ENEMS PROJECT

Saturday, 4 March 2023

IMPORTANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

(A Case Study of Agatha Trading Company Nigeria)

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research work is to expose the general public on how small and medium scale enterprises can provide employment and Transform the country’s economy. The sectors have the capability of providing employment to 70% of the country’s population. The work will show the practical aspect of employment creation through Agatha Trading Company (operations). The researcher work will also cover some organizations that promote SMEs in Nigeria. The researchers equally try to look at the importance of small and medium scale enterprise in the country’s economy. One of the bases of this research work is for public to understand the importance of SMEs as a vehicle of effective growth and development in the country as it reduces unemployment. In order to check the validity of the subject matter; data were gathered using both primary and secondary data collection method. A well-constructed questionnaire as dispatch out to respondents (i.e. staff of Agatha Trading Company Nigeria) which were collected within four days of dispatch. The data collected was tested using chi-square test statistics and at the end it was discovered that Small and Medium Scale enterprise will provide adequate goods/services to ultimate users at the right time, right place, and in the right quantity. It will also encourage people to be independent on government and will increase employment which in turn increase the Gross domestic percentage (G.DSP) per capital income of the country and good standard of living.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the policy instruments which the Federal Government OF Nigeria adopted to speed up industrialization in the country is the promotion of small and medium scale enterprises (SMES). Their activities were encouraged, and the incentive given to them to boost the operation. Incentives, such as tax relief, import duty, restates on essential raw materials, loans and credit facilities through organizations like the small scale industrial credit scheme development, development of industrial centers to assist young entrepreneurs to perfect their skills and so on.

These efforts were complemented by numerous financial institution set up solely to provide funds towards the industrial sector of the economy such as the Nigeria Industrial Development Bank (NIDB), Nigeria Bank of Commerce and Industry (NBC), Nigerian National Economic Reconstruction Funds(NNERFUN) and the like, all providing funds for operations or importations of vital raw materials. Father measures were taken by the Government towards the development of indigenous enterprises through the Nigeria Enterprises Promotion Decree of 1976 and 1977 with subsequent adjustment, which reserved certain enterprises mainly for indigenous entrepreneurs, while allowing foreign participation in others. This was further expanded through revitalization and commercialization were slated to be privatized in their operations, commercialized so that they could complete effectively with other private sector organizations offering similar services or products.

Recently, the federal government has established the Bank of Industries (BOI), to support small and medium scale enterprises despite all the initiative from the Federal Government that are operated, through banks and other financial houses, the small and medium scale enterprises, sub sector is still faced with a lot of problems that prevent them from the available funds and the delivery of such funds.
in view of the above, this research is therefore carried out to lay down the importance of small and medium scale enterprises to the Nigerian economy and the measure to be put in place to enhance their performance so as to make way for effective performance of present and the future small and medium enterprises in the economy.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Commercial banks are generally week in granting loans to small and medium scale enterprises.

There is also poor administration of government in assisting programmes for small and medium enterprise development. Instead they are looking down upon and regarded as “No future ambitioned people” poor communication networking and lack of information made available either from experience or from other people also constitute the problem of development some government policies are also not to be overlooked as a potential small an medium scale problem. These policies tends to discourage any initiative put forward by a small and medium scale enterprise in their operation for instance a business man who is starting fashion designing business would be challenged with the government policy of loan on the importation of textile materials.

OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY

Objective of this study is to search for better ways to solve the above mentioned problems and proffer solutions to this. The discussion on small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) is very wide and could be endless. Nevertheless for the purpose of this research the scope of discussion shall cover the following areas:

To find out the importance of the small and medium scale enterprises to the Nigeria economy.
To find out the role of the small and medium scale enterprises on economical Nigeria development.
To determine the problems encountered by the small and medium scale enterprises.
To identify those strategies that will enhance the success establishment and operation of small and medium scale enterprises.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This project work is significance due to some numbers of reasons:

The study will provide a yard stick with which to develop appropriate measures against the problem or factors that prevent the full utilization of enterprises. (small and medium scale enterprises).
It is the researcher’s belief that study will be of immense assistance to investors and entrepreneurs alike.
It will also enlighten the general public and prospective investors on the potentials of small and medium scale enterprises (SMES).
This will therefore, guide them on the type of viable enterprises to venture into.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

To make this research work more explicit or clear, the following questions would be considered by the researcher:

Are individual advised to engage in small and medium scale enterprise?
How has small and medium scale enterprises impacted on the current economic development of Nigeria.
Does the government of Nigeria encourage small and medium scale business?
What do you think are the major financial sources of small and medium enterprises (SMEs)?
What is the motivational tool or force for small and medium scale enterprises?
1. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis is a tentative statement of plausible assumption, the validity of which is yet to be known. Here statement of reasonable assumption is made and later subjected to test.

The study shall test the following hypothesis:

H_o: Effective distribution system does not significantly increase organization sales volume.

H_i: Effective distribution system significantly increases organization sales volume.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research work shall cover the vital issues of small and medium scale enterprises through SMEs among others by limiting the scope of the study, to its relevance in the country economy, the benefit and what is stand to achieve as well as taking AGATHA as a major contributing stakeholders.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is constrained by human factors which on the possible failure of individuals nor likely to tell the exact truth of what are available. Similarly, time has the tendency to hinder on intensive research work. But not withstanding the above effort has been made to overcome incidents obsolete as much as necessary, finally insufficient fund was constant because of vital information have to be sourced from the internet.

1.9 DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS

a. Management: Management is the continuous systematic process of planning, organizing or directing staffing and controlling resources of the organization (man, money and materials) so that, the individuals, the organization and the society can achieve certain objectives.

b. Mental ability: This consists of creative thinking ability, analytical ability and general intelligence.

c. Strategy: Is the determination of the long terms goal and objective of an enterprise and the adoption of courses necessary to carry out the goals.

d. Self confidence: Base on a very adequate self confidence that an enhance problem solving or the ability to handle difficult situation.

e. Technical knowledge: To know how related to the business that is ability to use tools, procedures and techniques necessary to ensure judicious utilization of resources.

EFFECT OF TRAINING AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF WORKERS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

There are a number of factors that contribute to the success of any organization, these factors include: capital, equipment, manpower, etc. All these factors are important but the most significant factor is the human factor. Since it is the people that will put the other resources to work, it should be viewed as such by management by giving it due attention in order to achieve its organizational goals and objectives. Manpower planning aimed at ensuring that the right person is available for the right job at the right time. This involves formulating a forward looking plan to ensure that the necessary human effort to make it possible for the survival and growth of the organization, it becomes imperative to develop the employee.

Manpower development is a process of intellectual and emotional achievement through providing the means by which people can grow on their jobs. It relates to series of activities, which an enterprise would embark upon to improve its managerial capacity. Manpower development is important in any discussion of strategic human resources management.

These emphasis on manpower and development is influenced by the belief that it is now desirable to focus more attention on areas which in the past has been relatively neglected because every organization regardless of its size must provide for the needs, interest and desire of its employee within the work environment if it is to earn loyalty, dedication, involvement and commitment necessary to compete effectively.

Since the early 1960, the human factor of production of manpower as it is alternatively called, has increasable been recognized as the most critical resource of the factors without which an effective utilization of all other factors remain a dream. Although, it might to tempting to attach more importance to the availability of physical resource such as capital and equipment undermining that they are mere passive factors of production, which depend on human intellectual which is the active agent to exploit them in order to achieve the objective of the organization. Thus, the human factors (manpower) is the main stay of the organization.

In other words, the success of an organization depends on the ability and expertise of those who operate it both at the managerial and lower levels of operation, such abilities and expertise usually stems from the knowledge they possess and training received.
According to Harbison, F.H. (1973), human being constitutes the ultimate basis of a nation’s wealth. This proposition applies to the organization, which implies that with daily increase and complexity in the organizational activities and the problem ensuring optimum productivity which is fast becoming a challenge as well as imperative for the management of organization, thus, training and development of staff on whom the huge responsibility of furthering these goals rest, must take top priority if the organization must continue to enjoy maximum performance from the staff. The main objective of setting up a company is to make profit and to achieve this organizational goal, adequate manpower planning and development programmes should be put in place to enhance performance.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The human resources (manpower) is considered the most critical to any organizational survival of a truism that adequate supply of material and financial resources that utilizes these available resources to bring about the desired goals.

However, most organizational plans meticulously for their investment in physical and capital resources and these plans are reviewed with utmost attention to detail while rarely do such organizations pay attention to human investment in which the capital and equipment will be in vain. Not many organizations consider the necessity for a well-defined and sustained training and development for staff in order to upgrade their performance or they are not able to cope financially with training and development programmes.

The very few organizations that give thought to this very important aspect of staffing functions do so with lack of seriousness; all round attention and continuity. The programmes are carried out not only once in a blue moon but are also lopsided in terms of content and staff participation. As a result of this, lackadaisical attitude of management towards training and manpower development. There had been a progressive decline in the ability of manpower to cope with the challenges that attend the over unfolding new dispensation in the industry, in the circumstance, what we find is that the rise in industrial output is inconsequential in spite of the enormous wave of modern technology that now exist in industrial activities.

It is the opinion of industry observes that the poor performance of the organization-workers follows from their inability to keep abreast with the new technological current as a result of the absence of appropriate and sufficient staff training. It is against this background that the researcher considered the impact of performance training and development on organizational performance of this mission, however, the researcher used Eco Bank Plc as a reference.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Are the employees of the Eco Bank Plc satisfied with quality of the selection and interview procedure?

2. Are the employees of the Intercontinental Bank Plc satisfied with the placement and promotion procedure?
3. Are there training programmes for the employees?
4. How adequate in terms of content and relevance, are these training progammes relevant?
5. Has the promotion process in the bank improved employees’ performance?
6. Are the employees of the bank utilized after their training?

1.4 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To conduct an empirical investigation through a review of the manpower planning and development policy of the bank.
To access the staff recruitment, selection and training programmes and from it, establish some relationship between these programmes and problems enumerated.
To highlight the need for manpower planning and development in the company.
To identify some techniques of manpower training and development in the company and their relevance to the company needs and the industry at large.
To establish the relationship between personnel training and development and staff performance.
To correct the belief that in this age of computerization and technological development, all that business units need to survive in the acquisition of up-to-date capital equipment to the neglects of the power management of its human resources
To proffer solutions to the identified problems.

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The testable hypotheses of this research study are the following:
HO: There is no direct relationship between manpower training and productivity in the bank.
H1: There is direct relationship between the manpower training and productivity.
HO: Lack of adequate manpower training and development is not directly responsible for high labour turnover.
H1: Adequate manpower and development is directly responsible for higher labour turnover.
HO: Training does not the productivity of employees and the organization.
H1: Training improves the productivity of employees and the organization.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Banking services constitute the backbone of the economy of a great country like Nigeria; no wonder it is always the most active sector in stock exchange. It is upon this premise that government monitors the activities of the banks through the Central Bank of Nigeria and provides the necessary infrastructures for optimum services to the public.

In spite of all efforts geared towards improving the services of that banking industry, there are some doubts as to the quality of services rendered by the banks to its customers in particular and the nation in general. It is in light of this that the researcher through the work intend to look into the factors militating against Eco Bank Plc in achieving its sets objectives, by this, the study will look into the manpower base and quality of staff of the Eco Bank Plc and assess their suitability with the aim of developing training programmes to enhance their performance since the progress of an organization is a function of the quality of those directing its affairs. The importance of this cannot be overemphasized especially in these periods when most companies are international standard complaint. It therefore behooves a company to plan and train its workers for the best quality of work to be relevant in the scheme of globalization.

This is particularly directed to establishment that are prone to think that the intractable problems of their organization is finance and not manpower planning and development it will also evaluate aspects of the recruitment, selection and training process, which bear strong relevance to corporate image, productivity efficiency and morals.

For the management of Eco Bank Plc, the benefit of training and development is that quality of work, life of the employees will reciprocate with increase performance on the job.

This will go a long way in providing job satisfaction and services as motivation towards the realization of individual aspiration, it will also be relevant to the human resource development department in the formulation of policies relating to training and development of personnel and for the government, to ensure adequate training and know-how to improve the economy as a whole.

1.7 LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Eco Bank Plc was selected for this study. The coverage may give time representation of selection practice in the government owned enterprises in the economy and the organized private sector.

The study was also limited to employees of the bank. The problems, the researcher encountered was that some officers were either too busy for interviews or cleverly avoided certain questions for the fear that the information given might put their jobs in jeopardy. Those who responding to questions tends to make their answers to reflect what ought to be rather that what is, this undoubtedly affected the quality and accuracy of information collected during the study.

A large population of the staff falls among the junior staff and as such, it is difficult to really get their opinion as regards manpower development as they are shy to respond and do not really appreciate the importance of development. A lot of finance was also required in making this project a reality, thus, the researcher was faced with the problem of finance and time.

These difficulties notwithstanding the researcher made concert efforts to ensure that the project was comprehensively carried out to meet the desired needs.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Effects were made at defining the following terminologies use din this study to avoid ambiguity and elicit proper understanding.
Ø Development: This is the process concerned with people’s capacity in a defined and over a period to manage and involve positive change, and reduce or eliminate unwanted change.
Ø Manpower: The human resource of a business concern. These include unskilled, skilled supervisory and management staff of a company.
Ø Planning: Setting objectives and deciding on the best ways of achieving the objectives.
Ø Empirical: Of people or method guided only by practical experience rather than by scientific ideas.

THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS PRODUCTIVITY

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Motivation is concerned with why people do what they do. It answers such questions as why do managers or workers go to work and do a good job. This tries to explain what motivates people to act the way they do, with primary focus on the work place. It is the primary task of the manager to create and maintain an environment in which employees can work efficiently to realize the objectives of the organization.

Employees differ not only in their ability to work but also in their will to do so (motivation). To motivate is to induce, persuade, stimulate, even compel, an employee to act in a manner which fulfills the objectives of an organization. The motivation of employees depends on the strength of their motives. Motives are needs, wants, drives, or impulses within the individual, and these determine human behaviour.

Motivation then is the process of:
Arousing behaviour.
Sustaining behaviour in progress, and
Channeling behaviour into a specific course of action.

Thus, motives (needs, desires) induce employees to act. Motivation, therefore, is the inner state that energies, channels, and sustains human behaviour.
Since it has been established that all behaviour except involving responses are goals directed, manager can apply motivational theories of management in their attempt to direct the job behaviour of employees towards the goal of their establishment.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Workers leave organization due to the fact that they are not motivated enough. Some are not willing to leave because they are enjoying some benefit in terms of promotion which leads to increase in salaries and wages, bonuses and some other incentives.

Organizations must improve the work performance, productivity, skills and ability of its employees. The problem is how to motivate workers to achieving higher productivity.

1.3 RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Some of the research questions are:
1. To what extent does the personnel policy implemented by your company affect your productivity?

2. How often does the company embark on staff training and development?

3. Does your company clearly/respect trade union position of its employees?

4. Are there differences in the way staff and workers are t4eated in the organization?

5. Is joint consultation practiced positively, as a method of obtaining employees views on problems and proposed charges before final decisions are taken?

1.4 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The research hypotheses are:
Hypothesis I:
HO: The more there is effective motivation, the less the morale of employees.
H1: The more there is effective motivation, the more the moral of employees.

Hypothesis II:
HO: Adoption of motivational techniques will automatically decrease the workers productivity.
H1: Adoption of motivational techniques will automatically increase the workers productivity.

Hypothesis III:
HO: the success of an organization does not depend on the motivational procedures being adopted.
H1: The success of an organization depends on the motivational procedures being adopted.

1.5 PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study is to ascertain the motivational activities of Intercontinental bank Plc.
a. To ascertain the application of the motivational techniques by the organization concerned.

b. To know the problem inhibiting the success of the employees’ motivation in the organization.

c. To know the response of the employees to motivational techniques adopted by the organization.

d. To provide solutions and recommendations where necessary on the best and effective motivational techniques used in the organization.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This project covers the aspect of motivation in persuading, stimulating and compelling an employee to act in a manner which fulfills the objectives of the organization.

One cannot but say that data collection is the most tedious of writing the project.

Another limitation is that the researcher being a student who has to read other courses as well as to take normal lectures during the period of the research may be limited by time given for the study being too short.

Lastly, the fund constraint in carrying out this research project, the cost of getting materials and information as well as their adequacies will also constitute the limitation of the study.

1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study cannot be over-emphasized. It will be base don the examination of the motivation practice in Intercontinental Bank Plc, and to know the extent to which it is being carried out, the effects on the workers, the organization and the country at large. Moreso, to acquaint the various managers and different categories of employees to the need to embrace motivation which will go along way in achieving higher productivity.

Besides, those students in the field of administration will find it educative, interesting and challenging in that, the various activities and techniques of motivation are revealed and logically analyzed.

Lastly, this project will be of value to those who may want to carry out similar research in the nearest future.

1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Motivation: This is the process of arousing behaviour, sustaining behaviour in progress, and channeling behaviour into a specific course of action.

Management: This is the process of getting things done through people. It involves planning, organizing, staff, directing, coordinating and controlling both human and material resources for the purpose of achieving a set goal.

Responsibility: This is the subordinate’s obligation to perform a duty which has been assigned to him.

Leadership: Is a process of using non-coercive influence to direct and coordinate the activities of group members towards goals’ accomplishment.

Manager: Is one who performs the functions of management (planning, organizing, staffing, etc) and occupiers a formal position in an organization.

Organization: This has to do with determination and provision of capital, material, equipment and personnel that may be required in an enterprise in order to achieve the set goals.

Organizational Structure: This is the established pattern of relationships among the components of the organization.

Organizational Chart: It is a diagram that shows the arrangement, positions and interrelationship of various component parts of company.

Employee: This is a person who is paid to work for an organization or business enterprise.

Behaviour: Is the manner that someone, an animal, a plant etc do thing sin a particular way.

Department: Any of the division or unit of a government, business, school or college and so on.

Employees’ Services: This is the maintaining of the general welfare of employees on the job and assisting with problems related to their security and personal wellbeing e.g. medical services and insurance protection.

STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATE IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

In the Nigeria context, the public housing estate constitutes an active and major part in prospect development. Without the support of the government providing the public with housing estate, there will be housing shock/shortage in the country but the major problem after financing the structure is the effective management of the public housing provided. This term paper is aimed at examining the strategies for effective management of public housing estate in Nigeria. Literature was reviewed and it was discovered that public estate can be properly management if all the required facilities are available. It was recommended that allocation of accommodation to tenants should be passed on certain policy and point allocation. That allocation accommodation should be those that desired it and make judicious use of the house. In fact, allocation should reflect the need of the tenants and ability to pay the rent and other liabilities that will arose in the process of management.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

There is no universal accepted definition for management, it can however be looked at as the science of organization and operation or at the practical level, the act of directing and conducting affairs. Management elements, or functions. Activities include forecasting, planning, commending, co-coordinating and controlling, the functions should be well integrated by a valuer in order to effectively manage the estate to obtain optimum return.

Lawal, (1999) define management as an objective for providing a policy for decision or economic direction. i.e. management can be viewed as a decision making process. Management entails the selection of goals and planning, procurements, organization, coordinating, and controlling of the necessary resources for the desired achievement.

Allsop (1979) defines management as science organization and operation or at a particular level, the act of getting things done in an efficient manner.

The management of public housing estate can be defined as the use and direction of nation’s land resources in order to receive maximum return for the community as a whole. The decision taken in respect of administrating, planning asset must always be viewed against the pattern, the political priority for the community as a whole. Where the interest of the estate and public at large seem to conflicts the estate differed.

However, the country that goes on building but will not effectively manage what it has built is quite simple making history and destroy it immediately putting out a very good structure is not the only thing necessary in housing delivery but sound management and effective maintenance of the built structure. The building without proper management and maintenance can be likend to a new born baby. To obtain a maximum return on property, proper management for the particular property has to be adopted. One has to become to the real understanding of the fact that property management is not a test work rather it requires variety of skills and experience before the management can be effective. At this point, we the management techniques of public housing estate in Nigeria will be examine.

1.2 Aim and objectives of the study

This study is aimed at examining the sustainable strategies applied to the management of public estate in Nigeria.

To achieve the above aim, the following objectives will be pursued;

To examine the meaning and management functions as relation to public estate.
To examine and analyze the problems inherent in the management of public estate.
To ensure the proper use and maintenance of the management of public estate.
To make useful recommendation that would improve the management of public estate.

1.3 Need for the study

The need for the management of public estate is not known by all and that is why the general public need to be highlighted. Even though if the public estate do not belong to private individual, there is need to manage estate property because when the government gets back their desired amount in return from the estate then the (government) would push their resources elsewhere and the money gotten from the estate can be used to pay the professional field and maintain the estate.

Scope and limitation of the study

This term paper is limited only to the management strategies of public housing estate. Some of the constraints encountered in the course of carrying out this research include; lack of adequate finance, time constraints, inadequate materials in the library. Also the epileptic power supply and inconsistent availability of network posed problem. But the researcher was to gather enough material to justify the validity of the research.

1.5 Methodology

In achieving the objectives of this research, secondary source of data collection was adopted.

General information

Most of the information used in this project are past ideas for this work was collected extract from journal and lecture notes, gadgets, unpublished texts, literature past project, newspaper and verification of past records etc. the analyses of data collected is used properly.

THE CAUSES AND PROBLEMS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR

A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK PLC

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The importance of capital as a necessity though not sufficient condition for economic growth is recognized in development economy where it is believed that the position of adequate financial resources is a pre-requisite for industrial transformation.

Experiences in some countries notably Japan, India and Germany have shown that banks if sufficiently in their respective countries could serve as an engine of growth to greatly assist the promotion of rapid economic transformation of any nation. Banks all over the world occupy a strategic and lending position in financial sector. Many Nigerians see banks as places nobody can mess up. Hence, their accepting institutions as the safety place for depositing their money. It is equally because of the confidence they have in the industry as a whole that over the years, many of them imbedded this habit of savings, which in turn is very necessary of positive economic development of the nation.

Ekechi (1995) said that confidence is a pre-requisite for economic recovery and sustained growth, but confidence is not a gift. It must be earned through the adjustment effort or rather confidence is rented because it is never yours and because it can be taken away anytime. The adjustable effort has to go on each and everyday”.

One legacy the structural adjustment programme (SAP) left on its trials is the increase in the number of banks in the country before the introduction of SAP in 1986. The number rose to about 127 as at August 1995. This phenomenal growth of banks was initially hailed as a healthy development in the economy because it was to spread the resources in the economy.

Because of the importance of banks monetary authorities pay great attention to the banking industry. In this process, they are sometimes faced with the problems of how best to handle financial distress in Nigeria banking sector. Financial distress in Nigerian banking sector date back to 1930 when the industrial and commercial bank, (ICB) failed one year after it’s established.

As Hornby defined distress as “great pains, discomfort of sorrow caused by wants of money or other necessary things.

John Ebhodaghe in explaining financial distress “two major problems are usually of serious concern. These are liquidity and insolvency”. He went further to explain liquidity as the inability of banks to meet its inabilities as they mature for payment while insolvent when the value of its realizable asset is less than the total value of liabilities.

The reasons for early distress of banks are summarized in the following features, which characterized the banks since during the period.

Foreign banks domination of deposit base, credit availability.
Banks services tailored to the needs of the expatriates.
Indigenous bank boom and failure resulting from under capitalization and poor quality management.
Lack of banking, control and direction.

Recently, it was realized that the development of statistical based, early warning system for problem banks identification would greatly assist regulators on classifying banks into sound and unsound categories. Worthy of notes is Decree No. 26 of August 1992 that prescribed the following for banks to be adjusted healthy.

Specified cash reserve
Specified liquidity ration
Adherence to prudential guidelines
Statutory minimum paid up capital requirement Adequate capital ration
Sound management.

Any bank, which did not satisfy any or all the listed factors, is adjudged unhealthy. It must be expressed here that there exist a thin dividing line between a distressed and unhealthy banks. This is because a bank, which is unhealthy in the short-run, may become distress in the long run. At the core of distressed bank, are twos basic problems compared to liquidity the later could not be neglected because it is an ominous sign of insolvency.

Therefore, in assessing the financial condition of a bank, it is customary to use the CAMEL framework. Also ownership structure and types of banks are important factors on explaining the financial condition of a bank. The recent NDIC report revealed that ownership structure was used to explain the degree of financial distress seven out of eight banks, that were financially distressed were either owned or controlled by the state government.

Another indicator of a distressed bank used in most countries of the world is a classified asset that exceeds 100 percent of shareholders fund. Following from above, it is therefore reasonable to conclude that a distressed bank is one that is technically insolvent the financial distress is caused by a number of factors including macro-economic conditions, the inhibitive policy of government capital adequacy, wide spread incidence of frauds, non-performing loans, unbraided risk by banks and so on. The effect of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector is a distressed economy. The causes and problems and the ways out of this financial distress will be discussed in details in this work.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Financial distress in Nigerian banking sector dates back to colonial era. One of the early Nigerian indigenous banks, the industrial and commercial banks, the industrial and commercial banks (ICB) failed in the early 1930’s and between 1992 – 1994, the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) were face with the problems on how best to prevent the financial distress in the banking sector. Within this period, more than thirty banks had been adjudged financially distressed.

The question remains what are the causes of these financial distresses in the banking sector? According to Charles worth, research arises when there is problem to solve, peculiarities or puzzle about a phenomena or the question to attaching meaning to identify and examine the causes and problems of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

In writing this project, the researcher had certain objectives in mind. In line with this following are the objectives of this write up.

To identify the extent to which low capital base has contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian, banking sector.
To identify the extent to which multiplicity of banks has contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian baking sector.
To ascertain how inefficient management has contributed to financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.
To identify to a large extent how fraudulent practices has contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.
To identify the effects of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.
To recommend possible ways of preventing financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be immense benefits to the Nigerian banking sector. This will enable them to know the causes of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector, and based on the recommendation of this study, they will know how to prevent financial distress.

Government will also benefit. As the operators of the economy, they will know the causes and effects of financial distress in the economy. Likewise, the depositors and potential investors will also benefits. There is a need for a development conscious country like Nigeria, to evaluate the performance of her financial sectors so as not to jeopardize her development efforts. It is helped that these findings will add to existing literature on causes and problems of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To what extent has low capital base contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian banking sector?
Does multiplicity of banks contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian banking sector?
Does inefficient management contribute to financial distress in Nigerian banking sector?
To what extent has fraudulent practices contributed to the financial distress in Nigeria banking sector?
What are the effects of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector?
What are the possible ways of preventing financial distress in Nigeria banking sector?

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

To come out with a reliable result, the following hypothesis were formulated and tested statistically.

H_o: Low capital base has not contributed to the financial distress in Nigerian banking sector.

H_i: Low capital base has contributed to the financial distress in

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research work covers the causes and problems of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector with reference to First Bank Plc.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This research work covers the causes and problems of financial distress in Nigerian banking sector with reference to First Bank Plc. In the cause of this study, the researcher could not carry out the work extensively due to the following constraints.

TIME CONSTRAINTS: Time was my greatest enemy as I had to cope with my class work, assignments, home work, and the project work at the same time, and moreover, most of the materials for the project work are not located in one place.

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: Finance was my major constraints since I don’t have enough fund for running around and this hindered the full coverage of the work.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

BANKS: Banks are financial institutions, which hold themselves out to the public (individuals, firms, organization, and governments) by accepting deposits and giving out advances as well as performing other customers.

FRAUDS: Fraud is intentional distorting twisting or changing of financial statement or using criminal deception to deceive someone in order to achieve illegal advantage

LIQUIDITY: Liquidity is inability of a bank to meet its liabilities as they mature for payment.

INSOLVENCY: Insolvency is when the value of realizable assets of a bank is less than the total value of its liabilities.

CAPITAL ADEQUACY: Capital adequacy is when banks through proper fund management has enough capital to serve as a fall back and at course, shock absorber in the event of losses resulting from business transactions.

SHAREHOLDERS: shareholders are the owners of the bank, whose names were described to the memorandum of the bank when the bank is registered. This is done through the purchase of the bank’s shares.

PAID UP CAPITAL: This refers to that part of the issued capital, which has been paid-up.

DISTRESS: This means great pains; discomfort or sorrow caused by wants money or other necessary things.

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME SELECTED VEGETABLES IRRIGATED WITH POLLUTED WATER IN KABALA WEST AREA OF KADUNA STATE

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOME SELECTED VEGETABLES IRRIGATED WITH POLLUTED WATER IN KABALA WEST AREA OF KADUNA STATE

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to assess the levels of different heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium and Zinc in Vegetables like cabbage, lettuce, spinach, Bitter leaf and pumpkin irrigated with polluted water in different farms in Kabala West area of Kaduna state, the concentrations of the heavy metals were determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis, the result shows that lead (2.130-9.075 mg/kg), Cadmium (1.365-1.735 mg/kg) and Zinc (2.720-6.765 mg/kg) were detected in all the samples except for Zinc which was not detected in lettuce and cabbage. The concentration of lead (9.075 mg/kg) detected in spinach was the highest and that of cadmium (1.365 mg/kg) detected in bitter-leaf was the lowest in all the samples analyzed. The result also indicated that Lead and cadmium detected in all the samples analyzed in this project were above the permissible limit of (0.3 mg/kg) and (0.10 mg/kg) respectively with the exception of Zinc which was below the permissible limit of (100 mg/kg) set by FAO/WHO in 2001.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The consumption of vegetables as food offer rapid and least means of providing adequate vitamins, supply minerals and fibers. Vegetables that are used as food include those used in making soups or served as integral parts of the main sources of a meal. Leafy vegetables occupy a very important place in the human diet (Zurera et al., 1999), but unfortunately constitute a group of food which contributes maximally to nitrate and other anions as well as heavy metal consumption. Heavy metals deposition are associated with a wide range of sources such as small scale industries (including battery, Metal smelting and cable coating industries); vehicular emissions, and diesel generator sets. Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and zinc are important environmental pollutant, particularly in areas where vegetables are irrigated with waste water, consumption of vegetables such as spinach, cabbage, lettuce, Bitter leaf and pumpkin by humans and animals pose serious health hazards, Although some heavy metals as Lead, Cadmium and Magnesium are important in plant nutrition, many of them do not play any significant role in the plant’s physiology. The uptake of these heavy metals especially into the human food chain is done through these leafy vegetables and they have harmful effects on health (Jarup, 2003).

Vegetables act as neutralizing agents for acidic substances formed during digestion, as human activities increases especially with the application of modern technology, pollution and contamination of human food chain has become inevitable. Heavy metals cannot be underestimated as these food stuffs are important components of human diet, they are very rich and comparatively cheaper sources of vitamins, Consumption of these items provides taste and palatability increases appetite and provides fibre for digestion and prevent constipation (Agrawal, 2011). Heavy metal contamination of food item is one of the most important aspect of food quality assurance; International and national regulation on food qualities have lowered the maximum permissible levels of toxic metals in food items due to an increased awareness of the risk these metals pose to food chain contamination.

Rapid and Unorganized industrialization and Urbanization has contributed to the elevated levels of metals in the urban environment in developing countries, Heavy metal are non bio- degradable and persistent environmental contaminants which may deposited on the surfaces and then absorbed into the tissues of the vegetables; Plants take up heavy metals by absorbing them from deposits on the parts of the plant exposed to the polluted water (Amoah, 2008) Waste water from industries of mining electroplating paints or chemical laboratories often contains high concentrations of heavy metals, These elements at concentration exceeding the physiological demand of vegetables, not only could administer toxic effects in them but also could enter food chain, get biomagnified and pose a potential threat to human health. Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils from waste water irrigation is of serious concern due to its implications on human health.

1.1 EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ON HUMAN HEALTH

Small amounts of heavy metals are needed in our environment and diet and are actually necessary for good health, but large amount of any of them may cause acute or chronic toxicity (poisoning). Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs. Long term exposure may result in slowly progressing physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative processes, allergies are not uncommon, and repeated long-term contact with some metals (or their compounds) may cause cancer (WHO, 2006). For some heavy metals, toxic levels can be just above the background concentrations naturally found in nature. Therefore, it is important to learn about heavy metals and take protective measures against excessive exposure. The association of symptoms indicative of acute toxicity is not difficult to recognize because they are usually severe, rapid in onset, and associated with a known ingestion or exposure. Symptoms include: cramping, nausea and vomiting; pain; sweating; headache difficulty in breathing impaired cognitive motor, and language skills, mania and convulsions symptoms of chronic exposure (impaired cognitive and language skills, learning difficulties; nervousness and emotional instability; and insomnia, nausea, lethargy, and feeling ill) are also usually recognized; however, they are much more difficult to associate with their cause(Jarup, 2003). Symptoms resulting from chronic exposure are very similar to symptoms of other health conditions and often develop slowly over mouths or even years. Sometimes, symptoms of chronic exposure subside; thinking the symptoms are related to something else people postpone seeking treatment. (Khillare et al., 2004).

1.2 BENEFITS OF HEAVY METALS

In small quantities, certain heavy metals are nutritionally essential for a healthy life. Those elements, or some form of them, fruits and vegetables and in commercially available multivitamin products (WHO, 2006), this research work focuses on vegetables because it is widely consumed in Nigeria, so it is important to know about their relationship with heavy metals. Diagnostic medical application include direct injection of gallium during radio logical procedures dosing with chromium in parent nutrition mixtures, and the use of lead as x-ray shield (Jassir, M.S., et al , 2005). Heavy metals are also common in industrial applications such as the manufacture of pesticides, batteries, alloys, electroplated metal parts, textile dyes, steel, and so forth (WHO, 2006). Many of these products are in our homes and add to the quality of life when properly used.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project work is to determine heavy metals in some selected vegetables in Kabala West, Kaduna, Nigeria..

Objectives

· The objective of this work is to ascertain the level of heavy metals in analyzed samples

· To determine the concentration of heavy metals in the selected vegetables

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

The scope of this project work covers the determination of the presence of heavy metals in vegetables grown in kabala west area of Kaduna state, and also to determine the various concentrations of the heavy metals in the selected vegetables.

JUSTIFICATION

Previous projects have been carried out to ascertain different levels of heavy metals in soil and water samples, but this project specifically targets heavy metals in vegetables grown and irrigated with polluted water in Kabala area of Kaduna state.

THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE BUDGETING AS A TOOL FOR PLANNING IN BANKING INDUSTRY

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

A substantial advance has been made in the act and science of managing group efforts in industry, government and other endeavours. The complexity of modern management problems has led to the development of those management tools, techniques and procedures which are commonly and collectively referred to as scientific management. If business is not operated under some sorts of plans, it is merely an incoherent unit without any sense of direction and certainly it cannot be referred to as an organization.

Planning is inherent in the very nature of modern business conditions. Banks and other organizational activities must be well planned so that the firm may operate effectively and efficiently utilize all resources economically to achieve the desired result.

One of the most important approaches that has been developed for facilitating performance of the management process of the bank is comprehensive effective planning and control (management budgeting).

The concepts and techniques of the need for effective planning can be said to be a means by which complex organization can be guided so as to make or produce intended results. One of the objectives of budgeting is to secure economic stabilization in order to achieve desired goals.

Another objective of budgeting is to see how the organization accomplishes its set objectives and this can be inform of what organization does and what it achieves.

Budgeting also tries to allocate and secure adjustment in resources availability this is achieved with the aim of placing some of the laudable programme on priority list prompt alienation.

Planning on the other hand is of course decisions making since it involves selecting among alternative planning is referred to as future circumstances and requirement, deciding objectives, making short and long term plans, determining policies to be followed and also standard to be set.

Planning is based upon a clearly define objectives and it considered factors in the environment which will help or hinder organization goals, planning provides a tools so that performance can be evaluate with established standard, it should be precise, practicable and simple operate and understand. Planning should also be flexible to ensure that circumstances necessitate changes without disrupting the plan. However, budgeting drawn up a financial plan which contain certain financial proposals, these financial proposals

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the most important approaches has been developed for facilitating performance of the management process of the bank is comprehensive effective planning.

The need for effective budgeting as a tool for planning in the banking industry in Nigeria involved use of budgeting to plan, planning is significant in the functional areas of management, which are brought into focus, creating a mutual enrichment of performance that is a vital focuses on the usefulness of planning to aid the management on how profit can be realized. Also, the planning function of the budget is very central to the realization of budget objective.

Planning involves the determination of objectives. This aimed at studying the meaning and importance of budgeting in banks, the problem face by this bank and also how budgeting procedure in planning can be used in bringing possible solution to their problems. As a result, a budget reflects the status of an organization.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The bank still finds it difficult to administer their operation effectively to the public because of the fluctuating effect of some factor ranging from economic political socio-cultural and religion factors.

Are there prospect of these bank?
Have you experienced any problem as regards budgeting yet?
What benefit are derivable from the service of the bank?

Other related problems are unqualified staff employed at the influence of top management (directors) and non-repayment of credit facilities at the specific date proposed.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to ascertain THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE BUDGETING AS A TOOL FOR PLANNING IN BANKING INDUSTRY. The specific objective of the study includes:

To find out some problems facing the authority in the process of budgeting.
To determine the area of price rating of authority in planning process and policies in achieving the goal of the organization through budgeting.
To examine how budgeting influence specifically relating the plans to actual performance of UBA Plc. through budgeting can do planning and this.
To offer useful suggestions on the basis of finding and how best to improve the budgeting system through planning process.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This researcher work is relevant in the following ways:

It will point the importance of budgeting and how UBA Plc uses it to achieve its organizational aims and objectives.
It is envisage that this project will provide an insight to the problem which is associated with the bank with respect to the topic and proper solutions.
It could serve as a “think tank” for other business owners, particularly for the fact that will involves a big and successful business like UBA.
It is also significance in the area of academics, as it could be used for future reference where it is relevant.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research work covers the activities of UBA Garki Branch. AU information in respect of this study is based on the branch. The study covers the need for effective budgeting as a tool for planning in banking industry in Nigeria.

Therefore, with the Abuja branch located where researcher is based, it ensures the cost of transportation for the collection of data and necessary information from the other branch.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

It is essential to make know every bit of term used there in, therefore some terms must be explained in detail to avoid misconception and misinterpretations since there are different people’s interpretation.

The following terms are to be considered:

Budgeting: Is a carefully worked out financial plan, a co-ordinating tool as well as a control technique based on forecasts and the best possible estimate that can be made at the date when budgets are prepared.
Planning: This involves taking a view of an organization how to make it forward through the use of resources and strategies to ensure customer satisfaction.
Management: The act of running and controlling a business organization to achieve its objectives and identify potential problem area for detailed investigation and corrective measure or actions.
Organization: Is a group of people who form a business together in order to achieve a particular aim to ensure effective cost control and put an effective organizational structure.
Credit: Money at owner disposal in an account it could be a sale on trust without money at the time of sale.
Overdraft: This is allow customers to draw cheque in excess of his current account balance.
Current Account: Customer deposit that is with drawable by cheque.
Advance: These are monies lent by a bank general in firm of an overdraft on a current account holder by means of loan.
Loan Capital: Loan capital is normally represented by fixed interest security.
Loan: Lending money to borrowers.

THE EFFECT OF RISING PRICES OF BUILDING MATERIALS ON PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

(A CASE ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL)

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Housing is one of the essential necessities of life beside food and security. Hence every rational man is desirous of owning a personal house or at least has an opportunity of living in a better accommodation with required basic facilities and utilities in a conducive environment. Shelter is one of the most priorities in our scales of preference when it comes to his needs, this due to its major determinate of productivity Welfare and state of being. Unfortunately, the need is limited in supply worldwide, the cause of this shortage are many. But one of this causes which form basis of this research work is the cost of building materials. The research will examine in practical terms how the cost of building materials has affected private residential properties in Nigeria Generally, and Karu area municipal council in particular. It also proffers remedies to tackle the problems on how our teaming population could be house adequately. Karu has been of the residential area within Abuja municipal area council which has gained tremendous attraction of various dwellers and development for various purpose like wise Nyanya, Durumi, Dutse etc. such attraction has been sequel to the development of private residential properties in the area this write up shall comprise of five chapters chapter one with introductory part of the research while chapter two Is made up of the conceptual frame work which encompass meaning and nature of residential development; also chapter three which research methodology while chapter four treats data presentation analysis, finally, chapter five is the summary of the findings, recommendations and conclusion.

1.2 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE OF THE CASE STUDY

Abuja, being Nigeria capital came in existence by virtue of the decree No 6 of 1978, however it has assume that status of nation capital on the 12th December, 1991 when the seat of government was moved from Lagos to Abuja where it take it seat to data the trip of relocate the capital, federal republic of Nigeria began in august 1975 during late General Murtala Mohammed begin on assumption of office, the late General promised to address the deteriorating condition of Lagos and find lasting solution to it is as it becomes clean and in impracticable for Lagos to be retained as the federal capital in order to solve these problems once and for all. The late General Murtala inaugurated distinguish chairmanship of retired Honorable justice Akintola Aguda. The committee was charged with among other these tasks or recommending sweat able and alternative location, having regard to the need for easy accessibility and for every part of the federation. After the committee findings, the report submitted to the federal military government on 20th December. 1975 stated that the total land area in Lagos is estimated to be about 61.72 M2 which was grossly inadequate to be used for federal capital city not to even sharing it with Lagos state government.

The federal capital should be moved out of Lagos and be relocated to the central of the country, and area covering about 8000 M² and situated south of the present Suleja, Niger state. All these recommendations were accepted by the government and promoted the promulgation of federal capital at decree No 604 of 1976, which created the federal capital territory on 5th February, 1976 and vested the ownership and control of all land in the federal capital territory on federal government as well as the administration of the federal capital territory.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The indent study of this problems can be or will be examined by looking at how and to what extent or degree in which rising cost of building material have affected residential (private) property development, what are the effects of rising costs of building material’s in the study area (Abuja Municipal Area Council).

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Nigeria suffers from deep problems that undermine housing and construction companies, so this aspires to reverse the main holding factories o these problems. One of the reason is population growth. Specifically, the average age in Abuja is a mere 18 years. Moreover, Nigeria population growth rate is 2.90% (Central Department of Statistic and Information, 2012). Oil price also seem to be an enormous factors, because it cost more on transportation of personal, shipping of materials, manufacturing and so on. Another factor underlying economic problem, such as inflation, in addition, government project, such as subsidized schools and hospital that helps to cover the high population growth seems to be contributing to higher price.

1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The project is to examine the effect of rising cost of building materials on private residential property development with a view to recommending positive solution by taking Abuja as the only municipal to carry out informative aims. The following objectives shall be undertaken,

To examine the type of building material mostly patronized, weather local or foreign.
To examine the trend of the price of building materials between 2006 and 2014.
To examine the trend of building materials in Nigeria.
To ascertain the difficulties that arise from the project work in studying are and proffer the lasting solutions to them.

1 .6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This refers to the important of study of the people. This research will help people to know the effect of rising cost of building materials on development. It is also ‘a fair development alternative to expensive building materials, it provide government the opportunity of knowing which area to tackle. The rising cost of building materials so as to reduce the problem being faced by residential property development. It will also serve as reference materials to other researchers.

1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. The survey intends to use the methodology of identifying the factors

2. How to identify experts who could help in completing the survey.

3. The appropriate method of analyze the data in addition, certain factors were evaluated and analyzed to identify the key factors of cost increase in house and construction industry in Nigeria.

The graphic, social and other environmental factors to provide accurate and reliable information regarding the cost rise in Nigeria industry.

1.8 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following are research questions tray will guide the study.

1. What are the main factors that led to high cost of housing construction n the federal capital territory, Abuja?

2. What are the effects of the factors in housing construction industry?

1.9 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will limit itself to the effect of rising cost building material on residential. Properties development in Abuja municipal area council, this is done in order to enhance adequate coverage of the study area.

1.10 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Some hindrance has been encountered in carrying out this research work such as;

1. Many construction firms. Consultant quality surveyor, estate valuers or firms and land lords were relevant to disclose relevant information or data.

2. Hostility of some building materials merchants or dealers to release information during market and surveyor and field intervals.

3. Financial and time constraints also constitute some of the limitation, but the research was able to over come them.

1.11 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H_o: Rise in oil price, the increase in oil demand in the past 10 years nearly 50 percent increase, lead to the rapid increase in oil price

H_i: High demand for housing construction, the categories include high demand from (a) Nigeria citizens, government housing project and government public project.

H_o: Low housing supply, these categories include the increased annual demand for housing unit and the low supply of housing unit.

H_i: Speculative purchase of undeveloped lands, these categories includes corruption in the selling process of undeveloped land.

1.12 DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS

Price: It refers to change cost and expensive or expenditure required in buying or maintenance price is the quality of payment or compensation given one party to another in return for goods or services.

Building: Building is a manmade structure with roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place.

Materials: The substance or substance of which things are made of composed. Stone is a durable raw materials or anything that serves as a crude or raw material to be used or developed e.g. wood pule is the raw material.

REFERENCES

Aminu, A.A and Jagboro, G.O (2002). “The effect of construction delays on projects delivery in the Nigerian construction industry”

Isaidinso, E.I. (1988). “The needs and problems of the building industry in Nigeria a qualitative surveyor view”. Research Institute Seminar, Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute.

Fisk, E.R. (1997). “Construction project administration, 5th edition prentice Half, New Jersey.

THE EFFECT OF LABOUR UNION ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

(A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA LABOUR CONGRESS)

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is to examine the Effect of Labour Union on the Economic Development on Nigeria Labour Congress. To this end the project is divided into five chapters. Chapter once introduce the topic to highlight the importance and objectives of this study and delineate the scope of the study and historical background of the study area. Chapter two deals with the background, concept of the study, defines labour union, highlight the effect of labour union in an organization and labour management conflict. It also gives a review of the failure and achievement of labour in Nigeria, settlement of labour and made references. Chapter three discusses the design of the study, research population, sample size and techniques, sources of data collection and research instrument used. It also shows the method of data analysis and the distribution and collection of questionnaire. Chapter four treats data presentation, analysis, testing of hypothesis and summary of finding. Finally chapter five consider some facts and finally ends with the conclusion, recommendation, bibliography and appendix.

THE ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA IN THE ENTHRONEMENT OF DEMOCRATIC SETTING IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The study deals with the analysis of the role of the mass media in the enthronement of democratic setting in Nigeria. The research method used was the survey method, with the questionnaires and interview as the method for data collection. The study kicks off from the definition of democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people. Using questionnaires given to twenty (20) respondents, the study analyze the press and its revolution and power a growth and development of the Nigerian press in democracy. Analyses of the responses show that mass media have a significant contribution to the enthronement of democracy setting in Nigeria. As a recommendation the press is urged to put up expensive and effective machinery to cover the nation as a whole and not just the cities and their inhabitants the press was also admonished to work towards national cohesion and to this it should consciously purse the goal of getting Nigerian to think and reason as Nigerian rather than alongside the dividends of ethnicity.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The conventional wisdom among Third World planners today is that the mass media should integrate with the indigenous modes of communication in promoting development. This wisdom has become intuitively logical because the traditional forms of communication are innate to Third World societies and, therefore, better suited for the dissemination of culture-centred development information to people at the grassroots. However, while the intrinsic nature of the indigenous forms of communication endows them with “a high degree of credibility and acceptance by the people” (Ranganath, 1977; Adhikarya, 1974), the attitude of Third World peoples toward the modern mass media are not yet clear.

This study explores Nigerians Attitude toward the role of mass media (i.e. radio, television and newspapers) in enthronement of democracy in Nigeria. Specifically, the study addresses some questions, these questions are necessary to discern what value people at the grassroots place on the mass media in Nigeria. Such knowledge will be crucial to the efforts by development support communicators to receive maximum influence from communication resources at the project level of development planning.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem that leads to the study of Nigerians Attitude toward the role of the mass media in the enthronement of democracy since 1999 can be perceived from the rapid change in the constitution and laws that guide the activities of the media in the country. In the view of some individual, mass media has not been able to meet up with their role of upholding democracy in the country. However this is not so in the view of others, many people believe that the mass media is not empowered to carry out their function of gatekeeping in the Nigeria economy.

These studies will emphasis the attitude of people towards the activity of mass media in protecting and upholding democracy.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This research work seeks to examine the attitude of Nigerian to the role of mass media in enthronement of democracy since 1999.

This paper examines the role the media have played and continue to play in the socio-political and socio-economic reengineering of structures in a country faced with enormous problems which militate against its optimal performance as an emergent democracy. This study will seek to know the impact of mass media on enthronement of democracy and analysis the attitude of Nigerian to the this role of mass media

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Does mass media play any role in a democratic setting?
To what extent has mass media promoted democracy in Nigeria?
To what extent do Nigeria value the role of mass media in the democratic setting?
Does mass media contribute to the political development of Nigeria?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE TO THE STUDY

This study help us to access the power of mass media in influencing and bringing about attitudinal changes in people, especially to win support a candidate during election and to promote the enthronement of democracy in the country. It will also help political analyst and campaign managers to know the beset type of media to reach out to people during election as they fashion their campaign programmes to get maximum support and acceptance.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to the Nigeria Mass media. This study focuses on the role of mass media in the Nigeria Democracy since 1999. The concepts defined in this project work are mainly related to the Nigeria media. However the concepts may be well applicable to the media of other African country and the world at large.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The following are the limitation that hinders the study of this research work extensively:

Financial Constraint: There are not enough funds to fund the study of this research work. The researcher has access to a very little source of fund.

Time Constraints: Due to the limited time available to carry out this research work, it is not possible to carry out the research extensively as anticipated by the researcher.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. ROLE: Role according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (6 edition) is the degree to which somebody or something involved in a situation or an activity and the effect that they have on it.

2. MASS MEDIA: Defleui and Denhis (1981) defined mass media as the devices for moving messages across distance or time to accomplish mass communication.

3. ACCEPTABILITY: Agreed or approved of by most people in a society

3. CANDIDATE: A nominee or aspirants for any position or honour.

4. ELECTION: Is a process of selecting one person or more for an office, public or private, from a wider field of candidates.

REFERENCE

Ranganath, I. (1977). Government Media Relations in the Information Age Being a paper Presented at a National Seminar on Government and Media Relations under a Democratic Dispensation Ota: Ogun State: October 11-13; pp. 6-8

Adhikarya M.E., (1974). Overcoming Civic Literacy” in Media Reader: Perspectives on Mass Media Industries, Effects and Issues, 2nd Edition, Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company,

Defleui S.J. Denhis D.K, (1981). Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future. 2nd Edition, Belmont CA: Wadworth Durodola O. Ekpo

THE CLONING OF COMPUTER WITH RESPECT TO COMPUTER COOLING FAN FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN THE COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In our world today, computer has become very important and stands as part of our daily life. Computer knowledge has become invariably unavoidable as our day to day life depends on the usage of computer. Computer today is used in all aspect of life such as communication, education, banking, government, businesses etc. it has become a pivot of continuing socio-economic transformations worldwide and has found useful applications virtually in every aspect of human endeavour.

Computers have made such an enormous impact on our society today. There isn’t a place where you can turn where there isn’t a computer involved. The uses of computers can range from hundreds to billions of things. It has also changed the way one interacts with one another.

In conclusion, the way we interact with one another has been heavily influenced by society through the use of computers. It has become part of life and this may have made us overly dependent on them.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The study commenced by highlighting the importance of computer cloning. The study also noted that the department has over the years invested enormous resources in the acquisition of computers and infrastructure facilities needed for the support of training in its department. However, this effort has not fully catered for the number of students in the computer science department. To improve on these facilities, the department incorporated this project to increase efficiency and availability of computers to aid a conducive environment of learning.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem encountered contributed to the slow and difficult position the project went. Firstly, the issues of how to raise the money for the project within the shortest possible time to acquire the various components needed to fix the computer system. Secondly, coming together was difficult because of the nature of individual office engagements as all members of the group are not working in the same locality. Thirdly, getting all the requirements in one place was difficult as the team have to go from one location to the other to get standard requirements of the system configuration.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this project is to be able to clone a computer system and put it in an optional and efficient working condition.

The objectives of this study are as follows:

Carrying out feasibility study on how to get the required computer hardware for cloning a system.
Buying these individual hardware required for the cloning.
Fixing all the hardware to make up a complete system.
Putting the system into a workable condition for use.
To discuss the importance and maintenance of the computer cooling fans.

1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The study is significant for 2 reasons; firstly, the feasibility study should lead to a perfect cloning of computer hardware to offer options for more cost-effective way of acquiring a computer system. Furthermore, the findings of the study will add to the existing body of knowledge on the application of IT in computer hardware maintenance and to also discuss on the computer cooling fan as one of the component of computer hardware.

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

The study appraises the cloning of computer with respect to computer cooling fan for the improvement of learning environment in the computer science department.

AUTOMATIC TIME TABLE SCHEDULER SYSTEM

(A CASE STUDY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA)

ABSTRACT

Managing large and voluminous data manually is not only slow and cumbersome but also delay in the decision making process by the management. This project research on Automatic Time Table Scheduler System is intended to reduce the work load, save cost of keeping records and replace the existing manual method of time table in computer science department Nasarawa. And various method of flow chart were used to represent the input and output, also flow chart to represent the component, such flowchart is system flowchart while the one showing the input & output is system flowchart, and other materials were used such as textbooks web site such as Google offices/programming software which is MS Access, Visual basic 6.0 and word processing (MS Word).

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Automatic can be defined as the process of a machine or device having control that enable it to perform a work without needing to be constantly operated by a person such as computer. While computer can be defined as the electronic device or machine which accept, retrieve, store, input data and process data as output. The input data is the softcopy through the visual display unit (VDU) and output data as hardcopy through a printer. With the invention of windows in user today, computers are less prone to commands. Commands in form of windows or menus and with the mouse, you can click to perform different commands operations.

Meaning of process data, is to produce an accurate, high speed in terms of time in processing the information for management decision, is important to any business and academic environments. Various means of processing data have been developed amongst which computers have been the present successful tools in data processing.

Computers are suitable in handling large data like time table scheduler system not only in tertiary institution hut also in secondary school.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As government, private organization and individual, data occurs to us every day, in which such data needs to be handled properly and processed so as to achieve their goal requirement which is information. To do this work effectively and efficiently, it requires adopting a technique in handling the Time table scheduler system of the school.

The problem with manual system of time table scheduler system in the school does not only involve taking mental notes of data — subject, but slow, tedious and not effective. It should be noted that manual system of time table, most of the operations are performed by human being and paper is essentially the storage medium.

The disadvantage of this manual system is that, the data recorded on the paper may become obscure due to continuous user. And because there is no automation of the process of the time table, the manual process is quite slow.

1.2 OBJECTIVE I PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose and objectives of this project include:

It provides easy record management in the time table scheduler system.
To exterminate the problem of error.
To bring about a computerized efficient and effective time table scheduler system.
To relief lecturers involved with manual processing of school time table.
It helps in easy flow of information for quick decision making.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

For the fact that computer provides a lot merits over the manual processing system, the importance of computerized time table system of the school are listed below:

Easy accessibility: computerized time table is easy to access than manual. We use functional keys to retrieve a particular record easily which does not need to looking for or checking a file before locating a particular teacher subject taken at that time with a specific day.
Modification: computerized school time table can be updated without the need of drawing another fresh one.
Deletion: a record can be easily deleted or erased when the need arise. For example, when a teacher has left or is sacked from the school.
Append: computerized school time table can add records to the master file easily when a new teacher is employed.
Large storage facility: computer is been characterized to have large storage capacity. Time table scheduler system cannot be exceptional. Million and billions of records can be stored and retrieved easily.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this project is to build or design a-work-able, easy to use and reliable software for Computer Science Department. More so, it involves the total automation of time table system in the use of better and faster time table in the department. Thus, the project consists of the objectives and provides a way which the objective will be achieved. The scope of this work is extended to the following part and deals with the total automation of the following:

The project aim at facilitating the school by building a time table system that handle the school.
The project also deals with the security and reliability of information.
It is concerned with the accuracy, which involve the enhancement of computerization of time table once the input data is correct.
Automation of time table involve the time processing which is 100% faster than manual.

1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The project topic “Automatic Time Table Scheduler System” is specifically on the lecturers and students only. This cannot be used for any other purpose. It is limited to lecturers and students of the school, not an individual. It keeps the record of the subject the teacher takes in a class.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS USED

Hardware: they are the physical part of a computer machine that can be seen, touch and felt.

Software: Are programs written to solve a particular task in a computer, and are non-visible parts of a computer system.

Program: Are set of instructions arranged in a logical order and when executed, a task will be performed.

Instruction: is a statement, which dictates an action to he carried out.

Command: is an autocratic order that must be obeyed.

Data: Are raw facts that have not been processed when it goes into a system as an input.

Information: It is an output that is processed from input data.

Process: This refers to computational works or manipulation carried out on data.

Operating Systems: Are routine programs which direct the operations of the computer.

VDU: Visual Display Unit.

Keyboard: An input device where data can be entered into the computer.

ALU: Arithmetic and Logical Unit.

ROM: Read Only Memory

RAM: Random Access Memory

DOS: Disk Operating System.

Communication

Communication

Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another. Although this is a simple definition, when we think about how we may communicate the subject becomes a lot more complex. There are various categories of communication and more than one may occur at any time.

The different categories of communication are:

Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media.
Non-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how we dress or act – even our scent.
Written Communication: letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet or via other media.
Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can communicate messages.

The process of interpersonal communication cannot be regarded as a phenomena which simply ‘happens’, but should be seen as a process which involves participants negotiating their role in this process, whether consciously or unconsciously.

Senders and receivers are of course vital in communication. In face-to-face communication the roles of the sender and receiver are not distinct as both parties communicate with each other, even if in very subtle ways such as through eye-contact (or lack of) and general body language. There are many other subtle ways that we communicate (perhaps even unintentionally) with others, for example the tone of our voice can give clues to our mood or emotional state, whilst hand signals or gestures can add to a spoken message.

In written communication the sender and receiver are more distinct. Until recent times, relatively few writers and publishers were very powerful when it came to communicating the written word. Today we can all write and publish our ideas on the Internet, which has led to an explosion of information and communication possibilities.

The Communication Process

A message or communication is sent by the sender through a communication channel to a receiver, or to multiple receivers. The sender must encode the message (the information being conveyed) into a form that is appropriate to the communication channel, and the receiver(s) then decodes the message to understand its meaning and significance.

Misunderstanding can occur at any stage of the communication process. Effective communication involves minimising potential misunderstanding and overcoming any barriers to communication at each stage in the communication process. See our page: Barriers to Effective Communication for more information.

An effective communicator understands their audience, chooses an appropriate communication channel, hones their message to this channel and encodes the message to reduce misunderstanding by the receiver(s). They will also seek out feedback from the receiver(s) as to how the message is understood and attempt to correct any misunderstanding or confusion as soon as possible. Receivers can use Clarification and Reflection as effective ways to ensure that the message sent has been understood correctly.

Communication Channels

Communication theory states that communication involves a sender and a receiver (or receivers) conveying information through a communication channel.

Communication Channels is the term given to the way in which we communicate. There are multiple communication channels available to us today, for example face-to-face conversations, telephone calls, text messages, email, the Internet (including social media such as Facebook and Twitter), radio and TV, written letters, brochures and reports to name just a few.

Choosing an appropriate communication channel is vital for effective communication as each communication channel has different strengths and weaknesses. For example, broadcasting news of an upcoming event via a written letter might convey the message clearly to one or two individuals but will not be a time or cost effective way to broadcast the message to a large number of people. On the other hand, conveying complex, technical information is better done via a printed document than via a spoken message since the receiver is able to assimilate the information at their own pace and revisit items that they do not fully understand. Written communication is also useful as a way of recording what has been said, for example taking minutes in a meeting.

Encoding Messages

All messages must be encoded into a form that can be conveyed by the communication channel chosen for the message. We all do this every day when transferring abstract thoughts into spoken words or a written form. However, other communication channels require different forms of encoding, e.g. text written for a report will not work well if broadcast via a radio programme, and the short, abbreviated text used in text messages would be inappropriate if sent via a letter. Complex data may be best communicated using a graph or chart or other visualisation.

Effective communicators encode their messages with their intended audience in mind as well as the communication channel. This involves an appropriate use of language, conveying the information simply and clearly, anticipating and eliminating likely causes of confusion and misunderstanding, and knowing the receivers’ experience in decoding other similar communications. Successful encoding of messages is a vital skill in effective communication.

Decoding Messages

Once received, the receivers need to decode the message, and successful decoding is also a vital skill. Individuals will decode and understand messages in different ways based upon any Barriers to Communication which might be present, their experience and understanding of the context of the message, their psychological state, and the time and place of receipt as well as many other potential factors. Understanding how the message will be decoded, and anticipating as many of the potential sources of misunderstanding as possible, is the art of a successful communicator.

Feedback

Receivers of messages are likely to provide feedback on how they have understood the messages through both verbal and non-verbal reactions. Effective communicators should pay close attention to this feedback as it the only way to assess whether the message has been understood as intended, and it allows any confusion to be corrected. Bear in mind that the extent and form of feedback will vary according to the communication channel used: for example feedback during a face-to-face or telephone conversation will be immediate and direct, whilst feedback to messages conveyed via TV or radio will be indirect and may be delayed, or even conveyed through other media such as the Internet.

There are four main problems that prevent people from writing complete, grammatically correct sentences. These problems include: (a) the sentence fragment; (b) the run-on sentence; (c) lack of subject-verb and pronoun-reference agreement; and (d) la ck of parallel structure.

Sentence Fragments

A fragment is a sentence which is not complete, and therefore not grammatically correct. Sentence fragments are problematic because they are disjointed and confusing to the reader. There are three main causes of fragments: (a) a missing subject; (b) a missing verb; (c) “danger” words which are not finished.

There are three ways to check for sentence completeness:

1. Find the subject. A subject is the noun or pronoun about which something is written. To find the subject of a sentence, identify who or what is doing the action. If there is no subject, the sentence is a fragment. Consider the two examples below.

“The student felt nervous before the speech.”

“Thought about leaving the room.”

The first sentence above is complete, because it contains both a subject and a verb. The subject of this sentence is the student. The sentence contains a subject which answers the question, “who or what felt nervous?” The second sentence is a fragment, because there is no identifiable subject. The sentence does not contain a subject which answers the question, “who or what thought about leaving?” To correct the second sentence, one could write: “He thought about leaving the room.” Alternatively, on e could combine the two sentences to form one complete sentence: “The student felt nervous before the speech, and thought about leaving the room.”

2. Find the verb. A verb is the action word in a sentence. Verbs express action, existence or occurrence. To find the verb in a sentence, identify what happened. If there is no identifiable action, the sentence is a fragment. Consider the two examples below.

“Many scientists, such as Einstein, think in strange ways.”

“Many scientists think in strange ways. Einstein, for example.”

This first example above has one complete sentence followed by a fragment. “Einstein, for example” is a fragment because there is no verb. “Einstein” serves as the subject (he is the one doing something), but the rest of the sentence does not express wh at action he is taking. The second example is a complete sentence. In this case, the sentence contains both a subject (scientists) and a verb (think). Alternatively, one could write the following: “Many scientists think in strange ways. Einstein, for example, could not tolerate more than one bar of soap in his home.” In this case, there are two complete sentences. In the second sentence, the subject is Einstein and the verb is “could not tolerate.”

3. Check for “danger” words. A danger word is one which introduces a thought that requires a follow-up phrase. Such words are sometimes called “cliff-hangers” because they begin a statement, but leave it “hanging” without a finish. Consider the phrases below.

“If you come home…”

“When the rain falls…”

“Because he is mean…”

The danger words in the sentences above are “if,” “when” and “because.” When these words are used at the beginning of a phrase, they require a follow-up phrase to conclude the thought.

Example: If you come home on time…then what?
Correct: If you come home on time, I will buy you a present.

Example: When it rains…what happens?

Correct: When it rains, the gutters become clogged.

Example: Because he is mean…what is the result?

Correct: Because he is mean, I will not take a class from him.

Danger words are helpful when writing sentences, but one must be sure to include a concluding phrase when these words are used.

Commonly used danger words include: after, unless, although, how, as if, when, because, where, before, while, if, until, once, so that, since, whether.

Run-on Sentences

A run-on sentence is one which actually contains two (or more) complete sentences without the proper punctuation to create separate sentences. There are two common forms of the run-on: (1) the “comma splice” in which a comma is inserted between two comp lete sentences where a period should actually be used; (2) a lack of punctuation where a semi-colon or period is needed.

Incorrect Examples – The Comma Splice

John is a musician, he plays the guitar for a living.

The girl walked home, she decided not to ride the bus.

He could only guess at the number of guests who attended the party, the entire yard was filled with people.

In each of the examples above, the two sentences are incorrectly joined by a comma, thus “splicing” two complete sentences together into one run-on sentence. To correct these run-on’s, the comma should be replaced by a period, thus creating two separate sentences, as shown below.

Correct Examples

John is a musician. He plays the guitar for a living.
The girl walked home. She decided not to ride the bus.
He could only guess at the number of guests who attended the party. The entire yard was filled with people.

Incorrect Examples – Lack of Punctuation

There is a problem with the television however no one is available to fix it.
Nobody knows what really happened the policeman said there was a fight.
That is the problem when people have conflict they attack each other personally.

In each of the examples above, some type of punctuation is needed to separate the two parts of the sentence: either a semi-colon or a period.

Correct Examples

There is a problem with the television; however, no one is available to fix it.
There is a problem with the television. However, no one is available to fix it.

Nobody knows what really happened; the policeman said there was a fight.
Nobody knows what really happened. The policeman said there was a fight.

That is the problem when people have conflict; they attack each other personally.
That is the problem when people have conflict. They attack each other personally.

Subject-Verb Agreement

In order for a sentence to be grammatically correct, the subject and verb must both be singular or plural. In other words, the subject and verb must agree with one another in their tense. If the subject is in plural form, the verb should also be in plur al form (and vice versa). To ensure subject-verb agreement, identify the main subject and verb in the sentence, then check to see if they are both plural or singular. Consider the examples below.

Incorrect examples – Subject-Verb Agreement

“The group of students are complaining about grades.”

The main subject in this sentence is “group,” which is singular. The main verb is “are complaining,” which is plural.

“A recipe with more than six ingredients are too complicated.”
The main subject in this sentence is “recipe,” which is singular. The main verb is “are,” which is plural.

“The facts in that complex case is questionable.”

The main subject in this sentence is “facts,” which is plural. The main verb, “is,” is singular.

“The people is wearing formal attire.”

The main subject in this sentence is “people,” which is plural. The main verb is “is wearing,” which is singular.

Correct examples

“The group of students is complaining about grades.”

“A recipe with more than six ingredients is too complicated.”

“The facts in that complex case are questionable.”

“The people are wearing formal attire.”

A variation of the subject-verb agreement is pronoun-reference agreement. In the case of pronoun-reference agreement, all of the pronouns should agree with one another in singular or plural tense. Consider the examples below.

Incorrect examples – Pronoun-Reference Agreement

“A manager should always be honest with their employees.”

The subject in this sentence, “manager,” is singular. The corresponding pronoun, “their,” is plural.

“Organizations must be careful about discriminating against its employees.”

The subject in this sentence is “organizations,” which is plural. The corresponding pronoun, “its,” is singular.

“If you really care about somebody, let them make their own choices.”
In this sentence, the pronoun “somebody” is singular, but the corresponding pronouns, “them” and “their” are plural.

Correct examples

“A manager should always be honest with his (or her) employees.”
“Organizations must be careful about discriminating against their employees.”
“If you really care about somebody, let him (or her) make his (or her) own choices.”

Parallel Structure

The parallel structure of a sentence refers to the extent to which different parts of the sentence match each other in form. When more than one phrase or description is used in a sentence, those phrases or descriptions should be consistent with one an other in their form and wording. Parallel structure is important because it enhances the ease with which the reader can follow the writer’s idea. Consider the following examples.

Incorrect examples – Parallel Structure

Example One: “He is strong and a tough competitor.”

Notice that “strong” and “a tough competitor” are not the in the same form. “Strong” and “competitive” are consistent in form.

Example Two: “The new coach is a smart strategist, an effective manager, and works hard.”

Notice that “a smart strategist” and “an effective manager” are consistent with one another, but not consistent with “works hard.”

Example Three: “In the last minute of the game, John intercepted the football, evaded the tacklers, and a touchdown was scored.”
Notice that the first two phrases in this sentence are consistent with one another: “intercepted the football” and “evaded the tacklers.” However, the final phrase, “and a touchdown was scored” is not consistent with the first two phrases. Correct examples

Example One: “He is strong and competitive.”

Example Two: “The new coach is a smart strategist, an effective manager, and a hard worker.”

Pages

Saturday, 4 March 2023

IMPORTANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

EFFECT OF TRAINING AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF WORKERS

THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS PRODUCTIVITY

STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATE IN NIGERIA

THE CAUSES AND PROBLEMS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR

THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE BUDGETING AS A TOOL FOR PLANNING IN BANKING INDUSTRY

THE EFFECT OF RISING PRICES OF BUILDING MATERIALS ON PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

THE EFFECT OF LABOUR UNION ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

THE ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA IN THE ENTHRONEMENT OF DEMOCRATIC SETTING IN NIGERIA

THE CLONING OF COMPUTER WITH RESPECT TO COMPUTER COOLING FAN FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN THE COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

AUTOMATIC TIME TABLE SCHEDULER SYSTEM

The Communication Process

Communication Channels

Encoding Messages

Decoding Messages

Feedback

Sentence Fragments

Run-on Sentences

Subject-Verb Agreement

Parallel Structure