Hence every rational man is desirous of owning a personal house or at least has an opportunity of living in a better accommodation with required basic facilities and utilities in a conducive environment. Shelter is one of the most priorities in our scales of preference when it comes to his needs, this due to its major determinate of productivity Welfare and state of being. Unfortunately, the need is limited in supply worldwide, the cause of this shortage are many. But one of this causes which form basis of this research work is the cost of building materials. The research will examine in practical terms how the cost of building materials has affected private residential properties in Nigeria Generally, and Karu area municipal council in particular. It also proffers remedies to tackle the problems on how our teaming population could be house adequately. Karu has been of the residential area within Abuja municipal area council which has gained tremendous attraction of various dwellers and development for various purpose like wise Nyanya, Durumi, Dutse etc. such attraction has been sequel to the development of private residential properties in the area this write up shall comprise of five chapters chapter one with introductory part of the research while chapter two Is made up of the conceptual frame work which encompass meaning and nature of residential development; also chapter three which research methodology while chapter four treats data presentation analysis, finally, chapter five is the summary of the findings, recommendations and conclusion.

1.2 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE OF THE CASE STUDY

Abuja, being Nigeria capital came in existence by virtue of the decree No 6 of 1978, however it has assume that status of nation capital on the 12th December, 1991 when the seat of government was moved from Lagos to Abuja where it take it seat to data the trip of relocate the capital, federal republic of Nigeria began in august 1975 during late General Murtala Mohammed begin on assumption of office, the late General promised to address the deteriorating condition of Lagos and find lasting solution to it is as it becomes clean and in impracticable for Lagos to be retained as the federal capital in order to solve these problems once and for all. The late General Murtala inaugurated distinguish chairmanship of retired Honorable justice Akintola Aguda. The committee was charged with among other these tasks or recommending sweat able and alternative location, having regard to the need for easy accessibility and for every part of the federation. After the committee findings, the report submitted to the federal military government on 20th December. 1975 stated that the total land area in Lagos is estimated to be about 61.72 M2 which was grossly inadequate to be used for federal capital city not to even sharing it with Lagos state government.

The federal capital should be moved out of Lagos and be relocated to the central of the country, and area covering about 8000 M² and situated south of the present Suleja, Niger state. All these recommendations were accepted by the government and promoted the promulgation of federal capital at decree No 604 of 1976, which created the federal capital territory on 5th February, 1976 and vested the ownership and control of all land in the federal capital territory on federal government as well as the administration of the federal capital territory.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The indent study of this problems can be or will be examined by looking at how and to what extent or degree in which rising cost of building material have affected residential (private) property development, what are the effects of rising costs of building material’s in the study area (Abuja Municipal Area Council).

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Nigeria suffers from deep problems that undermine housing and construction companies, so this aspires to reverse the main holding factories o these problems. One of the reason is population growth. Specifically, the average age in Abuja is a mere 18 years. Moreover, Nigeria population growth rate is 2.90% (Central Department of Statistic and Information, 2012). Oil price also seem to be an enormous factors, because it cost more on transportation of personal, shipping of materials, manufacturing and so on. Another factor underlying economic problem, such as inflation, in addition, government project, such as subsidized schools and hospital that helps to cover the high population growth seems to be contributing to higher price.

1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The project is to examine the effect of rising cost of building materials on private residential property development with a view to recommending positive solution by taking Abuja as the only municipal to carry out informative aims. The following objectives shall be undertaken,

To examine the type of building material mostly patronized, weather local or foreign.
To examine the trend of the price of building materials between 2006 and 2014.
To examine the trend of building materials in Nigeria.
To ascertain the difficulties that arise from the project work in studying are and proffer the lasting solutions to them.

1 .6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This refers to the important of study of the people. This research will help people to know the effect of rising cost of building materials on development. It is also ‘a fair development alternative to expensive building materials, it provide government the opportunity of knowing which area to tackle. The rising cost of building materials so as to reduce the problem being faced by residential property development. It will also serve as reference materials to other researchers.

1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. The survey intends to use the methodology of identifying the factors

2. How to identify experts who could help in completing the survey.

3. The appropriate method of analyze the data in addition, certain factors were evaluated and analyzed to identify the key factors of cost increase in house and construction industry in Nigeria.

The graphic, social and other environmental factors to provide accurate and reliable information regarding the cost rise in Nigeria industry.

1.8 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following are research questions tray will guide the study.

1. What are the main factors that led to high cost of housing construction n the federal capital territory, Abuja?

2. What are the effects of the factors in housing construction industry?

1.9 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will limit itself to the effect of rising cost building material on residential. Properties development in Abuja municipal area council, this is done in order to enhance adequate coverage of the study area.

1.10 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Some hindrance has been encountered in carrying out this research work such as;

1. Many construction firms. Consultant quality surveyor, estate valuers or firms and land lords were relevant to disclose relevant information or data.

2. Hostility of some building materials merchants or dealers to release information during market and surveyor and field intervals.

3. Financial and time constraints also constitute some of the limitation, but the research was able to over come them.

1.11 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H_o: Rise in oil price, the increase in oil demand in the past 10 years nearly 50 percent increase, lead to the rapid increase in oil price

H_i: High demand for housing construction, the categories include high demand from (a) Nigeria citizens, government housing project and government public project.

H_o: Low housing supply, these categories include the increased annual demand for housing unit and the low supply of housing unit.

H_i: Speculative purchase of undeveloped lands, these categories includes corruption in the selling process of undeveloped land.

1.12 DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS

Price: It refers to change cost and expensive or expenditure required in buying or maintenance price is the quality of payment or compensation given one party to another in return for goods or services.

Building: Building is a manmade structure with roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place.

Materials: The substance or substance of which things are made of composed. Stone is a durable raw materials or anything that serves as a crude or raw material to be used or developed e.g. wood pule is the raw material.

REFERENCES

Aminu, A.A and Jagboro, G.O (2002). “The effect of construction delays on projects delivery in the Nigerian construction industry”

Isaidinso, E.I. (1988). “The needs and problems of the building industry in Nigeria a qualitative surveyor view”. Research Institute Seminar, Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute.

Fisk, E.R. (1997). “Construction project administration, 5th edition prentice Half, New Jersey.

THE EFFECT OF LABOUR UNION ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

(A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA LABOUR CONGRESS)

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is to examine the Effect of Labour Union on the Economic Development on Nigeria Labour Congress. To this end the project is divided into five chapters. Chapter once introduce the topic to highlight the importance and objectives of this study and delineate the scope of the study and historical background of the study area. Chapter two deals with the background, concept of the study, defines labour union, highlight the effect of labour union in an organization and labour management conflict. It also gives a review of the failure and achievement of labour in Nigeria, settlement of labour and made references. Chapter three discusses the design of the study, research population, sample size and techniques, sources of data collection and research instrument used. It also shows the method of data analysis and the distribution and collection of questionnaire. Chapter four treats data presentation, analysis, testing of hypothesis and summary of finding. Finally chapter five consider some facts and finally ends with the conclusion, recommendation, bibliography and appendix.

THE CLONING OF COMPUTER WITH RESPECT TO COMPUTER COOLING FAN FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN THE COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In our world today, computer has become very important and stands as part of our daily life. Computer knowledge has become invariably unavoidable as our day to day life depends on the usage of computer. Computer today is used in all aspect of life such as communication, education, banking, government, businesses etc. it has become a pivot of continuing socio-economic transformations worldwide and has found useful applications virtually in every aspect of human endeavour.

Computers have made such an enormous impact on our society today. There isn’t a place where you can turn where there isn’t a computer involved. The uses of computers can range from hundreds to billions of things. It has also changed the way one interacts with one another.

In conclusion, the way we interact with one another has been heavily influenced by society through the use of computers. It has become part of life and this may have made us overly dependent on them.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The study commenced by highlighting the importance of computer cloning. The study also noted that the department has over the years invested enormous resources in the acquisition of computers and infrastructure facilities needed for the support of training in its department. However, this effort has not fully catered for the number of students in the computer science department. To improve on these facilities, the department incorporated this project to increase efficiency and availability of computers to aid a conducive environment of learning.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem encountered contributed to the slow and difficult position the project went. Firstly, the issues of how to raise the money for the project within the shortest possible time to acquire the various components needed to fix the computer system. Secondly, coming together was difficult because of the nature of individual office engagements as all members of the group are not working in the same locality. Thirdly, getting all the requirements in one place was difficult as the team have to go from one location to the other to get standard requirements of the system configuration.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this project is to be able to clone a computer system and put it in an optional and efficient working condition.

The objectives of this study are as follows:

Carrying out feasibility study on how to get the required computer hardware for cloning a system.
Buying these individual hardware required for the cloning.
Fixing all the hardware to make up a complete system.
Putting the system into a workable condition for use.
To discuss the importance and maintenance of the computer cooling fans.

1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The study is significant for 2 reasons; firstly, the feasibility study should lead to a perfect cloning of computer hardware to offer options for more cost-effective way of acquiring a computer system. Furthermore, the findings of the study will add to the existing body of knowledge on the application of IT in computer hardware maintenance and to also discuss on the computer cooling fan as one of the component of computer hardware.

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

The study appraises the cloning of computer with respect to computer cooling fan for the improvement of learning environment in the computer science department.

AUTOMATIC TIME TABLE SCHEDULER SYSTEM

(A CASE STUDY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA)

ABSTRACT

Managing large and voluminous data manually is not only slow and cumbersome but also delay in the decision making process by the management. This project research on Automatic Time Table Scheduler System is intended to reduce the work load, save cost of keeping records and replace the existing manual method of time table in computer science department Nasarawa. And various method of flow chart were used to represent the input and output, also flow chart to represent the component, such flowchart is system flowchart while the one showing the input & output is system flowchart, and other materials were used such as textbooks web site such as Google offices/programming software which is MS Access, Visual basic 6.0 and word processing (MS Word).

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Automatic can be defined as the process of a machine or device having control that enable it to perform a work without needing to be constantly operated by a person such as computer. While computer can be defined as the electronic device or machine which accept, retrieve, store, input data and process data as output. The input data is the softcopy through the visual display unit (VDU) and output data as hardcopy through a printer. With the invention of windows in user today, computers are less prone to commands. Commands in form of windows or menus and with the mouse, you can click to perform different commands operations.

Meaning of process data, is to produce an accurate, high speed in terms of time in processing the information for management decision, is important to any business and academic environments. Various means of processing data have been developed amongst which computers have been the present successful tools in data processing.

Computers are suitable in handling large data like time table scheduler system not only in tertiary institution hut also in secondary school.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As government, private organization and individual, data occurs to us every day, in which such data needs to be handled properly and processed so as to achieve their goal requirement which is information. To do this work effectively and efficiently, it requires adopting a technique in handling the Time table scheduler system of the school.

The problem with manual system of time table scheduler system in the school does not only involve taking mental notes of data — subject, but slow, tedious and not effective. It should be noted that manual system of time table, most of the operations are performed by human being and paper is essentially the storage medium.

The disadvantage of this manual system is that, the data recorded on the paper may become obscure due to continuous user. And because there is no automation of the process of the time table, the manual process is quite slow.

1.2 OBJECTIVE I PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose and objectives of this project include:

It provides easy record management in the time table scheduler system.
To exterminate the problem of error.
To bring about a computerized efficient and effective time table scheduler system.
To relief lecturers involved with manual processing of school time table.
It helps in easy flow of information for quick decision making.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

For the fact that computer provides a lot merits over the manual processing system, the importance of computerized time table system of the school are listed below:

Easy accessibility: computerized time table is easy to access than manual. We use functional keys to retrieve a particular record easily which does not need to looking for or checking a file before locating a particular teacher subject taken at that time with a specific day.
Modification: computerized school time table can be updated without the need of drawing another fresh one.
Deletion: a record can be easily deleted or erased when the need arise. For example, when a teacher has left or is sacked from the school.
Append: computerized school time table can add records to the master file easily when a new teacher is employed.
Large storage facility: computer is been characterized to have large storage capacity. Time table scheduler system cannot be exceptional. Million and billions of records can be stored and retrieved easily.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this project is to build or design a-work-able, easy to use and reliable software for Computer Science Department. More so, it involves the total automation of time table system in the use of better and faster time table in the department. Thus, the project consists of the objectives and provides a way which the objective will be achieved. The scope of this work is extended to the following part and deals with the total automation of the following:

The project aim at facilitating the school by building a time table system that handle the school.
The project also deals with the security and reliability of information.
It is concerned with the accuracy, which involve the enhancement of computerization of time table once the input data is correct.
Automation of time table involve the time processing which is 100% faster than manual.

1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The project topic “Automatic Time Table Scheduler System” is specifically on the lecturers and students only. This cannot be used for any other purpose. It is limited to lecturers and students of the school, not an individual. It keeps the record of the subject the teacher takes in a class.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS USED

Hardware: they are the physical part of a computer machine that can be seen, touch and felt.

Software: Are programs written to solve a particular task in a computer, and are non-visible parts of a computer system.

Program: Are set of instructions arranged in a logical order and when executed, a task will be performed.

Instruction: is a statement, which dictates an action to he carried out.

Command: is an autocratic order that must be obeyed.

Data: Are raw facts that have not been processed when it goes into a system as an input.

Information: It is an output that is processed from input data.

Process: This refers to computational works or manipulation carried out on data.

Operating Systems: Are routine programs which direct the operations of the computer.

VDU: Visual Display Unit.

Keyboard: An input device where data can be entered into the computer.

ALU: Arithmetic and Logical Unit.

ROM: Read Only Memory

RAM: Random Access Memory

DOS: Disk Operating System.

GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT FOR PORTABLE WATER SUPPLY

A CASE STUDY OF A SUBMISSIBLE WELL PUMP

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to investigate the occurrence, circulation and movement of water below the surface of the earth. Geohydrology has an identical connotation, and ideology differs only by its greater emphasis on geology. Utilization of ground water dates from ancient time, although an understanding of the occurrence and movement of subsurface water as part of the hydrologic circle has come only relatively recently. The result of this research has shown the case of inadequate potable water in circulation and it has suggested possible ways of addressing the situation of which one of the suggestion is that a well should be dug deeply, case it, cements it and so on.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORICAL BACK GROUND AND GROUND WATER THEORIES

Groundwater development dates from primordial times, the Old Testament contains numerous references to groundwater, springs, wells and dug wells, groundwater in primordial times were supplied from horizontal wells known as Quanats. Also submersible pumps were used in the supply of groundwater. Shown in fig 1.0 typically, a sloping tunnel dug through alluvial material leads water by gravity flow beneath the water table at its upper end to a ground.

A figure of a submersible pump at its lower end with vertical shafts dug at closely spaced intervals provides access to the tunnel. A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump) is a device which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitations, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface. Submersible pumps push fluids to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull fluids. Submersibles are more efficient than jet pumps.

1.2 SCOPE

Groundwater referred to without specification is commonly understood to mean water occupying all the voids within geologic stratum. This saturated zone should be distinguished from an unsaturated, or aeration zone where voids are filled with water and air. Water contained in saturated zone is important for engineering work, geologic studies and water supply development consequently, the occurrence of water in these zones will be emphasized here. Unsaturated zone are usually found above saturated zones and extend to the ground surface. Because this water includes soil moisture within the root zone, it is a major concern for agriculture, binary, and soil science. No rigid demarcation of water between the two zones is possible, for they possess an interdependent boundary and water can move from owe zone to the other in either direction. The interrelationships are described more in some higher hydrogeology texts.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to identify the various methods and techniques of groundwater exploration
The study will produce a data that will help in determining the quality of the groundwater sample
Analysis of groundwater and comparison with the WHO standard.

1.4 GROUNDWATER THEORIES

Utilization of groundwater significantly preceded understanding of its origin, occurrence, and movement. The writing of Greek philosophers to explain origins of springs and groundwater contain theories ranging from vision to nearly correct accounts. As late as the seventeenth century it was generally assumed that water emerging from springs could not be derived from rainfall, for it was believed that the quantity was inadequate and the earth too impervious to permit penetration of rain water for below the surface. Thus, early Greek philosophers such as Homer, Thates and Plato hypothesized that springs were formed by seawater. Conducted through subterranean channels below the mountains, then Aristotle suggested that air enters cold dark caverns under the mountains where it condenses into water and contributes to spring. The Greek theories persisted through the middle ages with no advances until the end of the Renaissance. The French Philosopher Bernard Palissy (1510 – 1589) reiterated the infiltration theory in 1580, but his teachings were generally ignored. The German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) was a man of strong imagination, who likened the earth to a huge animal that takes in water of the ocean, digests and assimilates it, and discharges the end products of these physiological processes as groundwater and springs. The seawater theory of the Greeks, supplemented by ideas of vaporization and condensation processes within the earth, was restated by the French Philosopher Rene’ Descartes (1596 – 1650).

A clear understanding of the hydrologic cycle was achieved by the latter part of the seventeenth century for the first time theories were based on observations and quantitative data.

1.5 RECENT CENTURIRES

During the eighteenth century fundamentals in geology were established that provided a basis for understanding the occurrence and movement of groundwater. During the first half of the nineteenth century many artesian wells were drilled in Nigeria stimulation interest in groundwater. The French hydraulic engineer Henry Darcy (1803 – 1858), studied the movement of water through sand. His treatise of 1856 defined the relation, now known as Darcy’s law, governing groundwater flow in most alluvial and sedimentary formations. Later European contributions of the nineteenth century emphasized the hydraulics of groundwater development. Considerably contributions were made by J. Boussineq, G.A. Daubree, J. Dupuru and A. Thiem. In the twentieth century, increased activity in all phases of groundwater hydrology has occurred. Many Europeans have participated with publications of either specialized or comprehensive works. There are too many people to mention them all, but R. -Dachler, E. Imbeaux K. Keihack is best known. Nigeria contributions to groundwater hydrology date from near the end of the nineteenth century. In the past 90 years, tremendous advances have been made. Important early theoretical contributions were made and professional consulting firms specializing in water resources and the advent of the digital computer have jointly produced a competence for development and management of groundwater resources that was nonexistent hereto fore.

Friday, 3 March 2023

AN ASSESSMENT OF TAX POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ON THE GOVERNMENT COUNCIL

ABSTRACT

Taxation has been a vital tool towards improving the living standard of Nigeria citizens through allocation of revenue generated (Taxes) into the federation revenue. In this research work, it is been carried out on the impact of company income tax in the federation revenue. The research want to know if the taxes collected from the companies as company income tax is actually having impact on the federation account. The research also went further to pick some years to analyze the revenue generation. In my study, I also discover that company pay taxes at 30% of their profit annually. So with 30%,company income tax have a significance influence on the federation revenue also discovered after a careful analysis that the data compared with other sources of revenue to the federation revenue that company contribution immense the federation account. Finally, to do justice to this work I divided into three sections.

SECTION ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In this present time, it is obvious that the governments raises and spend funds to finance her activities and to provide practical mechanism of positive central control over the economy. Government expenditure is mainly directed towards the satisfaction of collective wants, that is, those wants which are common to all members of the society rather than to the particular ends of individuals. These collective wants included provision of law and order, administration of justice and defense of the country.

Therefore, for the government to meet this wants, there must be an enforcement of fiscal policy which is concerned with the provision of government revenue through taxation.

Tax as the name implies is a compulsory payment imposed on the citizens and companies by the government modern to attain her national goal and objectives.

According to A.K. AGYUEI, he states that tax is the transfer of resources from the private to the public sector, in other to accomplish some of the nation’s economy and social goals.

Therefore, taxation is the system whereby individual and companies are assessed and the final collection of funds for and used as a variable instrument for shaping and directing a nations social political effectiveness of the various types of taxes introduced.

However, for the purpose of the study, the researcher is more concerned with the main reason on how the government generates her own revenue from companies, individual and corporate bodies. One of the act regulating the taxation practice relating to companies income tax Acts 1979(CITA 1979)this Act is contained in chapter 60 law of federation of Nigeria (LFN 1990).it is a consolidation of the provision of the formal principal Act. The companies’ income tax Acts 1916 and the various amendments were top in other to ascertain the extent, to which such profits were incurred in Nigeria, derived from Nigeria, received in Nigeria or brought into Nigeria. The companies’ income tax Act (CITA, CAP6O, and LFN 1990) classified companies into two broad categories namely:

1. Nigeria companies

2. Foreign companies

Companies classified as Nigeria companies for the purpose of Nigeria taxation are those companies incorporated under the companies allied matters decree(CAMD 1990) Or any enactment replaced by that decree. Any profit made by such companies shall deemed to have either incurred in Nigeria, been derived from Nigeria, received in Nigeria, and brought into Nigeria, such profit thereafter be subject to Nigeria companies income tax irrespective of where they have actually arisen. By constitutional arrangement, the taxation of companies in Nigeria is vested In the federal tax authority thus irrespective of where a company may be located in Nigeria. it is under federal tax jurisdiction.

Companies classified as foreign companies for the purpose of Nigeria taxation are those company corporations (other than corporation sole) established by or under any law. in force in any territory or country outside Nigeria, any profit made such companies shall be to have incurred, been derived from, or arisen from outside Nigeria to the extent that they are not attributed to the activities within Nigeria.

Tax is payable for each year of assessment of the profits of any company at the rate of 30%.these include profit incurred, been derived from, brought into or received from a trade business or investment. Also, companies paying dividends to its shareholder are first obliged to pay tax on its profits at the companies’ tax rate.

Generally, in Nigeria company dividends or other company distribution whether or not of a capital nature made by a Nigeria company is liable to tax source of 1O%.However, dividends paid from the bonus of share of scrip share to individual shareholder are not subject to tax, were also a company is a shareholder in another company, then such dividends are excluded from the profit of the company br the purpose of computation of tax.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Despite emotion of tax payer on why the government should take part of the legitimate earnings of persons, certain reasons can be advanced to justify government in position of tax in any country. Some of these reasons are stated as follows:

I. REVENUE GENERATION: Provision of service and infrastructure facilities entails huge expenditure. Most of the services and facilities are public goods which cannot be adequately financed by individuals. Revenue realized from taxes, are used to cover such public expenditure such as school, roads, water supply etc.

2. ECONOMIC STABILIZATION: When a country is facing some economic problems like inflation and poor economy used to bring about a change in case to inflation, high rate of taxes will be charged to reduce the disposable income in the hand of the consumer which in turn reduce the demand of goods and services and which in a long run bring about low prices. Taxes can also be used to sustain economy growth when a country is experiencing a depression, in this case, taxes will be lowered to increase disposable income in the hand of consumers and thereby increasing the demand for goods and services the multiple increases of income, output and employment.

3. REGULATNG OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: Government can use taxes in regulating micro economic activities like consumption and production patterns. When the government intends to discourage the consumption of certain goods and services tax, for such goods and services will be increased and reduced when consumption is to be encouraged, imposition of impact duties. This applies when there is need to encourage or discourage production patterns.

4. RE-DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME: Government levy progressive tax to reduce disparities or difference in the standard of living between the rich and the poor.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This research work will be useful to the government in planning her fiscal policy as regards improving the Nigeria economy. This reason is that much emphasis will be placed on the companies income tax of which in the past generation over 30% of the government revenue instead they concentrated solely on petroleum (oil sector)ineffective in centrally disposable income and inflation, thus, the research work is to urge the government in paying more attentions on company income tax, also government should use the excess income from the oil sector and allocate such sector like agriculture, industries to mention, but a fence of the Nigeria economy so as to strengthen government tax policy.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

TAX: A tax is a compulsory levy imposed by the government or public authority on the income, profit or wealth of an individual, community, corporate body etc. for public purpose.

TAXATION: Taxation can be defined as the process or system of raising an income through the levying types of taxes.

COMPANY: The court defined company as a justice person having no physical existence of its own but recognized by law as performing its functions through agents and servants who do exist physically.

ASSESSMENT OF INCOME: This is the amount of income after charging expenses and outgoing against the gross income from each source in the year immediately preceding the year of assessment.

VALUE ADDED TAX: Value added tax is a tax payable on the supply of services they purchase. (input VAT is charged VAT on goods and services they supply output VAT),input VAT relates the goods and services purchased or imported directly for resale and goods which from the stock in trade used for the manufacturer production of any new product on which the output tax is charged.

WITHHOLDING TAX: Tax is an advance tax on income deducted at source, in some cases; it is the final tax most especially when it is paid to nonresident recipient.

COMPANY INCOME TAX: Tax is payable on each year of assessment profit of any company at a specific rate. Company income tax is assessed on all the profits of any company that is incurring in, derived from, brought into or received in Nigeria in respect of any trade or business for whatever period of time such trade or business may have been carried on.

Pages

Saturday, 25 October 2025

How to Write Chapter One of a Project (with Examples)

🧩 OVERVIEW: WHAT CHAPTER ONE IS ABOUT

🔹 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

✍️ How to Write It:

✅ Example:

🔹 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

✍️ How to Write It:

✅ Example:

🔹 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

✍️ How to Write It:

✅ Example:

🔹 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

✍️ How to Write It:

✅ Example:

🔹 1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES (If applicable)

✍️ How to Write It:

✅ Example:

🔹 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

✍️ How to Write It:

✅ Example:

🔹 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

✍️ How to Write It:

✅ Example:

🔹 1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY (optional but useful)

✍️ How to Write It:

✅ Example:

🔹 1.9 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS (optional)

✍️ How to Write It:

✅ Example:

✅ SUMMARY CHECKLIST FOR CHAPTER ONE

Saturday, 4 March 2023

IMPORTANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATE IN NIGERIA

THE CAUSES AND PROBLEMS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR

THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE BUDGETING AS A TOOL FOR PLANNING IN BANKING INDUSTRY

THE EFFECT OF RISING PRICES OF BUILDING MATERIALS ON PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

THE EFFECT OF LABOUR UNION ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

THE CLONING OF COMPUTER WITH RESPECT TO COMPUTER COOLING FAN FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN THE COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

AUTOMATIC TIME TABLE SCHEDULER SYSTEM

GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT FOR PORTABLE WATER SUPPLY

Friday, 3 March 2023

AN ASSESSMENT OF TAX POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ON THE GOVERNMENT COUNCIL