THE EFFECT OF RURAL URBAN MIGRATION ON PROPERTY VALUES IN OSOGBO OSUN STATE

THE EFFECT OF RURAL URBAN MIGRATION ON PROPERTY VALUES IN OSOGBO OSUN STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study

Property is a multi-dimensional product and the number and nature of factors that influence its value are equally of different kinds. Property values tend to increase in areas with expanding transportation networks and population growth (Goldberg, 2017). The movement of people from rural to urban areas is a common occurrence in Nigeria which have greatly impacted on property value in urban centres or cities in Nigeria. Rural urban migration involves the movement of people from their respective rural households to urban centers in search of better living conditions. The movement poses some problems in the rural as well as in the urban centre even though there are benefits derivable from it (Mini, 2000).

Properties have continued to attract the investment interest of real estate developers as a result of population growth mostly due to rural – urban migration. This is because of the increasing demand for properties such as residential and commercial properties in the urban centres (Olujimi and Bello, 2009); and because of the increase in rent (value), which is usually attached to the property (Oduwaye, 2017). Several factors exist that determine value of real properties. According to Britton (2019), determinants of individual property value include location, time, property interest, state of repair, accommodation details, services/facilities and rural urban migration.

Rural-urban migration can be seen as the physical transnational of individuals or group of people from rural areas to urban centers. Rural-urban migration is the most important aspect of labour migration because it affects the structures and composition of the population. The effect of rural urban migration on property value is far more than merely a demographic or quantitative one. Whereas the rural urban migration has result in population growth and urbanization in  developed countries was the result of rapid industrialization, the growth in Nigeria like most other developing nations is a consequence of the “push” of the rural areas and the “pull” of the town (Kehinde, 2010). The majority of African urban centres developed and continues to develop as commercial-administrative and servicing entities. In Nigeria like in most other developing countries, the growth of the tertiary sector is often a symptom of poverty and stagnation rather than economic development. Consequently, population growth in most of the African countries is characterized by a growing gap between employment opportunities and demand, and an ever increasing shortage of urban services and facilities which are accessible to a diminishing share of urban population.

Gross migration refers to the total number of migrants moving into and moving out of a place, region or country, while net migration is the balance between the number of migrants coming into and moving out of a place, region or country. Migration can be considered as a significant feature of livelihoods in developing countries to pursuit better living standards. Central to the understanding of rural urban migration flow is the traditional push-pull factors. “Push factor” refers to circumstances at home that repel; examples include famine, drought, low agricultural productivity, unemployment etc. while “pull factor refers to those conditions found elsewhere (abroad) that attract migrants.  There are many factors that cause voluntary rural-urban migration, such as urban job opportunities, housing conditions, better income opportunities etc. There is no doubt that, apart from these factors, urban areas also offer a chance to enjoy a better lifestyle. Pull factors have predominated- urban environment provides better employment and income opportunities. It is on bases that this study seek to examine the effect of rural urban migration on property values in Osogbo Osun State.

1.2       Statement of Problem

World population has risen to over 6.3 billion people and by 2030 over 60 percent of the world’s population is expected to be living in cities mostly as a result of rural urban migration. There are now over 400 cities with a population of over a million people (UN-Habitat, 2015).  Rural urban migration has resulted in population growth which is an underlying factor for the demand of property, without new supply of dwellings, it pushes up the prices for both renting and purchasing dwellings. The problem is further compounded in many of the large cities with a change in living preferences that has resulted in a fall in household rates, particularly in the western world. Hence, population movement to the city that is rural urban migration and fewer people per household means the supply of more housing is needed. The rural urban in Osogbo Osun State has assumed a geometrical proportion, the provision of urban infrastructure and housing to meet this demand is, not at commensurate level. This has resulted in acute shortage of housing / residential properties to the teeming population. The inadequacies are far-reaching and the deficit is both quantitative and qualitative; even those households with shelter are often subjected to inhabiting woefully deficient structures as demonstrated in the existence of slums and shanties in and around the city of Osogbo. They reside in the slums and squatter settlements scattered around the city and are predominantly engaged in informal economic activities which encompass a wide range of small-scale, largely self-employment activities. This problem can only be brought under control through urban consolidation and/ or development of properties in the urban center. It is on this note that this study seek to examine the effect of rural urban migration on property value in Osogbo Osun State.

1.3       Aim and objectives of the study

            Aim:

The aim of this project is to examine the effect of rural urban migration on property  value in Osogbo – Osun State.

Objectives:

The specific objectives of this study include:

1. To determine the cause of rural urban migration in the study area
2. To evaluate the state of properties in Osogbo – Osun state
3. To determine the effect of rural urban migration on the property value in the study area
4. To identify other factors affecting property value in the study area.
5. Assess the impact of population growth on the demand for residential properties in the study area

1.4       Research Questions

1. What are the causes of rural urban migration in the study area?
2. What is the state of properties in Osogbo – Osun State?
3. What are the effects of rural urban migration on property value in the study area?
4. What are the other factors affecting property value in the study area?
5. What is the impact of population growth on the demand for residential properties in the study area?

1.5       Significance of the study

The importance of the research is to be appreciated by all since concepts of rural urban migration and its effect on properties value affects everybody irrespective of class, status or occupation.

However, the study will be importance to the following categories of persons.

1. Government (policy makers): The government will benefit from the study since it will provide the basics for making policy changes and formulating future policies. It helps the economy in planning for development especially in real estate development.
2. Students: The study is important to students since it will reveal more details and provide more information for those who are interested in finding out rural urban migration trends in Nigeria and its consequences on properties value in Nigeria and also for further studies.
3. Research: This study will provide more information for further research about the rural urban migration and its effect on property value in Osogbo – Osun state.
4. Investors in Real Estate: Real estate investors will benefit from the findings of this study as it enlighten on the effects of rural urban migration on property values in Osogbo, it will put them in better position to make inform decision on how to invest their money.

1.6       Scope and limitations of the study

The scope of this study covers only the effect of rural urban migration on residential property value in Osogbo Osun State. Other properties such as commercial properties, industrial or educational properties will not be included in this research. Geographically, the study is limited to Osogbo the Osun state capital.

Limitations

The researcher faced various problems when carrying out this field study. Some of these challenges included:

1. Some respondents were unwilling to fill the questionnaires since they were suspicious about the study. Many perceived it as sharing very vital information which they were not ready to furnish the researcher with.
2. Delays were experienced from the respondents who took very long to complete the questionnaires and constant postponement of the picking date proved to be very frustrating to the researcher.
3. At times some of the respondents did not fill in the questionnaires adequately and ignored certain sections that required the giving of opinions which made it difficult for the researcher to make adequate conclusions.

1.       Operational definition of terms

Migration:  Migration refers to permanent or semi-permanent change in the place of residence of an individual or a group of individuals from one location to another.

Property: This is the embodiment of tangible ownership right or bundles of right in real estate. It could also be described as a concept of right which can be held separately (Babatunde, 2013)

Population Growth: Population growth is the increase in the number of people that reside within a state or country.

Rental Value: This is the worth or value of property in an open market. It is also the value arising out of the lease or renting out of a property on a periodic basis usually yearly.

Residential Property: it is a building that is used or suitable for dwelling purpose. They are dwelling house such as bungalows, duplex, detached houses, semi-detached houses, etc. (LBTT 4010)

1.8       The study area

The early history of Osogbo is essentially the legendary account of the spirit-world; it is the history of the early people whom we call the spirits and fairies. This is in line with Yoruba traditions, which use mythical stories to explain the origins of the ruling families of an early Yoruba state.

Osogbo according to Yoruba oral history had been founded as early as Oduduwa period. Oso-igbo, the goddess of Osun River, was the Queen and original founder of Osogbo. She was credited with many important achievements, which helped to establish the settlement.

Osogbo the capital of Osun lies on coordinates 7°46′ North 4°34′East with an area of 47kmsq. According to the 2006 Population and Housing Commission Census, the city has a population of 156,694 people. Osogbo shares boundary with Ikirun, Ilesa, Ede, Egbedore and Iragbiji and is easily accessible from any part of the state because of it’s central nature. It is about 48km from Ife, 32km from Ilesa, 46km from Iwo, 48km from Ikire and 46km from Ila-Orangun.

Osogbo is a commercial and industrial centre. This started in 1907, when the British Cotton Growing Association sited an industry for growing and ginning of cotton. The Nigerian Tobacco Company (NTC) built its first factory in Osogbo. In this same year, a major turning point for the city which helped in its industrial and commercial development occurred.  The railway tracks were constructed linking it to other parts of Northern Nigeria.  This attracted people from far and near.

The Ataoja of Osogbo is the traditional title of the King and he is the political and spiritual heads of Obas and Chiefs in Osogbo and Olorunda Local Government Areas.

Osogbo is famous for the annual Osun Osogbo Festival which attracts tourists from different part of the world.

AN EVALUATION OF OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE OF INSTITUTIONAL CONSULTANCY SERVICES IN FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA

AN EVALUATION OF OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE OF INSTITUTIONAL CONSULTANCY SERVICES IN FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

Education plays a very crucial role in the development and overall growth of any nation. In fact the attainment of high industrial growth and the general improvement of the living standard of citizens of a nation depend to a large extent on the quantity and quality of education. This is because, education increase people’s capacity to harness their environment for the betterment of their condition. Thus, nations the world over have continued to expend their resources toward the funding of education. Nigeria, like any other nation has not been left out in this quest.

It is in pursuit of this objective that the Federal Government decided to establish more tertiary institutions after the civil war in the early 70’s. Using oil revenue (oil boom), eight new universities were established in Benin, Maiduguri, Kano, Jos, Sokoto, Ilorin, Port Harcourt and Calabar. Before the war, there were only a few institutions which were regionally owned, these institutions were later taken over by the Federal Government. However, the take-over turned out to be a false sense of optimism because shortly after, the issue of the responsibility for funding education became a perennial question, especially tertiary education.

According to Professor Jibril Aminu (1988) “The funding of higher education became a subject of regular discussion since 1979 when the Federal Government decided that education, particularly tuition, should be free at all levels. Soon thereafter, it became obvious to all that the Federal Government alone could not cope and provide free education at all levels given the upsurge of demand each passing year. ”1 The struggle to cope with the number of student’s in-take against available facilities has over the years become more telling at the tertiary level of education. Facilities have been overstretched, equipment, where available, were obsolete, and there is lack of adequate and qualified lecturers. All these are attendant problems of inadequate funding. (Jibrin Aminu, 1988:8).

According to Professor Jibril Aminu, (1988) “One will only be begging the question if he says that the time has come for a serious search for alternative funding of tertiary education.”(Jibril A. Op cit :8) . One of the recommendations of the Abioye panel then was that tertiary institutions should look for alternative sources of funds to complement the efforts of the Federal Government. The panel recommended among other sources the creation of Consultancy Service Centers, Endowments such as establishing professional Chairs, establishment of active alumni associations etc. it was soon after the release of the government white paper on the findings and recommendations of the panel that witnessed the beginning of formal consultancy services in our tertiary institutions.

A few of these outfits are now registered as limited liability companied with broad objective such as:

(i) To serve as a complementary revenue source for institutions, and

(ii) To provide a legitimate avenue for the staff of such institutions to exploit their talents and expertise in providing the much needed support services to public and private organization.

It was in reaction to this that the Federal Polytechnic, Nasarawa decided to set up its own consultancy outfit on the 13th October, 1992 as a Consultancy Committee. Later the Committee was converted to a full-fledge Consultancy Unit by the Management Committee which was named Consultancy Services Unit (C. S. U.), the name was later changed to Naspoly Consult Limited, under the headship of a Coordinator. It is a unit under the office of the Rector and is overseen by the Rector. The consultancy services unit has been incorporated into the structure of the Polytechnic Administration. (Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, op.cit)

1.2 Statement of the Problem

It was established at the background of this study that the genesis behind introduction of institutional consultancy services in the Nigerian tertiary Institutions was to augment the revenue sources in respective institutions and enable the staff to exploit their talents and expertise, thereby complementing the effort of funding provided by the Federal Government and development of staff in general.

Of course, this is crucial, especially when evidence proved by Professor J. Aminu (1988) and subsequently the rationale for setting up Abisoye Panel entails that the Federal Government of Nigeria alone can not sustained the over-increasing number of higher institutions of learning. It was on these bases, that the Nasarawa Polytechnic Consultancy Service (Naspoly Consult) was established in 1992 with simple structures, clearly specified objectives, human and material resources necessary in meeting up the bases of its establishment. yet the out puts yielded so far from this outfit is quite below expectation in most of these area of its objective, which includes provision of alternative sources of revenue to the Polytechnic, development of staff, provision of technical, professional and other expert services to individuals, public and private organizations. Is it the structural and operational guidelines of the outfit affect its service delivery or the composition of manpower across all levels? Is it the mode of relationship that exists between management and subordinate that constitutes the problem or lack of motivation and dynamism among the motivational factors? The data that will be generates shall place us on the truth of the whole.

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The main objectives of this study are to examine the operational structures of Nasarawa Polytechnic Consultancy Services (Naspoly Consult) and identify areas of difficulties with the aim of improving the situation. However, the specific objectives include:

1. To examine the operational structure of Naspoly Consult
2. To know the composition of manpower in the outfit.
3. To ascertain the nature of relationship that exists between management and workers.
4.  To identify the major problems which have hampered the effective functioning of the Naspoly and to recommend some ways of remedying the situation.

1.4       Research Hypotheses

This study hypothesized that “clearly spelt out and rationally designed operational guidelines will result in more efficient performance in the outfit”.

1.5       Scope And Limitations Of The Study

This study will cover the operational structures of consultancy services in Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa between 1988 to 2007. Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa was chosen for one, is a federal establishment worth of emulation by others state Polytechnic, two, its operation and structural composition differs with some Federal Polytechnic and the assurance the researchers has in-terms of accessibility to data ( both primary and secondary).

Other minor constraints, especially time will be considered as a factor that limited the scope of this study. However, it is expected that the outcome from this findings will tremendously help in addressing issues on operational structure of institutional consultancy services in Nigerian Polytechnics.

1.6       The Significance Of The Study

The study will attempt to provide a proper structure and defined functions of Consultancy outfits which will bring about greater performance and attainment of organizational objectives. Also this study will identify the various consultancy services rendered in Federal Polytechnics Nasarawa Consult and the procedure involve for this services. In addition, manpower composition across all consultancy units will be identify. All in an attempt to provide comprehensive analysis in regard to this research topic.

1.7       Definition of Terms.

The following concepts require necessary explanation. They include: Structure, Organization, Function, Consultancy, Institution, Services, Unit, Power, Autonomy, Coordination and Performance.

Structure: Refers to an arrangement in a definite pattern of an organization showing the inter relationship of posts within the organization.

Organizations: This involves the systematic arrangement of men and materials in the accomplishment of a common goal in order to achieve the desired objectives with the least friction and maximum satisfaction for all concerned.

Function It refers to the characteristics action of a person or thing performed on a regular basis which contributes to a larger action.

Consultancy: Consultancy is an activity, where consultants offer assistance by taking/facilitating some action to help Client resolve complex difficulties they face or anticipate to face in the near future. Therefore where this professional or expert advice is rendered on commercial basis, a certain financial payment is made to the consultant for the services rendered.

Institutional:  This is derived from institution which refers to an establishment or an established organization for example, University or Hospital. It becomes institutional when it has certain peculiar characteristics.

Services: This is derived from service which refers to work or duty performed for somebody. Services on the other hand, refer to a piece of useful work that does not produce a tangible commodity.

Unit: Relates to a single thing or a group, which is a constituent of a whole part of an establishment that has a special function to perform within a whole.

Power: This means having controlling influence or having authority over something. That is, having the authority to take decisions as they affect an organization.

Autonomy: It is a situation or condition in which an organization acts independent of another organization. That is, having powers to take decisions without requiring the opinion of another person or group.

Performance: This is to carry out a accomplishment of a task .In other words, the accomplishment of set objectives or goal of organization.

EFFECT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY IN WUSE ABUJA

EFFECT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY IN WUSE ABUJA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction

1.1       Background of the study

The impact of rapid population growth on housing development in a developing economy is usually a consequence of the push of the rural areas and the pull of the town. There is always an upsurge and conglomeration of people in city centres with the resultant effects on housing growth arising from acute unemployment. This growth and physical expansion of cities have been accompanied by unplanned urban sprawl, environmental pollution, deterioration, deficiencies in modern basic facilities, and general urban decay (Akpakpan, 2017).

As increased poverty and urbanization exert more pressures on urban facilities, most Nigerian cities tend to have lost their original dignity, social cohesion and administrative efficiency. The relationship between population and housing is two-sided. On the one hand, population change leads to a changing demand for housing. Population growth, and particularly a growth in the number of households, leads to a growth in housing demand. Population decline might lead to a decrease in housing demand. This will, however, only happen in the long run, after not only the number of people but also the number of households has started to decline (Eric, 2015).

Residential property refers to building that is developed for people to live or undeveloped land that is designated for residential use. Residential properties could be a consumption goods, or investment goods (Sratton, 2008). As a consumption goods, it is acquired for owners occupation while as investment goods it is acquired for the purpose of deriving optimum return from outright sale or letting of the property. If this is the case, the price or rent of the residential property becomes very important to the seller and buyer or landlord and the tenant. Hence investment in this type of property is regarded as a considerable source of wealth for many investors.

Property development comprises a significant component of total Nigeria economic output. The property development process involves the continual combination of significant factors of production (land, labour, capital and enterprise). In addition, property development has been characterised by some significant cyclical influences as the process involves significant risk. It is in the interests of capital markets, market participants and the public sector that property development processes are better understood so as to ensure efficient allocation of physical resources, human resources and capital to meet the needs of the ever growing of population of Nigeria (Cadman, 2014).

The impact of rapid population growth on property development and conditions is far more than merely a demographic or quantitative one. Whereas the population growth and urbanization process in the developed countries was the result of rapid industrialization, the growth in Nigeria like most other developing nations is a consequence of the “push” of the rural areas and the “pull” of the town (Kehinde, 2010). The majority of African urban centres developed and continues to develop as commercial-administrative and servicing entities. In Nigeria like in most other developing countries, the growth of the tertiary sector is often a symptom of poverty and stagnation rather than economic development. Consequently, population growth in most of the African countries is characterized by a growing gap between employment opportunities and demand, and an ever increasing shortage of urban services and facilities which are accessible to a diminishing share of urban population. The implication is this deplorable and alarming situation which aggravates the already acute housing problem. It is against this background that this study seek to examine the effect of population growth on the development of residential properties in Wuse Abuja.

1.2       Statement of research problem

World population has risen to over 6.3 billion people and by 2030 over 60 percent of the world’s population is expected to be living in cities. There are now over 400 cities with a population of over a million people (UN-Habitat, 2015).  As population growth is an underlying factor for the demand of housing, without new supply of dwellings, it pushes up the prices for both renting and purchasing dwellings. The problem is further compounded in many of the large cities with a change in living preferences that has resulted in a fall in household rates, particularly in the western world. Hence, population movement to the city and fewer people per household means the supply of more housing is needed. The growth of the population in Abuja Municipal Area Council has assumed a geometrical proportion, the provision of urban infrastructure and housing to meet this demand is, not at commensurate level. This has resulted in acute shortage of housing / residential properties to the teeming population with. The extent of the housing shortage in Abuja is enormous. The inadequacies are far-reaching and the deficit is both quantitative and qualitative; even those households with shelter are often subjected to inhabiting woefully deficient structures as demonstrated in the existence of slums and shanties in and around the city of Abuja. They reside in the slums and squatter settlements scattered around the city and are predominantly engaged in informal economic activities which encompass a wide range of small-scale, largely self-employment activities. This problem can only be brought under control through urban consolidation and/ or development of properties in the urban center. One major effect of this is the cost of infrastructure required, as either new infrastructure has to be put in place or upgrading and extending the existing infrastructure. It is on this note that this study seek to examine the effect of population growth on the development of residential property in Wuse Abuja.

1.3       Aim and objectives of the study

            Aim:

The aim of this project is to examine the effect of population growth on the development of residential property in Wuse Abuja.

Objectives:

The specific objectives of this study include:

1. To determine the cause of population growth in Wuse Abuja and Nigeria at large.
2. To evaluate the state of residential properties in Wuse Abuja
3. To determine the effect of population growth on the development of residential property in the study area
4. To identify other factors affecting residential property development Wuse Abuja
5. Assess the impact of population growth on the demand for residential properties in the study area

1.4       Research Questions

1. What are the causes of population growth in Wuse Abuja and Nigeria at large?
2. What is the state of residential properties development in Wuse Abuja?
3. What are the effects of population growth on the development of residential property in the study area?
4. What are the other factors affecting residential property development in Wuse Abuja
5. What is the impact of population growth on the demand for residential properties in the study area?

1.5       Significance of the study

The importance of the research is to be appreciated by all since concepts of population growth and its effect of residential properties development affects everybody irrespective of class, status or occupation.

However, the study will be importance to the following categories of persons.

1. Government (policy makers): The government will benefit from the study since it will provide the basics for making policy changes and formulating future policies. It helps the economy in planning for development especially in real estate development.
2. Students: The study is important to students since it will reveal more details and provide more information for those who are interested in finding out population trends in Nigeria and its consequences to development of residential properties in Nigeria and also for further studies.
3. Research: This study will provide more information for further research about the population growth and residential property development in Nigeria.
4. Investors in Real Estate: Real estate investors will benefit from the findings of this study as it enlighten on the effects of population growth on development of residential properties, it will put them in better position to make inform decision on how to invest their money.

1.6       Scope and limitations of the study

The scope of this study covers only the effect of population growth on the development of residential property in Wuse Abuja. Other properties such as commercial properties, industrial or educational properties will not be included in this research. Geographically, the study is limited to Wuse in Abuja the Federal Capital Territory.

Limitations

The researcher faced various problems when carrying out this field study. Some of these challenges included:

1. Some respondents were unwilling to fill the questionnaires since they were suspicious about the study. Many perceived it as sharing very vital information which they were not ready to furnish the researcher with.
2. Delays were experienced from the respondents who took very long to complete the questionnaires and constant postponement of the picking date proved to be very frustrating to the researcher.
3. At times some of the respondents did not fill in the questionnaires adequately and ignored certain sections that required the giving of opinions which made it difficult for the researcher to make adequate conclusions.

1.       Operational definition of terms

Population Growth: Population growth is the increase in the number of people that reside within a state or country.

Property development: Property development, is a business process, encompassing activities that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of raw land and the sale of developed land or parcels to others (Wikipedia, 2017).

Property: This is the embodiment of tangible ownership right or bundles of right in real estate. It could also be described as a concept of right which can be held separately (Babatunde, 2003).

Rental Value: This is the worth or value of property in an open market. It is also the value arising out of the lease or renting out of a property on a periodic basis usually yearly.

Residential Property: it is a building that is used or suitable for dwelling purpose. They are dwelling house such as bungalows, duplex, detached houses, semi-detached houses, etc. (LBTT 4010)

1.8       The study area

Wuse is one of the district in Federal Capital Territory Abuja. Wuse District is the north western part of the city, with the Maitama District to its north and the Central District to its south. The District is numbered Zones 1-8.  Wuse Market is Abuja’s most popular market (Zone 5). The second most important Post Office in the city is located here.

This district also houses the Sheraton Hotel and Towers (Zone 4), Ibro International hotel, Rockview Hotel, the Nigerian Customs Services Headquarters, the Foreign Affairs Ministry Headquarters (Zone 1) and Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC). National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration (NAFDAC) (Zone 7), Wuse General Hospital, and the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation.

THE EFFECT OF COMPENSATION ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

THE EFFECT OF COMPENSATION ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Motivation can be defined as the set of factors that cause people to behave in certain ways (Schwartz, 2006). Motivation is derived from the term motive which is a reason for doing something (Amstrong, 2008), the reason can either be internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) factors (Herzberg et al, 1957). Motivation can be described as goal-oriented behavior (Amstrong, 2008). Drafke (2002) defines motivation as simply an incentive to act.

Motivation is among the key concerns of organizations in the modern business environment, as it has been identified to be critical in achieving business goals and objectives. This means giving close attention to how individuals can best be motivated to achieve objectives set for them (Amstrong, 2008). Amstrong (2008) continues to say that motivation can be through incentives, rewards, and positions all aimed at ensuring that the individuals deliver results in accordance with expectation of management.

Motivation determines how a person will exert his or her effort. It represents the effort will be exerted (DeNisi and Griffins, 2008). Because of motivation’s role in understand and to structure the work environment to encourage productive behaviors and discourage those that are unproductive. (Jex and Britts, 2008). Motivation is important in team-based environments as well as where employees work independently. Motivation involves aligning employee goals and values with the organization’s mission and vision in order to create and maintain high levels of performance (Campbell, 2007). Campbell (2007) adds that as the marketplace becomes increasingly competitive, it is evident that firms must especially appreciate the role of employees towards establishing a competitive edge and that individuals motivated are top performers who consistently provide high quality results; maintain high levels of productivity and overcome challenges and obstacles.

Motivation has also been defined as the act of stimulating someone to take desired course of action (Ghosh, 2000). Clegg and Birch (2002) defines motivation as the stimulation of action towards a goal, whether the stimulus is conscious or unconscious.  Motivation theory examines the process of motivation, it explains why people at work behave in the way they do in terms of their efforts and directions they are taking. The aim in understanding and applying motivation theory is to obtain added value through people (Amstrong, 2008), the other key reason is about getting people to move in a certain desired direction to achieve a result (Amstrong, 2008). Cole (2002) when discussing motivational theories argues that different people have different view when it comes to motivation which ranges from rational-economic view, social view, self actualizing view and complex view. Beardwell et al. (2004) explains that understanding of motivation is important within the reward and development of reward strategies for it enables organization to humanize work for employees, make the jobs more satisfying, and finally it enable the management to control the behavior of subordinates more effectively .

Maintaining highly motivated employees is therefore a strategic move to keep employees committed to working hard and ultimately contributing their optimal capability towards achieving the organization’s goals (Frey and Osterloh, 2002). Motivation differs depending on whether you are motivating an individual, a team or a large group of people (Clegg and Birch, 2002).

On the other hand, according to Amstrong (2008) de-motivated employees exhibit signs of low morale, this can have destructive implications in the organization. Amstrong (2008) continues to say that among the more significant warning signals of de-motivated employees are high rates of absenteeism, tardiness, high levels of employee turnover, sabotage, low pride in their work, wastage, low job satisfaction, endless grievances, indiscipline and lack of team spirit (Armstrong, 2008). In order to curb these and other problems that can escalate into more serious crises in the organization, de-motivation should be detected early and necessary actions taken, these may include counseling of de-motivated employees, clearly explaining their roles, responsibilities and rewards and ensuring their expectations match those of the organization.

Key factors that determine employee motivation are satisfaction, recognition, appreciation, inspiration and compensation (Bowen, 2000). Organizations that recognize the importance of motivating employees often implement strategies that consistently motivate their employees to achieve the organizations objectives. Such strategies for improving motivation include compensation, employee participation, feedback and work environment which ensure that employees’ needs and requirements are met (Bowen, 2000). Clegg and Birch (2002) argues that the thought of incentive is in itself motivational, in fact most motivation comes from anticipation than the delivery of the incentive itself.

Compensation is one of the key drivers of motivation because humans are naturally inclined to perform better when they perceive that they will get sufficient payment or returns from their efforts. While people exert effort for different reasons, today’s competitive economic environment coupled with the consumer society has made compensation arguably the most important motivation factor. Most people are motivated by money at least for their basic needs and wants.

Compensation in any form is the most obvious extrinsic reward; it provides the carrot that most people want. (Amstrong, 2008). DeNisi and Griffins (2008) defines compensation as the set of rewards that organizations provide to individuals in return for their willingness to perform various jobs and tasks within the organization.

Mr. Biggs Abuja group of companies consists of Mr. Biggs Abuja (K) Ltd, Mr. Biggs Abuja (T) Ltd, Battery Masters (U) Ltd and Mr. Biggs Abuja (R) Ltd. The company was first introduced to Kenya in 1963 as part of Chloride group PLC in the UK to retail and distribute Mr. Biggs Abuja Batteries. It has since become the largest battery and solar systems distributor with 17 branches spread across Kenya and three other fully fledged sister companies in Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda. The company has its head offices located in the Industrial Area of Nairobi at Exsan House off Enterprise road; it has depots in other major towns in Kenya.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

While compensation is arguably one of the key drivers of motivation and one of the most studied areas, doubts have been cast by Herzberg et al. (1957) and Amstrong (2008) on the effectiveness of compensation. They argued that, while lack of it causes dissatisfaction, its provision does not result in lasting motivation. The effects of compensation on motivation vary from organization to organization.  Most people are motivated by money at least for their basic needs and wants (DeNisi and Griffins, 2008). Employee motivation through compensation can be in several forms including salary raises, performance bonuses, commissions, profit sharing and other extra benefits such as vacations, cars and other tangible items that are used as rewards (Campbell, 2007). These compensation systems can be categorized as direct financial payment and indirect financial payments (Dessler, 2004).

Nelson and Spitzer (2003) states that in today’s work environment, there is more change and uncertainty, there is increased need for empowered employees, there is decline in traditional incentives, there is rise of nontraditional incentives and there is increased use of variable compensation. Studies have also shown that compensation programs and the methods of administration affect employee motivation (Bowen, 2000). Many researchers have focused on satisfaction, recognition, appreciation and work environment as employee motivators in different organizations (Kosgei, 2011). However none has studied employee compensation at Mr. Biggs Abuja.

It is not clear what methods were used to determine employee compensation, what direct and indirect financial programs were offered at Mr. Biggs Abuja and their effects on employee motivation and lastly the non-financial benefits offered and their effect on employee motivation. This study sought to address this gap by enquiring on the effect of compensation on employee motivation at Mr. Biggs Abuja group of companies.

1.3     General Objective

The general objective of this study was to enquire on the effect of compensation on employee motivation at Mr. Biggs Abuja.  

1.4     Specific Objectives

1. To establish the methods used to determine employee’s compensation at Mr. Biggs Abuja.
2. To establish the extent to which the direct financial payments affect employee’s motivation at Mr. Biggs Abuja.
3. To establish the extent to which benefits affect employee’s motivation at Mr. Biggs Abuja.

1.5     Significance of the Study

Having studied Mr. Biggs Abuja, an entity in the motor vehicle industry and a market leader in distribution of the automotive batteries and renewable energy solutions, the study is important to a number of stake holders as follows:-

Mr. Biggs Abuja Management and Staff

The study will assist the overall management team in the company as it will show the trade off point between compensation and employee motivation. This is particularly important to the departmental heads that will need to the knowledge on how to motivate their staff to achieve the set objectives effectively and efficiently. Specifically to the Human Resources Manager, the study will help highlight any areas of concern and strength. This will help in attracting and retaining the staff.

Researchers

Currently the motor vehicle industry is operating under a very highly dynamic environment, characterized by high competition and fast technological changes. The study will be of importance to other researchers in future who may be interested in studying motivation under these very high dynamic conditions and also the “dot com” generation.

Government

Mr. Biggs Abuja is a privately owned regional organization specializing in provision of renewable energy solutions. The study will be important for the Governments of Nigeria, to understand what motivates the staff and hence contributes to the company growth. It would be important for the government policy makers to know of areas in which they can provide the company with further incentive, for such a worthy course of growing the reliance on renewable energy.

1.6     Scope of Study

The study examined the employees of Mr. Biggs Abuja Group of Companies who were employed on permanent and those on contract.

This research project examined the impact of compensation schemes by examining previous studies and literature on the issue and by conducting a study on employees at Mr. Biggs Abuja. The research data was collected from 37 respondents out of 41 requests. Some of the limitations experienced included distance related in reaching some of the intended respondents and availability of personal time to fill the questionnaire. To mitigate the effects of these limitations, the researcher used emails to reach far respondents and individually telephoned the respondents to explain the purpose of the study and give assurance that confidentiality would be upheld. Through this the researcher got a response of 90%.

1.7     Definition of Terms

Motivation: A motive is a reason for doing something; motivation is concerned with factors that influence people to behave in certain ways. Motivating people is about getting them to move in the direction you want them to go to achieve results (Armstrong, 2008). There are two types of motivation as originally identified by Herzberg et al. (1957) that is, intrinsic motivation (self generated factors for example interest, responsibility) and extrinsic motivation (from others for example increased pay, praise, punishment, criticism).

Compensation: This is the package of quantifiable rewards an employee receives for his or her labour. It includes three components: base compensation, pay incentives and indirect compensation/ benefits. (Gomez et al, 2012).

Productivity: Defined as the individual output; this may be in the form of units per person or revenue generated per person (Amstrong, 2008).

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF AFRICAN PEAR

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF AFRICAN PEAR

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Plants are important in our everyday existence. They provide our foods, produce the oxygen we breathe, and serve as raw materials for many industrial products such as clothes, foot wears and so many others. Plants also provide raw materials for our buildings and in the manufacture of biofuels, dyes, perfumes, pesticides, adsorbents and drugs. The plant kingdom has proven to be the most useful in the treatment of diseases and they provide an important source of all the world’s pharmaceuticals. The most important of these bioactive constituents of plants are steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, flavanoids, alkaloids, tannins and glycosides. Plants in all facet of life have served a valuable starting material for drug development (Ajibesin, 2011).

Antibiotics or antimicrobial substances like saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and alkaloids etc are found to be distributed in plants, yet these compounds were not well established due to the lack of knowledge and techniques. The phytoconstituents which are phenols, anthraquinones, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and saponins are antibiotic principles of plants. Plants are now occupying important position in allopathic medicine, herbal medicine, homoeopathy and aromatherapy. Medicinal plants are the sources of many important drugs of the modern world. Many of these indigenous medicinal plants are used as spices and food plants; they are also sometimes added to foods meant for pregnant mothers for medicinal purposes (Akinpela and Onakoya, 2006). Many plants are cheaper and more accessible to most people especially in the developing countries than orthodox medicine, and there is lower incidence of adverse effects after use. These reasons might account for their worldwide attention and use. The medicinal properties of some plants have been documented by some researchers ( Akinpelu and Onukoya, 2006).

Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. It was the advent of antibiotics in the 1950s that led to the decline of the use of plant derivatives as antimicrobials (Marjorie, 1999). Medicinal plants contain physiologically active components which over the years have been exploited in the traditional medical practices for the treatment of various ailments (Ajibesin, 2011). A relatively small percentage of less than 10% of all the plants on earth is believed to serve as sources of medicine (Marjorie, 1999).

In an effort to find alternative sources of feedstuffs to replace some or all of the maize in the diet of pigs and other non-ruminant farm animals, several studies have been conducted to determine the suitability of some agro-industrial wastes as feed ingredients.

These include cocoa pod husks, brewers spent grains, rice bran, maize bran, groundnut skins, and wheat bran. However, one by-product that requires consideration is cashew nut testa, a by-product obtained from the processing of cashew nuts. Its utilization as animal feed even at relatively low dosage formulations will minimize its disposal problem as well as reduce the cost of animal feeding.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

It is now known that agricultural materials are used as animal feeds and that they contain phytochemicals. These phytochemicals serve as antibiotic principles of plants.

The need for a cheap, renewable, easily available and nutritive source of material as feed supplements has therefore attracted me to investigate African pear leaf, (APL) as an alternative.

1.3     Objectives of the Study

Broadly stated, the purpose of this work is to investigate/assess the nutritive and medicinal values of African pear leaf as an effective replacement in animal diets. Specifically, this work investigated:

• The proximate constituents of African pear leaf; and
• The qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals of African pear leaf.

THE EFFECT OF TRAINING AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT ON ORGANIZATIONS

THE EFFECT OF TRAINING AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT ON ORGANIZATIONS

(A CASE STUDY OF ANKPA LOCAL GOVERNMENT COUNCIL)

ABSTRACT

This research work is set to examine the effect of training and manpower development on organization, a case study of Ankpa Local Government Council with the view of finding out the way by which training and manpower development can be conducted and its effects on organizational performance.  The objective of the study is to highlight the advantages of human resource training and development and recommend an appropriate measure that could help improve the current human resource training programmes. Relevant data for this research work were collected from both primary source and secondary source of data. A descriptive method was used for this study. The total population of the staff in the organization is 150 out of which questionnaires were drawn from staff of the organization which constitute a sample size of 80.  The statistical instrument used in testing the validity of the hypothesis was chi – square. Among the major findings of the work was that training and development programme improve productivity and better performance. The research therefore recommended that there should be a free flow of information to enable all the staff to be aware of the training and development programme available to them both internally and externally.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Manpower training and development must be based on a need analysis derived from a comparison of “actual performance’’ and behavior with “required performance’’ and behavior. Manpower training and development is one of the major ways organization invests in the workforce for greater return today and even in the foreseeable future.

Organizational effectiveness rests on the efficient and effective performance of workforce that makeup the organization. The efficient and effective performance of the workforce in turn, rest on the richness of the knowledge, skills and abilities possessed by the workforce. Training and manpower development in most organizations is a continuous act/exercise. The inexorable march of time and the ceaseless glamour for social change combine to make adaptability and continuing preparation of the workforce as inevitable as the initial acquisition of knowledge and skills. This cannot happen if employees training and development do not occur in an enterprise. In other to maximize the productivity and efficiency of the organization, every executive, manager or supervisor in a public or private organization has the responsibility and indeed the binding duty to ensure the development of their employees who have requisite knowledge and expertise.

Training is like sharpening an existing skill in order to reflect the trends in technology and other social–cultural environmental changes of an organization. Productivity is the goal of today’s competitive business world and training can be a spring board to enhance productivity. The aim is to enable them contribute their full measure to the welfare, health and development of the organization (Onah 1993).

The main objective of training and manpower development in an organization is to increase efficiency of employees with the resulting increase in corporate productivity. This accounts for why a large number of fund and time is expended by organization at one period or the other in the improvement of the skills of their employees at various levels.

The principal intention of training according to Akpan (1982:128), is to equip people with the knowledge required to qualify them for a particular position of employment, or to improve their skills and efficiency in the position they already hold.

Manpower development on the other hand, implies growth and the acquisition of wide experience for future strategic advantages of the organization. Manpower training and development therefore, improves the effectiveness and efficiency of the employee. Therefore, the aim of this research is to know the current state, nature, procedure and method of training and manpower development used by Ankpa Local Government Council for their employees.

1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research deals with the effect of training and manpower development on organization is intended to find out the efficiency and effectiveness of training and manpower development programme in an organization with reference to Ankpa Local Government Area Council. Since this organization is a public organization which deals with people at the grassroots level it encounters numerous problems which affects the achievement of organizational objectives. Such problems ranges from:

1. Lack of employees with requisite skills and knowledge to carryout their official responsibilities.
2. Lack of training, retraining and manpower development for the employees of the local government.
3. Lack of qualified instructors and consultants to undertake training courses,
4. Lack of essential training tools, to
5. Lack of effective communication within the organization which makes it impossible for most employees to know about training opportunities available to them.

1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of this research is to examine the effect of training and manpower development in an organization using Ankpa Local Government Council as a case study with a view to find out how the organization is performing in terms of its employees training and development.

The following are the specific objectives of the study:

1. To highlight the advantages of employees training and development in an organization.
2. To examine the current training and development of employees in the organization
3. To increase the general knowledge and understanding of individual staff as regards training and development.
4. To recommend appropriate measures that could help improve the current manpower training program.

1. RESEARCH QUESTION

For the sake of achieving the desired objectives for this research, the researcher tries to find answers to the following research questions:

1. Does your company engage in any form of employees training and development programme?
2. How often do you conduct training and development in your organization?
3. Does your organization have policy on employees training?
4. What are the major problems in the organization with respect to staff training and development?
5. Does training and development improve skills and knowledge of manpower in service organization?
6. Does training and development improve productivity and better performance?

1. STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

Here, Hi and Ho below represent the alternative hypothesis and null hypothesis respectively.

HYPOTHESIS ONE

Hi:  Training and development improve productivity and better performance.

Ho:  Training and development does not improve productivity and better performance.

HYPOTHESIS TWO

Hi: Training and development improve skills and knowledge of manpower in service organization.

Ho: Training and development do not improve skills and knowledge of manpower in service organization.

1. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The research will be beneficial to both public and private organization especially Ankpa local government council and their staff as it emphasized the need and encourage the establishment of policy guidelines on the efficient and effective training and development porgramme in an organization.

It will help managers of various organizations to generate ideas and solution to problems based on the best way to run training in their organization in order to achieve desired goals and objectives.

It will equally be useful to small scale business, large corporations, universities, college of education and to the government.

It will also help researchers to know more about training programme as a tool for improving employees’ performance.

Finally, it will be of great value to students as a point of reference and will equally form the basis for further research study.

1. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to Ankpa Local Government Area Council as it will be very difficult to examine the effect of training and manpower development in all organization in Nigeria. Therefore the information and data required for this research will be sourced from Ankpa Local Government Council and any conclusion reached can be binding on the entire local government in Nigeria or such organization as they share similar features or characteristics.

1. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Analyzing the efficient human resources development on organizational growth is not a shallow topic to be handled haphazardly. Ti is not only technical also sensitive and broad.

For the purpose of this project it restricted to the business concern. Also for want of time resources industrial training fund (ITF) Enugu area office is sampled out as abase for the research work.

So many factors are deemed to militate against quicker  and easier completion of the work. These include among other:

Cost:       Lack of fund may affect not only the period of the analyzing the effects of human resources development on the organizational growth and come out of legacy for the posterity one need to travel far and near

Time:   Time is as costly as money, it is even easier facing financial problems than time. Time cost is hardly required.  Financial markets do exist but time existed for time with the school academic; the period for the research work is too short putting other course into the budget.

Source of facts:   This research has convinced me that so many authors share almost the same view on this topic “the effect of training and manpower development on organization” as such are going to a library having about ten textbooks of different authors at least you find our they are saying the same thing but in different tongue invariable you are reading a research work as compiled from the review of different authors in the library. Invariably one can say you are having a book or two.

Reluctant to co-operate:   The  management of the local government  are too reluctant  to disclose the required information and more so when it comes to disclosing the organizational books of record. The idea equally affects the quality of facts given in the research.        

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

MANPOWER: This means the amount of human resources (employee) in a given organization. It is the total number of employees that undertook different tasks in the organizational setup.

TRAINING: This is an act, event in which people engage to improve their performance in a specific job related to tasks. It`s also the process of learning or increasing knowledge to the employee in an organization.

MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT: According to Ascon (1992) manpower development is a process which enables an organization to meet its current and projected manpower requirements. It`s also the process of producing or creating something new that will enable organization meet its target.

ATTITUDE: Someone’s approach to challenge or life in general.

EDUCATION: This is an agent of change that seek to overhaul entire physical interaction of man in relation to his work, work environment and the society.

TRAINING: This is aimed at improving skills for specific vocation or trade such as clerical duties, artisans and other operative status.

DEVELOPMENT: This is grooming, encouraging and drawing out a potential for application to a fresh task, job or appointment.

EMPLOYER: This is someone who hired people to work for him.

TRAINING OBJECTIVE: These are the targets of the training

PERFORMANCE: This is someone’s ability to get something done, especially as regards to duty.

SKILL: This is one of the traits expected from an employee after training.

TRAINING NEED: This is a gap between the expected or desired performance and actual performance, which can be removed by improvement of skill, increase in knowledge and change of attitude.

EMPLOYEE: This is someone who is paid to work for someone else.

THE ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENTAL AND NON-PROFIT MULTINATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE ALLEVIATION OF RURAL POVERTY: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE

 THE ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENTAL AND NON-PROFIT MULTINATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE ALLEVIATION OF RURAL POVERTY: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACT

This research project is a comprehensive study of the Role of Non Governmental and Non-Profit Multinational Organization in the Alleviation of Rural Poverty: the Nigerian Experience, the appraisal of the implementation of the various poverty alleviation programmes in Nigeria and its implications for Development. Five categories of variables that relate to the poverty alleviation programmes were studied. These are why non-governmental and non profit multinational organizations, the meaning and measurement of poverty, approaches for sustainable livelihoods for the rural poor, overcoming human poverty, human development, government and non-governmental efforts towards poverty alleviation into five chapters. Chapter one deals with the introduction of the study, pointing out the statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, statement of hypothesis, objective of the study and the significance of the study with the definition of some common and uncommon terms for our easy understand. Chapter two extensively dwell on the literature reviews and works, frame the conceptual, theoretical and empirical frameworks, the phases adopted, it constraints and problems and list of enterprises sold. Chapter three has to do with the methodology used to ascertain true and relevant information. Here, we make our research design, sources of data, sampling design and procedures, the sample size and our data collection instruments. I also made test of validity and reliability of the study. In chapter four, I presented and analyzed the collected data and the test of hypotheses. Finally, in chapter five, I summarized my findings to the research work, drew some useful conclusions based on my findings and made good recommendations and suggestions that when applied or employed in subsequent policy formulation will enhance the actualization of set targets to the alleviation of rural poverty programme in Nigeria, which will positively, effectively, efficiently and ultimately alleviate rural poverty in Nigeria.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This research project was conceived as a contribution to battle against poverty, a scourge that has assumed a disgraceful dimension in the world’s most populous and potentially, most powerful black nation. The 2009 Human Development Index (HDI) recently released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) paints a gloomy picture of Nigeria. The HDI ranks nations of the world according to the human conditions that exists in each nation.

According to UNDP’s report, adult literacy in Nigeria stands at 28% and only 47.7% of the country’s children have access to immunization against preventable disease. The report goes on to add that just 30% of Nigerians has access to safe drinking water while a mere 33% percent of the country’s population has access to electricity. Drawing its conclusion from the above quoted figures, the UNDP ranks Nigeria 146th out of the 174 countries mentioned in the report. This means that only 28 countries of the world are poorer than Nigeria, the world’s sixth largest oil producer. In other words, Nigeria is one of the 30 poorest countries in the world. Although the UNDP report is not flawless, it fairly captures the reality. Any person who lives  in this country need not be a seer to know that the country is in dire straits.

Given the important contributions these organizations have made, one would understand why this project concentrates on their role in the battle against poverty, especially rural poverty, in Nigeria. The last two decades of the twentieth century were economically traumatic for Nigeria. That period naturally witnessed an upsurge in interest in poverty alleviation. This interest goes beyond Nigeria for the problem of poverty transcends national boundaries. Since the literature of an, era reflects the signs of the time it should not be surprising that the period between 1980 and 1999 saw the emergence of numerous academic works devoted to the problem of poverty in Nigeria and other parts of the world. Coincidentally, the period in question witnessed an increase in interest in women affairs and consequently, a deluge of literature on the contribution of women to rural poverty alleviation and nation building. This review shall focus on the available literature relevant to our research.

Maxwell Simon in ―The Meaning and Measurement of Poverty‖ an article published by the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) argues that the concept, poverty has no Universal accepted definition. Simon argues that despite the difficulty in conceptualizing poverty, efforts have been made to use income as one of the measure of poverty. The cities the World Bank attempt at choosing an income level of $1 15 (One American Dollar) per day as the benchmark for absolute poverty. According to the World Bank, ―any person that earns not more than considering the assertion earlier made in this chapter to the effect that income may not be an adequate measure of poverty. For example there are differences and ten Naira) at the current (July 2000) exchange rate may not buy in the United States what it can buy in Nigeria. To buttress the point that income is not an adequate measure of poverty, Maxwell avails the reader of a more versatile definition of poverty given by the European Union which goes thus. ―The poor shall be taken to mean person, families and groups of person whose resources (materials, cultural social) are so limited as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of life in the member state in which they live‖. In the penultimate segment of his article, Maxwell gives the following measures of poverty as called from the UNDP Human Development Report (HDR) of 2009.

1.2   STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Most social research efforts are motivated by the desire to combat one negative the phenomenon or another. Within the contact of this proposed research, the negative social phenomenon in question is poverty, a problem that has assumed alarming dimension in Nigeria. The problem with Nigeria is not lack of human and material resources; indeed, the country is one of the most naturally endowed countries in the world.

The problem of poverty in the midst of plenty is primarily caused by the skewed nature of inadequate and poor income distribution in Nigeria. The system in this country enables the rich to get richer while the poor get poorer. How can we ensure that the disposable income in the hands of the poor, particularly the rural poor, is enhanced? Another problem that exacerbates poverty is misplacement of priorities on the part of successive governments of the country. Neglect of rural infrastructure only helps to compound the problem of poverty in Nigeria. Rural-Urban migration which has seen to the loss of vibrant rural youths to cities would not have been as acute if priority had been given to rural infrastructure.  Apart from the aforementioned, other problems such as limited access to credit facilities, high cost of farm inputs and inclement geography all combine to compound the problem for rural poverty in Nigeria. These problems shall be identified and solutions to them proffered in the documentation of research findings.

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

As the title implies, this research effort is primarily aimed at assessing the contributions of Non-Governmental and Non-profit multi-national organizations in the alleviation of rural poverty in Nigeria. The objectives of the study are:

1. To assess the contributions of Non-Governmental and Non-Profit multi-national organisaitons in the alleviation of rural poverty in Nigeria.

2. To ascertain the possible benefits that the rural populace may achieve through the assistance of the Non-governmental and non-profit multinational organistion’s.  
3. To determine the impacts of the NGO’s and its sustainability with governmental support.

4. To highlight the necessary areas where the voluntary services of the NGO’s are most needed in the alleviation of rural poverty in Nigeria.

5. To bring out the possible ways of alleviating rural poverty

 To point out the key areas where the voluntary services of the NGO’s are preferentially needed and areas of utmost priority, (health, education, water and sanitation etc).

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What have been the contributions of the Non- governmental and non-profit multinational organizations to alleviation of rural poverty in Nigeria?
2. Have the Rural people benefited from the non-governmental and non- profit multinational organizations especially in terms of poverty alleviation?
3. Can the non-governmental organizations support be used to assess the sustainability of governments support?
4. How would government identify the most needed areas of attention in the rural poverty alleviation programme?
5. To what extent has the government identified the possible ways of alleviating the rural poverty?
6. What are the key areas where the voluntary services of the NGO’s are preferentially needed, (health, education, water and sanitation etc)?

1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This research is certainly not the first to be conducted on poverty alleviation in Nigeria. However, it is significant in it emphasis on rural poverty. Similarly, the proposed use of research assistants to reach out to rural areas is a remarkable departure from the practice of ―arm-chair research‖ which entails conducting researches only on the pages of books. Similarly, this research effort, being one of the way first conducted in the new century shall serve as a reference point for future researches on the thorny issues of rural poverty in particularly and poverty in general.

1.7   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This proposed research shall cover six non governmental and non-profit multinational national organizations. These include the Fredrich Eberth Foundation, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Ford Foundation, British Council, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Global 2000. The Nigerian offices of these organizations shall be visited for information. Research assistants shall also be sent to some selected rural areas. The number of these rural areas would depend on the financial resources available to the researcher.

PROBLEM AND PROSPECT OF AUDITING IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

PROBLEM AND PROSPECT OF AUDITING IN GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the Study

Government organizations have played a greater part in the economic growth of any economy, especially in the Nigerian economy. The contributions they have made so far cannot be overemphasized because their utmost aims of establishment is to provide some vital or essential services to improve the social and economic well being of the people.

These government organizations are mainly being funded either by the federal or state government through their budgetary allocations made to them yearly and they can also obtain loans or overdraft from commercial bank as well as subvention from government. These funds are expected to be utilized effectively and efficiently. But in most practices they are being misappropriated or embezzled by some government officials.

As a result of this mis-appropriation which has characterized most of the government organizations. Honestly and prudently managed. The audit is expect to show whether proper principles of accounts and audit ethics have been adhered to and that financial statements prepared give a true and fair view.

1.2   Statement of the Problem

In any business Organization in which allocation and application of funds serves as a backbone for financial activities to be carried out the following are problems in which are bund to be encountered.

1. Embezzlement of fund by some government Officials

2. Failure to exercise due professional care and the appropriate level of professional skepticism.

3. Over reliance on inquiry as a form of audit evidence

4. Deficiency in confirming accounts receivable

5. Failure to recognize related party transactions and assuming internal control exist when they may not.

These and other factors contribute to problems of auditing in government organization.

1.3   Purpose of the Study

The purpose of studying this topic is to examine the importance, problems and prospects of auditing in government institution.

• To ascertain the problems encountered while auditing in government establishment.
• To know if auditors exhibit enough professional competence in conduct of their work.
• To know how effective auditing is in government establishment

1.4   Research Questions

This research work seeks to ask the following questions among others, deduced from the purpose of the study.

1. Are auditors being threatened or intimidated during their audit work.
2. Are auditors being faced with some problems during their audit work.
3. Are vital documents needed for the audit of the organization being held from the auditors

1.5   Research Hypothesis

Based on the purpose, and research questions the following hypothesis are put forward.

Ho: Financial reports submitted are not in consonance with the transactions carried out by the government establishment

HI: Financial report submitted are in consonance with the transactions carried out by the government establishment.

Ho: Treats and intimidation do not positively affect the quality of auditors work in government establishment.

HI: Treat and intimidation positively affect the quality of auditors work in government establishment.

Ho: Poor professional conducts by auditors do not affect the quality of work done by auditor in government establishment.

HI Poor Professional conduct by auditors affects the quality of work done by auditors in government establishments.

1.6   Significance of the study

Where audit principles and procedures are carried out in government organizations the following benefits are derived of which these work will be beneficial to the following people and establishments:

1. Government good audit work will prevent, expose fraud, errors and irregularities in government establishment.
2. Auditors: will benefit by knowing the challenges facing them in their audit work and thereafter the prospects.
3. Banks; will also benefit because it will give them insight on how to handle audit work successfully.
4. Students and researchers will benefit by gaining knowledge on the audit challenges to banks and the prospects.

1.7   Scope and limitation of the study

This project would cover arrears such as audit principle(s) and procedures giving as in depth analysis on how audit work is carried out in government organizations.

Attempts have been made by the researcher to discuss in depth the various short comings behind this operational framework of auditing in government organization and also self investigation carried out.

Part of the constraint encountered by the researcher and limitations are as follows.

1. Cost of carrying out the research
2. Short duration of time limit dedicated on the project
3. Distance and financial constraint.
4. Restriction placed upon by some organization to have access to some vital documents.
5. Secrecy maintained by some government officials by not revealing certain information which they term as “Keep government secrets secret”.

1.8   Definition of terms

Fraud: Is a mis-presentation of data with the intention to theft which is dishonest act involving the theft of assets and the falsification of accounting records and financial statements (Akpankpan, 2000.126)

Embezzlement: The fraudulent appropriation of property lawfully in one’s custody, (Kohther, 1970:173)

Auditing or Audit: Is concerned with an independent examination of financial statements and accounting records by an independent certified or chartered accountant and expression of an opinion by the public accountant on the financial statements of an organization stating whether the finance; al statements present fairly by the financial position of the firm concerning the period covered by the financial statement.

Auditor: An auditor is the qualified accountant who is professionally licensed to audit or examine financial statements or report of business or non-business organizations.

THE CHALLENGES OF INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR

THE CHALLENGES OF INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR

(A STUDY OF KADUNA STATE MINISTRY OF FINANCE)

ABSTRACT

This research work deals with the challenges of internal audit function in the Nigerian public sector with reference to Kaduna state ministry of finance. The objective of this study has been to evaluate the internal control system in the Nigerian public sectors, to ascertain the non- implementation of routine audit report and the lack of proper segregation and assignment of duties. In recent times, a combination of forces has led to a quiet revolution in the profession. Government moving towards democracy must demonstrate accountability in the use of public money and efficiency in the delivery of service. In many cases internal control system are weak, staffs are poorly paid making them unmotivated, coupled with non-implementation of routine audit report by appropriate authorities. The Responses from staffs were analyzed using relevant statistical tools from which three hypothesis were formulated and tested using Z-test statistics, while questionnaire were analyzed in tabular form using simple percentage. It was discovered that the internal audit is facing a lot of challenges which includes inadequate staffing, lack of independence, lack of facilities to carry out audit function and also poor funding. As a result of some of these challenges the effectiveness of the internal audit in the Nigerian public sectors, has been hindered as well as the organizational change it can bring to its environment. I recommend that for internal audit to be effective, it must be a completely independent group, adequately funded and equipped with qualified internal auditors as well as sufficient opportunities for internal auditors to become qualified.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Internal audit had been defined “as an independent appraisal function established within an organization to examine and evaluate its activities as a service to the organization”. Internal auditing is a process generally adopted towards ensuring and safeguarding of resources and promoting operational efficiency in organizations. The responsibilities for effective internal auditing normally rest on with the internal auditors who in turn rely a great deal on the soundness and effectiveness of internal control system.

The business world is developing so in the complex nature of the organizations. This complexity of modern organizations and hence the management has led to the much broader role at the internal audit. The role of internal audit is fast moving from mere checking of documents and physical duties to analyzing the ability of organization to react to changing circumstances.

Auditing for the public sector is aimed at prevention of mistakes, shortcomings and misdeeds in the public administration. The internal audit has become a good control measures that can foretell all the incidence of fraud and misappropriation of fund in government ministries if properly put in place.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Many business organizations are rapidly assuming complexity resulting to remarkable reliance to internal audit and management as a wider range area of control.  In spite of the existence of internal audit departments in organizations, it is often argued that the rate of fraud and misdeeds is still on the increase, particularly in the public sector. Some people argues that the internal auditors are creating more problems than they are solving, others see it as tools for witch-hunting and therefore sees them as unnecessary evil.

The internal control system in Nigeria public sector may be insufficient based on some predicaments.

• Lack of proper segregation and proper assignment of duties as well as shortage of qualified staff to carry out internal audit and accounting duties.
• Lack of implementation of routing audit report by appropriate authorities.
• Inadequacy of internal control system leading to improper investigation.

The above reasons greatly affect the effectiveness of internal audit in the public sector. This gives the researcher the impetus for undertaking a study on this study with a view coming up with solution of those challenges.

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of this research is to examine the challenges of internal audit function in Nigeria public sector organization.

The research project is expected to achieve the following objectives:

• To ascertain the lack of proper segregation and proper assignment of duties as well as shortages of staffs to carry out audit duties.
• To ascertain reasons for improper implementation of routine audit report by appropriate authorities.
• To evaluate the internal control system in the Nigerian public sector.

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following are the various research questions. They are as follows:

1. Are there challenges of internal audit function in the Nigerian public sector?

2. Are the impacts of Nigerian public sectors on the internal audit function?

3. Can public organization do with an internal audit function?

1.5     RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following hypotheses were found relevant to the above stated problems and objectives, and thus tested in this study.

Hypothesis i:

HO: The inadequacy of the internal control system in Kaduna state ministry of finances not the motive for the trials of the internal audit.

HI: The inadequacy of the internal control system in Kaduna state ministry of finance is the motive for the trials of the internal audit.

Hypothesis ii:

HO: The lack of proper segregation and assignment of duties as well as shortages of staff to carry out audit duties does not influence the effectiveness of the internal audit.

HI: The lack of proper segregation and assignment of duties as well as shortages of staff to carry out audit duties influences the effectiveness of the internal audit.

Hypothesis iii:

HO: The lack no of implementation of routine audit report by appropriate authorities.

HI: There is lack of implementation of routine audit report by appropriate authorities.

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The project intended to bring to light the challenges of internal audits department in the Nigerian public sector with a view of coming up with possible ways to overcome such challenges.

The research work will be of vital importance to the government, bringing to light the challenges hampering the efficiency of the internal audit and how these challenges can be tackled.

The research work will also be of significance to the management or head of department of various government ministries and public corporations so as to see the importance of effective internal control system and the discharge of their responsibilities to the internal auditors as a yardstick to improve organizational performance. It is also necessary for the internal auditors to understand their loopholes so that necessary adjustments could be made to enhance their efficiency.

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this research work in the Nigerian public sectors as a whole specifically the internal audit and accounting department, with particular interest in the Kaduna state ministry of finance.

1.8     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The limitation to this research work is the lack of adequate information from the senior staff of the ministry considering such information as “Top Secret”. In ability to have access to vital documents in the ministry considering such document as confidential.

1.9     DEFINITION OF TERMS

In every study, there are some terms that are frequently used; also in the course of this study the following terms relating to the subject matter will frequently be used.

FRAUD: This is defined as criminal deception in an act of acquiring other people money kept in one’s possession deceitfully.

INTERNAL AUDIT: A.H. Millichamp defined internal audit as “an independent appraisal function within an organization for the review system of control and quality of performance as a service to the organization”. The objective is to examine, evaluate and report on the adequacy of internal control as a contribution to the proper economic efficient and effective use of resources.

INTERNAL CONTROL: Internal control is the whole system of control, financial and otherwise, established by management in order to carry on with the business to an enterprise in an orderly manner, ensure adherence to management policies, safeguard its asset and secure as far as possible the completeness, accuracy and reliability of books and other records.

INTERNAL CHECK: Internal check is the aggregate of the check and balance imposed on the day to day transactions in an organization where by the work of one person are verified independently by or is complementary to the work of one another.

MINISTRY OF FINANCE: This is a ministry that is responsible for the administration of government finance [public fund].

PUBLIC SECTOR: consist of all organization whose control lies in the hands of the public and whose objective involves the provision of services where profit is not the primary motive.

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF INTERNAL AUDIT IN NIGERIA BANKS

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF INTERNAL AUDIT IN NIGERIA BANKS

(A STUDY OF ACCESS BANK)

ABSTRACT    

The study focused on the “Challenges and Prospects of Internal Audit in Diamond Bank PLC. The main purpose of this study is to determine the challenges and prospects of internal auditors in Nigerian Banks. This work made use of two specific objective, two research question and also two hypotheses. The study conducted a survey research design .Questionnaires was self-distributed among the senior managers and auditors. The population was made up of eight (8) senior managers and internal auditors in Diamond Bank PLC. Simple percentage and T-test were used to run my data analysis ,the finding is that internal auditing as a profession faces significant challenges that makes them not to have enthusiasm towards their profession. From the study, the following recommendations were made: Management should have quality technology and materials available for internal auditors.  Management should provide training ground for internal auditors.

CHAPTERONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

It is said that finance is the mainstay of an economy without finance there will be no investment and capital to start up a business and also no meaningful development could be done without finance and proper management, as a result of that diamond bank has a system of control which ensures smooth running of their bank of which internal auditing is an integral part.

Internal auditing ensures that all activities of the organization are carried out employee according to laid down procedures, the introduction of new technologies e.g. the invention of computerized internal audit system which posed challenges to the internal audit system and internal audit staff and their duties the prospect of this challenges is to update their knowledge and adjust to the current practice and also to overcome those challenges in the face of manipulation and also to perpetrate fraud is desirable, more so the requirement of new auditing  standards will make staff of internal audit to update their knowledge and adjust to the current practice. Auditing is a key factor in controlling every kind of organization with financial and economic aspect serve as a sort of check and balances and administrative procedure of any organizational set up.

The need to maintain effective and efficient internal audit system, cannot be over emphasized especially in a period like this, when Nigeria government is making effort towards ensuring that wastage, privilege, misappropriation and checked or avoided to ensure that asset are being secured.

As one of the cornerstone of a career in accounting internal auditor gives strong understanding of the financial faces and processes, many may view it as a mundane and repetitive job but what they do not realize is the challenges and complexity that comes with job which are: shortage of talent, distinguishing yourself from the crowd, developing your career and market outlook.           

Diamond bank plc as a private ltd liability company on March 21 1991 was incorporated on December 20 1990.Ten years later, in February 2001 it became a universal bank. In January 2005 following a highly successful private placement share offer which substantially raised the bank equity base diamond bank became a public LTD company. Since then 1990, diamond bank has challenged the market environment by introducing and setting new bench mark through international standard.

They bank also have a strong cooperate banking ethics that is helping fuel the growth across Nigeria through supporting many businesses. It serves over 150000 business including cooperate client as well as Micro Small and Medium Scale (MSME).it is also the first Nigerian bank to operate in francophone west Africa

The Carlyle group, the global alternative asset manager became a significant share holder in November 2014 following its 1.47 investment in bank. The auditor came across many challenges while carrying out their duties but with some prospect that can be able to carry out their duties effectively and efficiently.

1.2 Statement of problem:

Robert (2016) observed that there are several big challenges facing the internal audit as a whole some of them represent opportunities as well as obstacles to overcome. The difficulty in filling internal audit positions with talented candidates for example has led to increase in pay to many internal auditors the internal auditors perform their duties successfully also enhance good internal audit control as well as maintain some standard of good services which their client have engaged their services, there is need for utilization of effective management functions, However this internal auditors face some challenges while carrying out their duties such a Robert 2016 noted this challenges.

Proper document are not given to them on time.

They are not adequately equipped.

lack of requisite system

inability to adequately recommend and establish production method

It should be noted that a lot of studies have been conducted on the challenges of internal auditors in diamond bank as a whole but It is hoped that this study will contribute to debate and perhaps shed further light on the impact of reducing the challenges audit faces in diamond bank so as to make the working environment conducive for them while carrying out their duties and also to reduce the challenges auditors faces while carrying out their duties in an efficient and orderly manner.

1.3      Objectives of the Study:

The main objective of this study is to find out the challenges and prospect of internal audit in Nigerian banks. The specific objectives are to ascertain the challenges faced by internal auditors in Nigerian Banks. To ascertain the prospect of internal audit in Nigerian Banks.

1.4      Research Question

What are the challenges faced by internal auditors in Nigerian Banks.

What are the prospect of internal audit in Nigerian Bank comply with banks complies with bank management policies and regulation.

1.5       Research Hypotheses:

H0 There is no significant challenges faced by internal auditor in Nigerian Banks.

H1There is significant challenges faced by internal auditor in Nigerian Banks

H0 There is no significant prospect of internal audit in Nigerian Banks

H1There is significant prospect of internal audit in Nigerian Banks

1.6       Significance of the Study:

They significance of the study form the contribution it will add to knowledge on the often debated topic of evaluation challenges and prospect of internal audit. This work will be of great benefit to:

Researchers and student: because it reveals the relevance of auditors and for student it also contributes significantly to the internal auditing debate.

Auditors: it will be useful to auditors because it tells them about their challenges and how to face them and also prospect toward them carrying their duties.

Management of Banks: the study is to help management appreciate auditors and understand the challenges the face in carrying out their duties, so also to provide prospect for auditors so that they can help to improve audit facilities or technology and so that  they will make the work enjoyable and they wouldn’t want to risk losing billions of money.

Government: agencies, companies, bankers researchers student who might be interested in knowing about the concept challenges and prospect of internal auditors it will cover the whole aspect of internal audit the objectives, types, reliance and prospect etc this huge amount of information will be an indispensable material to the above mentioned beneficiaries.

Public:It will also help the public in the sense that they will able to know the statues of the company so that they can make decision on either to invest in the company or not so as to avoid risk.

1.7       Scope of the Study:

It was the wish of the researcher to cover many areas of the banking sector but for the purpose of this study the researcher is only restricted to the role of auditors in detection, prevention and control of fraud in banking sector with the case study of diamond bank plc.

1.8       Limitations of the Study:

The researcher encountered a lot of hindrances and problems while carrying out this work. The major limitation was pressure of time in terms of academic work and demand of the research. The researcher was combining academic work with activities relating the research. Finance to source relevant materials was also a major hindrance. However these problems did not affect the quality of the research   

1.9       Definition of Terms:

Auditor:   An auditor is a person usually professional, appointed by banks to audit its financial statement and therefore make an opinion on the truth and fairness of the financial statement Auditor in this study refers to the internal auditors

Bank: A organization or place that provide financial services Bank in this work refers to as diamond bank Financial Statement: This is a form of annual report and accounts that includes a statement of comprehensive income and loss, statement of financial position and also other statement including directors report and cash flow statement, finance statement in this work refers bank financial statement.