THE IMPACT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS PERFORMANCE IN PRIVATE SECTORS

THE IMPACT OF MOTIVATION ON WORKERS PERFORMANCE IN PRIVATE SECTORS

(A CASE STUDY OF DANGOTE GROUP OF COMPANIES)

ABSTRACT

This research work tends to examine “The impact of motivation on workers performance on the private sector (A case study of Dangote groups of Companies). To this end the project is divided into five chapters. Chapter once introduce the topic to highlight the background of the study, importance and objectives of this study, state the problem of the study, its significance, made hypothesis   and delineate the scope and limitation of the study. Chapter two deals with the background of the case study, concept of the motivation, forms of reward systems, organizational theories, job evaluation and pay, highlight the effect wages and salaries, incentives/remuneration, and fringe benefits. It also gives a review effective motivation and management. Chapter three discusses the design of the study, research population, sample size and techniques, sources of data collection and research instrument used. It also shows the method data analysis and the distribution and collection of questionnaire. Chapter four treats data presentation and analysis, testing of hypothesis and summary of finding. Finally chapter five consider some facts and finally ends with the summary, conclusion, recommendation. Also appropriate recommendations were made as to how to address the “The impact of motivation on workers performance on the private sector using Dangote groups of companies as a case study. This is an intellectual work and like all other intellectual work did not draw a final conclusion. 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Almost all organizations irrespective of size have an objective to accomplish within a given period of time. The achievements of these objectives depend largely on the caliber of employees at its disposal. It is imperative for organization to employ the appropriate and highly qualified human resources with corresponding motivational incentives in order to achieve its objectives.

Many business managers today are not aware of the effects that motivation can (and does not) have on their business and its therefore important they learn and understand the factors that determine positive motivation in the work place. The size of your business is irrelevant, whether you are trying to get the best out of fifty off your staff or just one, everyone needs some form of motivation.

Motivation is something that is approached differently by different business and responsibilities of its integration lies with all immediate supervision of staff. However, it is the business owner who must initiate motivation as a strategy to attain job satisfaction.

This research considers the impact of motivation on works of Dangote Group of Companies and the problems associated with the system being used. It is designed to throw more light on the fact that lack of adequate motivation affects productivity, changes in behaviours and employees development.

Motivation is an act of desire, drive or appeal to achieve a particular goal; it may be physiological or psychological. Motivation is a set of attitude and values that predispose a person to act in a specific goal directed name. it is an invisible inner state that energizes human goal which can be divided into two components; firstly, the direction of behaviour (working to attain a goal) and secondly, the strength of the behaviour (how hard or strong an individual will work).

According to the Kedonistic theory of motivation, seeking pleasure and avoiding pains over the basic motives underlying human behaviour. Instance theory suggests that motivation is greatly influenced by physiological inheritance while continue theory argued that motivation is the result of working national choices through the exercise of free will.

Maslow needs (motive) as occurring on several levels, as placed in pyramidal form maintained that the need at the bottom must be satisfied before an individual will progress to the largest level. Physiological motives can be seen in terms of the body effect to maintain take homeostatic internal balance. The existence of need generate a drive to seek out an objective that will satisfy the need. Among the various psychological motives that have been studied, are the drive for curiosity and explanation including the need for attention and interpersonal relationship.

According to Allport (1940), motives sometimes continue to exist well after their original purpose has disappeared. He described such motives as one hidden form one motivated by unconscious motives. All managerial activities described on human reactions, communication, planning, decision-making, direction and motivation etc. must be in place in order to have staff willing to market the required contribution. The ability of managers and supervisors to inspire their subordinate will depend on the degree of motivational policy of the top management.

This is not only because attitudes of top management are usually repeated throughout lower level but also lay the personnel policies decided at the top and also determine the extent to which lower managers can improve relationships with their staff.

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In order to find solutions to undisturbed productivity and reduced workers apathy to work both in the public and private sector, the system of motivation will be examined with the view of highlighting its problem as follows:

1. Lack of adequate motivation could cause apathy to work?
2. Inadequate training and development leads to poor productivity of the workers.
3. Managements policy, is it human centered or production centered.

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

          The objective of the study in this research work is to

1. Examine the motivational policy of Dangote group of companies.
2. Assess the impact it has on workers performance.
3. Assess the means of motivating workers.
4. The extent of motivational policy in Dangote group of companies.
5. To know if motivated workers perform better than those not motivated.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is to expose the secret behind the strides recorded in the few years of operation of Dangote group of companies in the country. The study is aimed at looking at motivation as a catalyst for achieving organizational cooperate objectives. Among the various physiological motives that have been studied are the drive for curiosity and explanation including the need for affection and inter-personal too.

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTION

i.        What is the motivational policy of Dangote group of companies?

ii.       What is the impact of motivation on workers performance?

iii.      What are the means of motivating workers?

iv.      What is the extent of motivation policy in Dangote group of companies?

v.       Do motivated workers perform more than does not motivated?

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H_o:    Effective motivation will lead to increase in workers performance in Dangote group of companies.

H_i:     Effective motivation will not lead to increase in workers performance in Dangote group of companies

H_o:    Promotion is an adequate means of motivating employees in Dangote group of companies.

H_i:     Promotion is not an adequate means of motivating employees in Dangote group of companies.

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Because of the nature of the topic “a case study of Dangote group of companies” the scope was limited to the management staff of the organization whether it is human centered or productivity centered. The information gathered was through personal industries, questionnaires and workers hand-book.

1.8     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

These are always two sides to a coin, the head and the tail, known as undertaken within a setback. In the course of this work the researcher encountered some difficulties. A work of these magnitude demands more time to effect on the past research in order to come out with a viable and acceptable work.

Among other problems encountered were the attitudes of people interviewed. Despite that, the researcher revealed that information sighted was for academic purpose, they remained indifferent. Limited literature on the subject matter was another limitation, and from available ones, motivation of workers to enhance productivity in an organization was not elaborately discussed. The researcher had to put the available ones together with relevant magazines, newspapers, internet plus the financial review of Dangote group of companies.

1.9     DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS

Motivation: This is the process of arousing behaviour, sustaining behaviour in progress, and channeling behaviour into a specific course of action.
Management: This is the process of getting things done through people. It involves planning, organizing, staff, directing, coordinating and controlling both human and material resources for the purpose of achieving a set goal.
Responsibility: This is the subordinate’s obligation to perform a duty which has been assigned to him.

Manager: Is one who performs the functions of management (planning, organizing, staffing, etc.) and occupiers a formal position in an organization.
Organization: This has to do with determination and provision of capital, material, equipment and personnel that may be required in an enterprise in order to achieve the set goals.

Organizational Structure: This is the established pattern of relationships among the components of the organization.

Organizational Chart: It is a diagram that shows the arrangement, positions and interrelationship of various component parts of company.
Employee: This is a person who is paid to work for an organization or business enterprise.

Behaviour: Is the manner that someone, an animal, a plant etc. do things in a particular way.

Department: Any of the division or unit of a government, business, school or college and so on.

Employees’ Services: This is the maintaining of the general welfare of employees on the job and assisting with problems related to their security and personal welbeing e.g. medical services and insurance protection.

THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTITUTION

THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTITUTION

(A case study of Federal Polytechnic Kaduna)

ABSTRACT

The importance of Technology in relations to Socio-Economic Development in an organization cannot be over emphasized. That is why the researcher chose the topic: The Impact of ICT on socio-economic development in an institution (A case study of Federal Polytechnic Kaduna) this particular area of study has been of great concern to the researcher who among other things examines the nature of information technology in order to form the theoretical base for the study a careful review of related literature were made; four (4) research questions were drawn up to obtain the primary data through the use of questionnaires were used on the selected department. The total population of study as hundred and some was used as sample to carry out the study. The researcher use the simple percent method to analyze the data obtained from the polytechnic ground. During the course of the study the researcher discovered that the application of information technology on socio-economic development reduce to a large extent the cost involved in running the school activities. Communication and data processing on socio-economic development is carried out with ease and speed using IT equipment and facilities. Lastly useful recommendations were given.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Technological advancement made in recent times have created a revolution in the economic world, allowing people to communicate in a way they had never dreamt of. Development is the human activity of converting resources into goods and services for the purpose of brining about transaction that will satisfy certain needs of customers, which bring profits to organization. This depends on the wise use of resources of any business, through effective decisions.

 Adams (2002),  said socio-economic development is an organized approach to providing people with satisfaction they want. Most institution seeks to make as much as that. They aim to achieve revenues that exceed the cost of operating the business.

Xavi (1988) in his finding perceive socio-economic development as having the potential to contribute substantially to reducing the high cost of unemployment and to the growth of a country’s economy. The account for significant shares of economic activity can play an important role in achieving the development goals for production. The long-term goals are for socio-economic development to maximize their contribution to the country’s economic and social development with respect to produce income distribution and employment.        

Bellegate (1998) in one of his findings also perceive information technology as the processing and distribution of data using computer hardware and software, telecommunication, and digital electronic. The term “IT” encompasses the methods and techniques used information and handling and retrievals by automatic means. These include com

puter, telecommunication and office system or any combination of these elements. It includes all matters concerned with the further and of computer science, technology and with design, development, installation, and implementation of information systems and applicants.

According to Adams (2007) information technology (IT) is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computers based information system, particularly software application and computer hardware. Therefore it deals with the use of electronic computers and computers software to convert, store, protect, transmit and retrieve information. Many researchers have tried as much as possible to define the term information technology Norton (1992), in his researches figure the term information technology as broadened to encompass many aspects of computing and technology. Also the term is more recognizable than ever before and its umbrella can be quite large, converting many fields such as production, manufacturing marketing, etc. it has a divers impact on every economic activities carried out in this modern world.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The modern trend in our institution today requires the exchange of information, processing and distribution of data, efficiently and effectively from one place to another. Therefore, for every institution to achieve this development the need for applicant of information technology system is inevitable. Many institutions have collapsed either at start up or fail to grow which might be due to inappropriate or inefficient method used to handle information. The problem of delays in sending and receiving information between organizations is characterized by one of the major cause of failure in some institution. Information in the bedrock of any organization which enables it to plan, organize and execute decisions making towards achieving its set goals. There is also the problem of managerial inability by many institutions operation.

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

To every research topic, there must be a purpose and this purpose refers to what the researcher want to know about a particular subject matter so that if need, there will be an improvement.

Impact of information communication technology on socio-economic development, therefore, the researcher purpose or aim of carrying out this project include the following.

1. To find out problems that hinders the growth of I C T.
2. To know the importance of application of information technology in processing data to the institution
3. The study is to provide the relevant of information communication technology to socio-economic technology.
4. To provide basis for information communication technology

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

For the purpose of this research, the following questions had been drawn to guide the investigation.

1. What are the problems that hinder the growth of information communication technology?
2. Is there any importance of application of information technology in processing data to the institution?
3. Does information communication technology has relevant to socio-economic technology
4. What is the basis for information communication technology?

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The main objective is to give the researcher the fundamental on how best to identify a particular problem in a given situation and to be able to carry out investigation on the causative factors of the problem. Draw possible solution and method of prevention for further reoccurrence. The study would also guide the polytechnic operation on how best top manage the polytechnic in accordance with modern trends which would promote developmental growth in the economy.

The study could be used as a source of data for student and other individuals such as Organizations, Government sectors and in the society at large conducting research on issues that have relevance to the work which might bring about ease and access to significant data for their study.

1.6     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is limited as it looks at the impact of information communication technology on socio-economic development of an institution, this topic is been carried out in Federal Polytechnic Kaduna.

1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

Information technology: (IT) is the process and distribution of data using computer hardware and software, telecommunication and digital electronics the term IT encompasses the method of techniques used information handling and retrieval by automatic means. The means include computer communication and office system or any combination of these elements.

Economic: is the branch of knowledge combined with the production, consumption and transfer of wealth.

Development: the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced, stronger.

Social-economic development: are the process of social and economic development in a society and the general well being of the society.

Information: a something told, knowledge, also process of collect, gather, receive or obtaining vital detail item of knowledge.

Communication: is the exchange of information, idea, feelings and though between two or more parties.

THE RELEVANCE OF PRODUCT PACKAGING AND BRANDING IN THE MARKETING OF SHOPPING GOODS

THE RELEVANCE OF PRODUCT PACKAGING AND BRANDING IN THE MARKETING OF SHOPPING GOODS

(A case study of Royal Ceramic Nig. Ltd Abuja, Kaduna Road, Suleja)

ABSTRACT

This research work is aimed at determining the relevant of product packaging and branding in the marketing of shopping goods with special reference to Royal ceramics Nigeria limited. The organized field work, interview, observation, questionnaires and other documentary materials formed the sources of data and information for this research .All data collected were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and with the use of tables, frequency and percentage. Seventy (70) questionnaires were distributed but fifty (50) were filled and returned properly. Finally recommendations and conclusion were drawn based on the findings.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

Packaging and branding have becomes very important activities in the production and marketing of goods and services. Packaging can be defined as all the activities in production planning that involve designing and producing the container or wrappers for a product. Packaging is obviously closely related to labeling and branding because the label often appears on the package and the branding is typically on the label. Packaging plays two basic roles, protection of the content and communication about the product. As a protecting tool, it helps in the storing, reduction of damage and loss of goods in transit, minimized pilferage and tempering of products in the course of handling. Is a protective device against product damage, contamination, evaporation and chemical change. Packaging helps to identify a product and thus may prevent substitution of competitive goods. Packaged good generally are more convenience.

Packaging as a means of communication involves a series of marketing activities. A firm may package it product in such a way as to increase profit possibilities. Package may be so attractive that customers will pay more just to get the special package.

Packaging as a salient salesman- when a product tends to sell itself without the company promotion then we say the package is serving as a salient salesman. Branding on the other hand means the use of a name, term, symbol or design or a combination of these which is intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of seller and to differentiate them from those of competitors. Brand encourages repeat sales- if a product proves satisfactory to a customer; brands make it easy for the consumer to locate that product for repurchase.

Brands simplify sales promotion – effective sales promotion depends (mainly) on branding or identifying the products. Through branding, the quality and quantity of production can be controlled. This means that poor quality which might reflect unfavorable another products and discourage future trade-could be traced back to the quality producer. With the increase in the number of similar production in the marketing today which has in term led to the persistent increase in the level of competition among producers, individual firm do not only improve on the quality of their product, but try to differentiate their products from those of competitors. This can be achieved through the use of attractive and distinctive packaging and branding.

Hence, this project aims at finding out whether or not packaging and branding are really relevant in the marketing of shopping goods with special reference to royal ceramics Ltd, area sales office Suleja on the Abuja, Kaduna highway.

1.1     HISTORY OF THE COMPANY

Historically, Royal ceramics Ltd was established in the year 1992 in Nigeria at Suleja on the Abuja-Kaduna highway about 45km from the capital city of Abuja. Royal ceramics remains the first and art pioneering ceramics unit in sub-Saharan Africa, producing wall tiles, floor tiles, porcelain tiles, red clay blocks and sanitary wares under a single roof.

THE PERFORMANCE

In product terms an early commitment to quality was made, also the development of portfolio of production acceptable and specific to the taste and heeds at Nigerians has been a man plank from the earliest days. Royal ceramics products are distributed all over Nigeria and we understand that a good percentage of their products find their way to some of our neighboring countries such as Niger, Chad and Cameroon. In Nigeria they are the leading source of locally produced ceramic – ware and it is estimated that they have nearly 40% of the market share. Royal ceramics stockists and distributors numbering 72 are uniformly distributed geographically all around Nigeria. They team of marketing professional keep touring all-round the country periodically to ensure top quality customer service and also to be in touch with the ground reality of the competition from other local and foreign producers. Royal tiles both wall tiles and floor tiles are available in variety of 750 standard designs and also custom designed tiles in special sizes and designs are also made available for special customers. We market wall tiles, vitrified floor tiles and glazed floor tiles in the thickness range of are 6mm to 12mm. The tiles sizes that are usually available are 6×6, 8×12, 8×8, 12×12 and 16×16. Sanitary ware is available in patented Italian designs and also custom made designs in various colors. The popular colors are white, sky-blue, grey and light pink. Royal has got sophisticated wing for producing quality products by testing raw materials before production, every stage to production and also finished products. The R&D (Research and Development) holds the responsibility for developing of body, ensuring the production department to produce the right product with right specifications.

Services- Royal has got a service department to educate the lying techniques to tillers and mason and also to attend the queries of customers. They act as a bridge between the company and customers.

The initial investment was USD $ 20million, and over the years the addition and modifications have increased the investment level to well over USD$30million.

THE BRAND

The business of a company is centered on serving the consumer with the high quality product. Through the large distributor network, and strong brand developed over one a decades, Royal tiles remain one of the most widespread and population brands in West Africa.

WALL TILES AND FLOOR TILE PLANTS

The 2 plants are capable of producing wall tiles, vitrified floor tiles and glazed floor tiles in the thickness range of 6mm to 12mm. the tiles sizes that can be made in this plant are 150mm x 150mm, 200mm x300mm, 200mm x 200mm, 300mm x300mm and 400mm x 400mm. OR you can still use short form of it by saying 150m x150m =6 x 6, 200mm x300m = 20 x30, 300m x300m =30 x30, 400m x 400m =40 x40 . All the equipment has been sourced from SACMI, Italy and the plants are capable of producing 4million square meter of tiles per annum. The production lines are equipped with multiple printing stations, enabling the production of multiple coloured tiles. Royal have a large stock of a variety of punches and in- house screen lab to produce innumerable designs for the market.  To improve the quality of product and save on the foreign exchange from importation Royal had recently begun manufacturing frits for their own purpose and for other industries in Nigeria. Royal now have the capability to produce 20MT of first a day a significant boost to the local economy.

THE PEOPLE

The unit employs 2, 200 Nigeria directly and indirectly and 30 Indians expatriates, it is estimated the another 8000 Nigerians are employed in the various sectors such as mining, supply of raw materials, distribution of finished products  e. t .c they provides accommodation to their employees.

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is an established fact that companies irrespective of where they are situated, what and how they produce, who their shareholders are etc., face one form of problem or the other. These problems are often caused by such factors as: high level of competition, political instability fuel scarcity, competitors copying their design, qualified personnel, and raw materials.

Actually, their raw materials yard is capable of holding nearly 50,000 tons of raw materials at any given time. Considering the extended rainy season in Nigeria such a huge storage capacity becomes a necessity. But had it being some imported items such as transparent & opaque frit, zinc oxide, color pigments, printing base, magnesium silicate etc. which they import from Spain, Italy India and other European countries are found in Nigeria the product would have being at a cheaper rate.

On several occasions, the government has raced embargo on the importation of raw material and machineries which has in turn made it very difficult for manufacturers to supplement home supply with imports. Competition is another problems that most companies are now facing today and this has force them to decide new strategies to enable them gain some competitive edge over their rivals. The development of implementation of efficient and effective strategy involves a lot of money, time etc which would have been challenged towards the achievements of other organization goals. Since packaging and branding add to lots of price ,it is argued in many ways that whether it should continue or not, it is against this back-ground that the researcher carried out this research work to find out relevant of product packaging and branding in the marketing of  shopping goods with special reference to Royal ceramics Ltd.

1.3     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of this study includes the following.

1. To develop and transform the researcher theoretical knowledge in to practice one specially as it relates to packaging and branding.
2. To shows the relevance of product packaging and branding in the marketing of shopping’s goods.
3. To serve as a reference materials for research work in related fields.
4. To help researchers in the field of study identify and access the important of packaging and branding in marketing of shopping goods.
5. To satisfy one of the basics condition for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in department of marketing Nasarawa Federal Polytechnic, Nasarawa state.

1.4     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aims and objectives of the study include the following:-

1        To find out if packaging and branding have any impact on company (Royal ceramics Ltd) turnover.

2.       To find out whether or not packaging and branding help to lower the manufactures cost of distributions and promotions.

3        To find out whether or not packaging and branding facilities products differentiations.

4.       To determine whether or not packaging and branding provides the much needed information about a product.

5.       To find out why Royal ceramics Ltd uses packaging and branding in the marketing of their products.

6.       To provides the researcher with an insight in the field of study.

1.5     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Packaging and branding are very important activities in the production of marketing of goods and service in all manufacturing industries will be very difficult if not impossible considering the cost involves time constraint. Base on these, the study is confirmed to Royal ceramics Ltd Nigeria. The relevance of products packaging and branding in the marketing of shopping goods is the essence of this research works.

1.6     STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

To decide on the outcome of the study, the following hypothesis are formed to be tested as well as to obtain meaningful information that will aid the marketing of valid conclusions and recommendations.

H_I: Packaging and branding are relevant of shopping goods

H_O: Packaging and branding are not relevant in marketing of shopping goods.

Note: H_I: means alternative hypothesis

H_O: means null hypothesis.

1.7     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

In the course of writing a project of the nature one encounter are difficulties which include among other: the problems of locating respondent’s .some of the few that were located responded to the questionnaire reluctantly. The researcher also found it difficult to obtain vital information from the company (Royal ceramics Ltd, Nigeria)As much information are considered very crucial for the survival of the organization, in the same vein ,the project work is much tasking as it was not easy to obtain material ,the cost involves in typing ,photocopying and binding as a student .Inadequate time was another problem the researcher encountered, since the researcher has to share the available time among his normal academic work and the project work both of which are time consuming.

Consequently, very short time was left for this write-up which thus meant that the work was done in haste in order to meet up with the submission date. Lecturing which is the main task of every lecturer tends to limit the frequency of project supervision.

1.8     DEFINITION OF TERMS

The terms below have been defined in relation to the context in which they are used in this study for the sole purpose of clarity.

MARKETING: According to the institute of marketing U.K, marketing is defined as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably while American marketing Association considers marketing as the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and service from producer to consumer or user.

PRODUCT: Njioku (2000) says that product is the object of a market offer by the firm or producer to the consumer or user.

BRANDING: Is a way of distinguishing a company’s product from those of competing products by assigning names or symbols to these product.

BRAND: Njioku (2002:69), on his own parts, a brand is a name,  term, symbols or design or a combination of them which is intended to identify the goods or service of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors.

BRAND NAME: Consists of words, letters\ or numbers which may be pronounced e.g. Toyota, Honda etc.

BRAND MARK: Is the part of the brand which appears in the form of symbol, design, or distinctive coloring and lettering, it can be recognized by size but cannot be vocalized.

TRADE MARK: A trade mark is a brand which is given legal protection because under the law it has been used exclusively by one seller. It therefore follows that trademarks are brands and include words, letters number, etc. which may be pronounced as well as pictorial design

THE ROLE OF REVENUE GENERATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES

THE ROLE OF REVENUE GENERATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES

(A case study of Langtang North Local Government)

ABSTRACT

The project work is titled “The Role Of Revenue Generation And Its Impact On The Effective Implementation Of Policies And Programmes” (a case study of Langtang North Local Government) was carried out to examine the role of policies and programme on the effective implementation of revenue generation. The aim of this project is to highlight the problems of revenue generation and to suggest some possible ways of combating them. The general public has to be synthesized about the need to pay their tax regularly and staffs in charge of collections should be warned on how to collect the revenue effectively. The structured questionnaires were used and the data collected were subjected to simple percentage and chi-square; the result shows that, most of the revenue generated were not properly managed, most of it were lost through leakage i.e. fraud or misappropriation by the staffs carrying out thereby reducing the actual amount that has been generated. Therefore, there is a need to implement policies and programmes that will block staff excesses or their act of embezzlement and to increase their pays, thereby increasing their standard of living.

Chapter one

1. Introduction

Local government refers to a formof public administration which in a majority of contracts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within a given state, Local Government generally act within powers delegated to them by legislation or directives of the higher level.

The common names for local government entities include state, province, region, department, country, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire and village.

There is no nation, country, or political organization that can do without some form of local government even in the primitive society there were source form of decentralization, decentralization or active division of power and delegated function.

Therefore, the local government is a system of administration that can be found at the grass root level i.e. local level be it cost, district or village lever exercised through elected or nominated representatives to provide basic necessities of life for the inhabitants of the particular sub-mention boundary and as provide by the law of the concerned state or nation, the above information is just to enable us understand the topic of discussion which is the revenue generation.

Since money is the source of everything within any organization, the local government must provide a meaningful ways of generating revenue at its council. Therefore means are drawn to generate more revenue to the local government, so revenue is an income in which government receive as a tax to its organization or council.

1.1      Historical background of Langtang North Local Government

Langtang North Local Government Area was crated on 27^th August, 1991 out of the defunct Langtang LGA.

Langtang North is located on longitude 890-300N, Latitude 9-90-300E, it is about 190km drive south of Jos, the state capital and bordered by Kanke and Kanam LGA to the North and Wase LGA is on the East, while Langtang South LGA is on the Southern border and Mikang, Qua-pan and Shendam LGAs from it’s western border. The local government was created under the leadership of General Ibrahim Babangida Administration of military era, in October, 1991.

The local government area covers an area of 2446 squares kilometer with a population size of 513,255 people being taroh; therefore of course, pockets of other settling tribes on the LGA who have found themselves in the area purely for commercial undertakings.

The climate of the LGA is tropically made up of two main seasons namely the rainy and dry seasons.

The rainy season begins from the month of May to October, while the dry season starts from November to April. The major physical features of the area include the famous Kwallah hills, Mabe hills, Jat rock and Lagan hills.

The major occupation of the Taroh people is agriculture. Most of the farmers are subsistence farmers who produce crops such as groundnut, guinea corn, millet, beans, cassava, rice, cottons among others for family consumption.

The Local Government Area is made up of basically four districts namely; Kuffen, Gazum, Pil0Gani and Bwarst districts.

A number of banks branches have been set-up in the area which include; Union Bank Nigeria Plc, Nigeria Agricultural and Rural Development Co-operative Bank (NARDCB), First Bank Plc and Micro Finance Bank.

The Taroh People are known for their rich cultural heritage and festivals, which are observed annually.

The provision of basic health services becomes pertinent thus, the Local Government is being serviced by Jos University Teaching Comprehensive Centre at Zanko and  the State Government Council operates about thirty (38) health centres spread throughout rural area. There are also about ten (10) privately and community owned clinics.

The Local Government Council operates seven (7) departments such as:

1. Finance and supplies department
2. Personnel management department
3. Social services department
4. Primary health care department
5. Agricultural and natural resources department
6. Works and housing department
7. Research planning and statistic department

1.2      Statement of the problem

The general concern over the seemingly slow development of the rural areas in Nigeria has created a doubt as to the relevance of Local Government, all areas of the state land. Inadequacy of funds for various developmental projects stands as the cause for these shortcomings despite the increasing revenue allocation from the Federal Account to the Local Government. And also, it has been discovered that, most of the revenue generated were not properly managed, most of it were lost through blockage i.e. fraud or misappropriation by the staffs carryout the jobs thereby reducing the actual amount that has been generated.

And they create ways of getting exercising and so many act of embezzlement. Also, the revenue collectors are not properly trained on to collect revenue effectively, the general public has to be synthesized about the need to pay their tax regularly.

These are some of the problems which the research work intend to tackle and solved.

1.3      The scope of the study

The study is designed to find out revenue generation and its impact on the effective implementation of policies and programmes. The study covers only a particular Local Government (Langtang North Local Government Council), the researchers intend to see how contemporary Local Government funds re being managed and handled in Langtang North Local Government Council.

1.4      Limitation of the study

These research work hampered by so many constraints, which affected the quality of the work. In the first place, the project was constraints by finance and time factor, and information from source would also be difficult to the respondent, something would definitely not turn out easy, which are the limitation factors to the quality of this research work.

1.5      Statement of hypothesis

No research work can be done without some basic assumptions which tend to be a guide or give a sense of direct to the topic outstand.

Hypothesis is a basic assumption in relation to subject to understudy which must be subject to proof, verification and test in other to ascertain the authenticity of such assumption, in view of the topic understudy.

H_o: Lack of effective revenue generation affects implementation of policies and programmes of Local Government.

H_i: Revenue has been the bedrock of Local Government administration to the extent that, it create an impact to the Local Government programmes and policies implementation.

1.6      Significance of the study

Local Government are potentially very important for Nigeria as they play a significant role in generating revenue  and encouraging civil involvement, as well as creating visible link between taxes and service delivery. The increasing cost of running government coupled with dividing revenue has left various Local governments in Nigeria with formulating strategies to improve the revenue available to the various tiers of government as specified in the Nigeria 1999 constitution, since 1970s till now, over 80% of the annual revenue of the three tiers of government comes from petroleum.

However, the serious decline in the price of oil in recent years has led to a decrease in the funds available for distribution to the Local Government. The need for Local Governments to generate adequate revenue from extreme urgency and importance, the need for underscores, the eagerness on the part of the Local Government to look for new sources of revenue or to become aggressive and innovative in the mode or to become aggressive from excitind sources.

It will be of a great pleasure for an individual handling this research work to know that revenue generation will be of a benefit to this case study in the sense that, it will increase the revenue allocation of the Local Government, which invariably means that the Local Government will have more funds in financing projects. It will also be a boost to the general public to know that funds generated through various means will enhance the growth and the worth of the economy in promulgating new policies that will positively affect the nation. Furthermore, it will be of a benefit to the predecessors, in the sense that, it will give the current employers the funds to promote or finalize unfinished project by the predecessors. The benefit also go down to the general public in attaining it’s economic growth and development and also meet up with the challenges of her expenditures in terms of enjoying the social amenities. That will be embark upon by the government.

1.7      Definition of terms

To guarantee a complete comprehensive report, there is need to define some terms for the clarity as you read through this work.

Revenue: Revenue is the amount of money that a company actually receives during a specific period, including discounts and deductions for returned merchandise. It is “top line” or “grass income” figure from which costs are subtracted to determine net income.

Revenue is calculated by multiplying the price at which goods or services are sold by the amount of money that is brought into company by its business activities.

Local Government: Local Government refers to a form of public administration which is a majority of contexts existing as the lowest tier of administration within a given state.

Local government as a concept derived from the term decentralization. The decentralization is the transfer of authority on a geographical basic, and decentralization is either through decentralization or devolution. Deconcentration refers to delegation of authority to unite the same ministry in order to decongest the ministry while under devolution the central government give legal power to sub-national units of government at grass root level which are legally constituted so in a federal structure, local government is the third tier of government after the federal and state government, local government is all about government at the local or grass root. It could be defined as the third tier of government in order word, it could be said to be as old as mankind, that is to say that, local government it may be said some people that represent local government is just like an old nine in a new bottle. Also is a claim of government function like provision of public parks like, pipe water, electricity, good road, hospitals etc. they are empowered to one may therefore be right to say that local government is equivalent to individual rule during colonial era.

EVALUATION OF LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROL IN NIGERIA

EVALUATION OF LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROL IN NIGERIA

(A case study of Area Council Bwari, Abuja)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to evaluate land development control. In other words, the important of land to mankind and its various uses, which are residential, commercial, recreational, industrial, education, communication land etc. this calls for the control of various development purpose. The government promulgated various laws to regulate the land use planning, building by law and zoning regulation for an important research. Several forms of data collection methods and analysis are bound to be used therefore, this project work have comprehensively three sections which can be ascertain in this project work.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In ordinary language, the term land refers to the physical surface of the earth or in everyday use in the part of the earth’s terrain on which man plant and animals live on. Land in its totality is more than the earth’s outer surface that gives sustenance to plants and animals.

Conceptually land has various meaning, the term “land” suggest different things to different people depending upon their outlook and their interest at that moment. According to Balowa (1985) “land” could apply a nation an ordinary person or political division of the earth surface. Legal concept of land as in section 205 of law of property act 1925 define it to include, “land to tenure and mine and minerals whether or not held apart from the building, other incorporated here determent benefit right, privilege in or over or deprived from land”.

To this end, town and cities are precious possession, of mankind. A town or city does not know its own grow to become efficient, but like a child, its master plan or comprehensive development plant to ensure the orderly grow and land down guide line for development of our cities, town and villages cannot be over logged (the master plan serves as a frame work and provide guide lines for development or developing a city or town in a planned and orderly) it is therefore, the mean to achieve the goals and aspiration of the community at large. The need for evaluation of land use and development of land development control is very vital or important. In other to ensure that real estate developers and owners of landed property use their land and building in conformity with approval scheme as contained in the master plan of the town.

Thus, the government enforces law and regulations guiding land use and development control in order to regulate the growth of towns in a planned and orderly manner, for the purpose of functional efficient and visually attractive physical environment. 

1.1   STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Despite the effect of the planning development in Federal Capital development Authority (FCDA) to ensure and efficient control use in Bwari Satellite town, they keep on deteriorating.

This is compounded by:

1. Land use
2. Inadequate social amenities facilities.
3. Poor housing quality.
4. Poor accessibility of houses.
5. Sanitation.
6. Congestion and
7. Lack/inadequate control of development.

It is in view of these noticeable problems that promoted this study so as to uncivil, to constrains and proffer possible and useful suggestions.

1.2   AIM AND OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the existing method of controlling development and land use in Bwari Abuja with view to ascertain problems associated with the method.

OBJECTIVE

1. Review literature on control land use and development control.
2. Examine method adopted controlling.
3. Examine the part term of development and land use in the study area.
4. Identify problem militating against effective control of land use and development of Bwari.
5. Suggest possible solution to the identified problem.

1.3   SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This project concerns the evaluation of land use and development control at Bwari, Abuja. The researcher consider it fit and efficient to narrow the study to only Bwari satellite town in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja to allow a defiled and through activities and provide for these activities would eventually be a higher room for the emergency of a city .

The city and its environs is expected to grow gradually to pa balanced community within the frame work of other world communities. To realize such dream there must be control and monitoring overall development and component part that are to take place.

To this end the expectation are Nigeria and indeed that of the world of capital city that will be developed to standards almost equal to those of development cities such as England, Japan, United State of America, Portland, Brasilia in Brazil, in other words Abuja as a new to has a lot of opportunities for planners, estate surveyor land space designer etc. I exhibit their require to lapse as to avoid over concentration of people and economic/social activities.

Constant control and monitoring of development is essential for the city the use of land can afford the public health, safety and welfare. The project word therefore does not cover other satellite town within the FCT areas TES not easy to gather the data use for reluctantly is always there when it comes to give vital information that will be useful to the research work. There was also inadequate and time factor.

1.4   METHODOLOGY

These are obtained through administering of questionnaires. Formal and informal interview and discussion with some selected people who are not able to fill the questionnaire.

QUESTIONNAIRE

The question was designed to assist in the writing or project. The questions were asked to get individual contribution from the development control, land use control, engineering department operation (demolition) logistic (tiles) all in the development control and settlement division zone 6 Abuja among other surveyors, architect and builders in Bwari Area Council of Abuja tenants in the study area.

PERSONAL DISCUSSION AND INTERVIEWS

This involved oral interview with some staff of development control who refused to receive the questionnaire, estate surveyor and valuers, tenants and also the private and public developers within the Bwari council of Abuja on land development control in Bwari, their response was remarkable. 

PAMPHLET/JOURNAL/TEXT BOOK

Data were collected through pamphlet, journals and past project relating to the information needed for this project these include published and unpublished books which are relevant to the topic to enhance a good presentation of the project.

POPULATION SAMPLE

One hundred questionnaire were printed consisting of the set. Sets contain 30 question directed to the building industry (Values 20 question to the Bwari area council, 30 were allocated to set c which to development control zone 6 Abuja under the umbrella of (FCDA) Abuja. For the purpose of analyzing data, table would be used to enhance better understanding of the collection also description method presenting and analyzing the data too.

THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE DEREGULATION ON CAPACITY UTILIZATION IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA

THE EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE DEREGULATION ON CAPACITY UTILIZATION IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA

(A case study of Anambra Motor Manufacturing Company, Enugu)

ABSTRACT

This research work explores the effect of exchange rate deregulation on capacity utilization in the Nigerian manufacturing industries in Anambra Motor Manufacturing Company, Enugu. The data used for this study were obtained through primary and secondary sources of data collection and various sources like the statement of accounts and annual report published by the Central Bank of Nigeria. The variable used are Average manufacturing capacity utilization rate Inflation rate Exchange rate Ratio of government capital expenditure to GDP Commercial bank loans and Anambra motor manufacturing company. The result shows that exchange rate, federal government capital expenditure to GDP, commercial bank loans and advances to Anambra motor manufacturing company has a positive effect on manufacturing capacity utilization. Recommendations include the adoption of economic policies that ensures price stability and at the same time achieve target objectives. Exchange rate deregulation policy promotes manufacturing capacity utilization and therefore fiscal policy measures involving increased government capital expenditure to Anambra motor manufacturing company and those which raise the aggregate demand in the economy are advocated.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Industrial development, particularly the promotion of manufacturing sectors, has been the basic driving force for a relatively high economic growth of both developed and developing countries of the world. In viewing the contribution of the manufacturing sector to the growth of the gross domestic product of some selected countries (IMF 2001), pointed out that the long term growth rate of the manufacturing value added in china was 10.7% and it increased to 14.7% during the period of 1990-1998. The growth rate of India’s manufacturing sector remains constant.

Industrialization has not taken serious root in Africa and indicators of growth in manufacturing show a continent at a standstill. In the 1980’s, manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP, accounted for 36.6% of the total for the whole of Africa. Nigeria’s manufacturing sector is faced with capacity underutilization and this has been a threat to the economic growth and development of the country. This sector has been agreed to determine the rate of import and export of the country and plays an important role or have a great influence on the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country.

There is much capacity availability in the country but these capacities are underutilized and this can be argued from the fact that the manufacturing sector has not been impressively doing fine since till date and this is as a result of lack of the following :

• Employment Rate: This connotes the fact that there is low level of human resource utilization in the country’s manufacturing sector. Human resources has been said to be one of the most essential factors in the manufacturing sector or any organization.
• Effective monetary policy: This is essential for the increase in output and growth of the sector, price stabilization (factor price and consumer price), full employment, sustainable balance of payment, exchange rate stability, to make use of most suitable interest rate despite the above mentioned role of effective monetary policy in the economy, and manufacturing sector in particular, it is lacking and unavailable in the country.
• Effective Fiscal Policy: A good fiscal policy plays an important role in the economic development of a country such role as: maintaining an economy at full employment so that the savings capacity of the economy is not e impaired and also raise marginal propensity to save by the community as far as above as the propensity as possible without discouraging workforce.
• Upgrading and Development of Natural Resources Endowment: These natural resources in economics is classified under the heading of “land “ as a factor of production, the gravity of these natural resources are high in Nigeria, yet there exists low productivity due to low or poor management of the resources leading to underutilization of these resources.

All these balls down to political instability as the main cause of the sector’s poor performance. The country has witnessed many and frequent change of government and leading to frequent change of policy measures for the manufacturing sector in Nigeria and most of which are unfavorable to the sector, the frequent change also gave rise to poor planning/ implementation and policy discontinuity hampering the growth of this sector. 

Taking Nigeria as a case study in Africa, we notice that after so many years of various policy initiations, indicate in terms of it’s contribution to GDP shows that the manufacturing sector performed below expectation. Available data shows that the manufacturing sector performed below expectation. Available data shows that the sector’s contribution in nominal value to GDP in 1982, was N128.6 million, and thereafter, there was a sharp decrease in 1983 to N94.8 million, and has remained relatively so till 1987 which recorded a sharp increase to N130.8 million. It maintained a continuous annual decline and stood at N135.4 million in 2000. In spite of this nominal increase, its contribution to GDP is falling. Its share in GDP was 8.3% in 1991. It has ever since then recorded a continuous fall in its share in GDP, (CBN 2000). One of the reasons for the low share of manufacturing sector in GDP is the prevalence of low capacity utilization. It is a known fact that manufacturing sector in the developing world and indeed Nigeria, is not as strong as those in advanced countries, the installed capacity are usually not fully utilized. It is therefore the concern of this research to find out the factors responsible for the low capacity utilization in Nigeria.  

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Players in the Nigerian industrial and manufacturing sector can be classified into four groups namely; multinational, national, regional and local. Apart from the multinational operators most of the other players have disappeared in the last two decades, due to unpredictable government policies, lack of basic raw materials, most of which are imported.

Today, the Nigerian Industrial and manufacturing sector accounts for less than 10% of Nigeria’s GDP with manufacturing capacity utilization remaining below 35% for the most part of the last decade. The history of industrial development and manufacturing in Nigerian is a classic illustration of how a nation could neglect a vital sector through policy inconsistencies and distractions attributable to the discovery of oil. The near total neglect of agriculture has denied many manufacturers and industries their primary source of raw materials. The absence of locally sourced inputs has resulted in low industrialization. Some of the constraints faced in this sector include;

High interest rates

Unpredictable government policies

Non implementation of existing policies

Lack of effective regulatory agencies

Infrastructural inadequacies

Dumping of cheap products

Unfair tariff regime

Low patronage

Globalization and liberalization pose challenges to the Nigerian industrial sector. The impact of these global trends will intensify competition, reduce protection, increase focus on product quality and increased expenditure on research and development. The prospects of manufacturing in Nigeria are bright, given the nations nascent democracy, a market size of over 120million people, rich mineral and other resources, size of the West African market as well as cheap and abundant labour. Developing Nigeria’s industrial sector requires the concerted efforts of government and the private sector to create an environment that would encourage investments, primarily by Nigerians as a firm basis for attracting and sustaining foreign investments in the sector. A fully developed industrial sector would provide a firm basis for sustainable economic growth and development.

This research work will be solely based on assessing the benefits of derived from determining the capacity utilization in the Nigerian manufacturing sector ranging 1980-2009. Here am going to carry out a critical research with the aim of discovering the rate of capacity utilization (high or low rate) in our manufacturing sector as well as its effects (positive or negative) on either the improvement or non-improvement in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria by providing reliable answers to the following questions;

• What are the trends in capacity utilization in the Nigerian manufacturing sector?
• Why and what are the causes for the low improvement in capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector?
• What are the major factors that determine capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector?

All the above questions are meant to cover the years between 1980 and 2009.                                                                                                                                    

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This research work is carried out to attain certain aims and objectives which will be necessary to solving the problem of low capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector and serve as a guide for and favorable to business men and women and the nation’s economy at large. The various objective of this study can be stated below as follow:

1. Identifying and critically analyzing the major factors that determine capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector.
2. To examine the trend in capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector.
3. This research work is aimed at suggesting measures which will improve the rate of capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector and consequently accelerate the growth of manufacturing output in the country.  

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The Nigerian manufacturing sector has been described as the major sector that contributes to the investment development of any economy whether developed and developing economy.

In Nigerian context, several research and studies have been conducted to investigate the determinants of capacity utilization in this sector (manufacturing), basically on its contributory role to economic growth and development.

Therefore the method and scope (sample size) used by this former authors need to be updated in other to close their historical gap. Thus I intend with this research work to bridge the gap by bringing the samples used to the nearest years and to also subject some of the variables used by this authors to co-integration test and unit root test to avoid spurious result.

This study is very important for development and growth in potential input and output in the manufacturing sector of the economy, it is very important for policy and project identification, preparing, appraisal, implementation and evaluation which will in turn aid and foster the rate of capacity utilization in the manufacturing sector of Nigeria.                                    

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the major factors that determine capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector?
2. Is there any trend in capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector?
3. What measures should be taken to improve the rate of capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector and consequently accelerate the growth of manufacturing output in the country.  

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 

Since the major problem and reason for this research is identifying the major factors determining capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector, the hypothesis will be stated as follows:

H₀:    All determinants of capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector have significant impact on the capacity utilization growth in Nigeria manufacturing sector.

H₁:    The determinants of capacity utilization in Nigeria manufacturing sector have insignificant impact on the capacity utilization growth in Nigeria manufacturing sector.

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope entails the period of analysis and the periods covered by this study is a period of 5 years and this is between 2010 and 2014.

1.8     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Some practical limitations are lack of adequate data,  information, difficulties encountered in collecting and arranging the data’s, this research work also had to contend with time and other resources constraint like finance, cost consideration also posed a serious problem.

1.9     DEFINITION OF RELEVANT TERMS

Exchange rate: The rate at which a unit of the currency of one country can be exchanged for a unit of the currency of another country.

Deregulation: To free something such as an organization or industry from regulation.

Capacity utilization rate: The percentage of total production capacity that a company, industry, or economy is using.

Manufacturing: to make something into a finished product using raw materials, especially on a large industrial scale.

Industry: organized economic activity connected with the production, manufacture, or construction of a particular product or range of products.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE IN O’LEVEL MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS IN AHMADIYA COMMUNITY SECONDARY SCHOOL ONDA, NASARAWA LGA, FROM 2010-2020

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE IN O’LEVEL MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS IN AHMADIYA COMMUNITY SECONDARY SCHOOL ONDA, NASARAWA LGA, FROM 2010-2020

ABSTRACT

This research work is titled statistical analysis of student’s performance in O’ Level Mathematics and Physics in Ahmadiya Community Secondary School Onda, Nasarawa L.G.A, from 2010-2020. It is aimed at determining the relationship between the students’ performance in physics and mathematics at O’ Level. Time series was employed and findings show that there is increase in the number of students that passed both physics and mathematics. Implying that the number of students that passed both mathematics and physics at O’Level in the period considered are more than those who failed both subjects which may be attributed to the adequate teaching facilities and interest in the part of the students. With the help of correlation analysis, it was observed that the relationship between both subjects (mathematics and physics) is positive and weak. The following recommendations were however made, that there should be periodic seminars and workshops to improve teachers’ capability and adequacy and more so encourage the students with the necessary assistance.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Physical is a universal subject. It is used all over the world by its users for easy use of our everyday life and environmental studies and for more effectively in technology.

Mathematics on the other hand is the science of structure, Order and relation that has evolve through elemental practices of counting, measuring and describing of objects. It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation. Its development as involve in an ever increasing degree of idealizations and abstraction. Mathematics is traditionally categorized under the following branches; arithmetic, algebra, analysis, combinations, Euclidean geometry, game theory, number theory, number analysis, optimization, probability, set theory, statistics and trigonometry. Perhaps, the most basic notation in mathematics is the equation, a formal statement that two sides of a mathematical expression are equal (as in the equation 2x – 3=13) and that both side of the equation can be simultaneously  manipulated by adding, subtracting, dividing, taking root etc in order to solve the equation.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. The result of student in the senior school certificate examination    (SSCE) has been a concern to the parents, the students, the teachers and even the government.
2. This student performances in O’ level usually occurred in physics and mathematics, for the science students which are one of the basics requirement needed by O’ level student for further learning.
3. In Nigeria today, the education sector needs to be amend, since sector is not preparing today’s students with necessary skills to become engineer, lawyers, scientists etc. schools, parents as well as government needs to find possible ways through research to improve student method of learning and provide students with rich experiences In physics, mathematics as well as other school subject as the students progress through the school system.

1.3     AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY  

1. To determine the relationship between students’ performance in physics and mathematics at O’ level.
2. To fit a trend line.
3. To forecast the performances of students in physics and mathematics.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study of physics and mathematics will help Ahmadiya Community Secondary School Nasarawa, Nasarawa state government as well the government of the federation to known the performance of the student in physics and mathematics at O’ level. The study wills the student, their parents and their teachers to know the previous performance of the past student in order to plan well for their success. The study will also help to provide ways of improving student’s performance in physics and mathematics as well as other subject based on the facts findings.

1.5     DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The area covered by this research work is Government Science Secondary School Nasarawa, Local Government Council and the period to be considered will be 2002 to 2014.

1.6     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research work will be limited to the study area because of time constraint and inadequate resources to go and collect data from other secondary school the state.

1.7     RESEARCH QUESTION

The study examined the following questions for the selected group of student in Ahmadiya Community Secondary School Nasarawa, students meeting the study criteria were examined in terms of the following research questions.

1. What is the relationship between student’s achievement in the both Physics and Mathematics senior school certificate examination (SSCE) and the level of instructional funding per students?
2. What is the relationship between student performance in physics and mathematics on the SSCE and the average years of the teacher’s experience?
3. What is the relationship between student’s achievement in physics and mathematics in O’ level and the attendance rate of teacher’s experience?

 HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis below was tested based on students’ performance in O’ level physics and mathematics.

H_O: There is no statistically significant relationship between student performance in physics and mathematics at O’ level

H₁: There is statistically significant relationship between student performance in physics and mathematics at O’ level

1.8     DEFINITION OF TERMS

PERFORMANCE: the action or achievement of study considered in relation to how successful it is to student in secondary school.

O’LEVEL ordinary level of student s compare a level called S.S.C.E.

S.S.EC.E: Senior School Certificate Examination

STUDENT: A person who is studying at a school, especially a secondary school. 

RESULT: The mark/grade student gets in an examination or in a number of examination.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF COMMERCIAL BANK TO SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

THE CONTRIBUTION OF COMMERCIAL BANK TO SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

(A case study of United Bank for Africa Plc)

ABSTRACT

The research work titled “The Contribution of Commercial Bank in Small Scale Industries” a case study of United Bank for Africa (UBA)” is aimed at rating the role commercial banks contribute to the financing of small scale industries. Questionnaires was administered and it was deduced that small scale industries aids self-reliance and promote employment opportunities but the stringent collateral require posed a great challenges as available funds is needed for the establishment, and development of small scale industries. Based on the finding, recommendations were suggested of which government should provide incentives that will help banks reducing the interest rate on load so as to stimulate and encourage entrepreneurs.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1   INTRODUCTION

Small scale business has been an important element in this country drive towards a self-reliance economy.

This is based on the realization that small scale enterprise are desirable worldwide, hence, it is an avenue for reducing the role of employment in the country and thereby contributing to the gross domestic product (GDP) of the nation.

In the developed countries today, technology advancement was due to the establishment of small scale enterprise or industries. Small scale enterprises are considered as a pivot for technology take off and self-reliance of any nation.

In the commercial world, there are various kinds of business undertaking. The business activities range from the private enterprise to public corporation. A small scale enterprise is defined as business which is independent small and localized, most small scale business is operated by private individuals.

As a result of the immense contribution of commercial banks to the development of small scale business in Nigeria, there is need for the government to be seriously involved by providing the needed resources, supervision and enabling environment for it to thrive.

1.2   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The successive development plans of Nigeria have laid emphasis on the attainment of self-reliance. The need for this national objective is because much is expected from individuals from the view point of providing employment opportunities self-reliance in basic food and material production high per capital income, foreign exchange earnings and the production of industrial raw materials.

Okporobie (1989), observes that Nigerian small scale industries continued to decline despite the called priority given to the sector.

However, the discovery by the central bank that this policy was not enough by itself lead to the central bank request with effect from 1970/80 that all commercial bank must reserve a proportion of the minimum credit allocation to indigenous borrowers for small scale Nigeria enterprise. The target prescribed in 1979 was ten percent (10%) which subsequently rose to sixteen percent (16%).

Even though available data showed that performance of commercial banks against this directive has been disappointing. The central bank intends to spare no effort in ensuring that bank fully couple without compromising the smooth functioning of the nation banking system.

He observed also, that without the development in our industrialization must address the basic issues of creating linkage without the economy to begin to produce real input to our small scale industrial activities.

Nzewi and Ozo (1985), observed that empirical evidence indicate that strong producer incentives to small scale industrialist are necessary, not also only to meet the for requirement but also to provide growing input supplies and demand as a foundation for sustained industrial growth.

Ekenyong and Nyong (1992), observed that small scale enterprise are regarded as an organic part of a viable structure for the attainment of meaningful economy development in developing economic like Nigeria.

They are significantly more cost effective in bringing about development than large enterprises because of the perceived linkage and multiplier effect which small scale enterprise, have on the performance of the economy and economic growth in general.

Osengameh (1989), observed that the strength that make small scale enterprise more emendable for assistance areas as following:

1. Personal commitment of the proprietor whose life saving usually from tat startup capital.
2. Low initial capital outlay requirement.
3. Amenability of business advisory service because of their small size which make them more responsive to improve suggestion.

Olashore (1987), observed that time firm four main sources of enterprises financing open to small scale industry in Nigeria are:

1. Formal financial institution such as commercial bank, merchant banks, insurance companies and the development banks.
2. Informal financial landlords, credit and saving associations, friends and relations, personal saving and
3. Other financial scheme, NERFUND, NEXIM.

In 2001, there was an introduction of small and medium industries equity investment scheme (SMEs) in which N359 million was set aside to date by bank under small and medium industries equity investment scheme.

Through UBA, small and medium scale enterprise (SME) development, the banks has remained, in forefront of SMEs financing, nation was extended to the SMEs as at 31^st March, 2004. Small scale industries is any industry, not exceeding N750,000 including working capital but exceeding cost of land.

It is also defined by center for industrial research and development of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife as those industries whose total asset in plan, equipment and working capital do not exceed N250,000 with not more than 50 employees.

1.3   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem of credit to small scale industries may not necessarily be as a result of financing insufficiently but rather for some other reasons among which are:

Insufficient preparation on the part of small scale entrepreneur in their request for credit assistance and information gaps as to range of funding institution and scope of services available in those institutions.

Moreover, servicing of small business account is relatively experiencing risky and difficult to monitoring with low turnover of account.

However, the parishioners in the sector of small scale industry do not display competence in preparing justification for their project. They are based on personal rudimentary information and speculation. At times when they seek the advice of consultants, the outcome that are made figures project based on assumption which are most of their times unrealistic as a result such proposal are not rightly rejected by banks.

There are suitable when credit demands in this sector are not in compliance in this government monetary policy and credit guidelines which must be adhered to be banks.

The researcher identifies these problems and considers it necessary to carry out study on them.

1.4   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

        The objectives of the study include:

1. To ascertain the extent to which the UBA bank of Nigeria Plc has helped to finance small scale industries.
2. To identify the problems encountered by small scale industrialist in obtaining finance from UBA bank of Nigeria Plc.
3. To evaluate various measures introduced to boost industrial production and its financing and how this has affected realization of the set goals.
4. To determine the causing changes in small scale industrial financing by UBA bank of Nigeria Plc.
5. To make suggestion and recommendation based on the data generated by the study.

1.5   RESEARCH QUESTION

In the course of the research work, the researcher were able to ask questions which were understood to have assisted in gathering relevant information, below are some of the question:

1. To what extent has the UBA bank of Nigeria Plc helped to finance small scale industries?
2. What are the problems encountered by the small scale industrialist in obtaining finance from UBA bank of Nigeria?
3. What are the various measure introduced to boast industrial production and its financing and how this has affected the realization of the set goals?
4. What are the causes of change in small scale industrial financing by UBA bank of Nigeria Plc?
5. Does any linear relationship exist between lending to small scale industries and economic recovery and self-reliance on the economic?

1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will highlight problems associated with the role of commercial banks in financing small scale industry in Nigeria; it will give information on the possible areas for improvement.

Furthermore, the study will help commercial banks to access and appraise the roles in financing small scale industry in Nigeria, moreover suggestion and recommendation made in these project will help policy makers formulate new economy policies maintain or modify the existing ones.

It will also help small scale entrepreneur to make sufficient preparation in their request for credit allowance, it will guide the entrepreneur in making credit demands that are in compliance with government monetary policy. It also help the entrepreneur to display competence in preparing justification for their project, it will equally serve as a guideline to researcher who may wish to research on this study in the future.

1.7   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is the contribution of commercial bank to small scale industry in Nigeria. A case study of United Bank for Africa (UBA) of Nigeria Plc. It does not cover the role of commercial bank in financing medium and large scale industries.

1.8   STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

H_o:   There is no significance relationship between lending to small scale industries and economic recovery and self-reliance.

H_i:    There is significance relationship between United Bank for Africa (UBA) of Nigeria Plc lending to small scale industries and economic recovery and self-reliance.

1.9   LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The constraints impose on the researcher while carrying out this project includes:

1. Time: Study of this nature needs a relatively long time during which information and inference could be drawn. The period of this study was short, hence time pose as a constraint to the researcher.
2. Cost: The researcher would have extended the survey to areas but limitation here includes cost of transportation to source for materials.
3. Scarcity of statistical data: Lack of statistical data from our financial institution like Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).
4. Ministry of financial and economic development and commercial banks pose a constraint. Commercial bank adhere strictly to the rule of secret, in banking terms they refuse to release information.

1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Small scale industry: Any industry with capital not exceeding N750,000 including capital but excluding cost of land. These are business that requires few people to run the management of the business.
2. Commercial bank: A financial institution that acquires deposit from saving surplus unit and give out loan to saving deficit unit.
3. Industrial development center: Provide management technical, consultancy and extension service for the small scale.
4. Indigenization decree: A decree that stipulate that most business become at least sixty percent (60%) owned by Nigeria.
5. Sole proprietorship: It is a business owned and controlled by one person presumably assisted by one or more person.
6. C5: Small scale industry credit scheme, the C5 are: Capital, Capacity, Collateral, Condition and Capital.

ATTITUDE OF LIBRARY PATRONS TO THE USE OF COMPUTER IN ACCESSING INFORMATION IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN NORTH CENTRAL ZON

ATTITUDE OF LIBRARY PATRONS TO THE USE OF COMPUTER IN ACCESSING INFORMATION IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN NORTH CENTRAL ZONE

(An assessment of University of Jos Library)

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

The library and the services it renders to the society play an important role in the intellectual, social and cultural life of the people. Therefore any change in mode of acquiring, storing and disseminating information for the enhancement of mankind will certainly affect the way libraries and librarians operates. A library computerization programme must be undertaken with caution and careful planning. In addition to significant budgeting implications, automation may require organizational changes, revision in library policies and procedures, changes in the behaviour of both staff and patrons and computer contractual obligations. Library computerization process will become too complex and costly to be undertaken without first engaging in extensive investigation, decision and decision-making.

The nation of not having enough of the computer technologies assumes to create fear and anxiety on the minds of library patrons over the introduction of computer in the library system while to some, it would boost their access to information.

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Computers are part of the new technologies that have really improved access to recorded information. Computerized library system is obviously the answer to new information demand in the study.

Anaeme, T.O (2004) noted, it provides system implementation process as well as guide to hardware and software selection problems which tend to make library automation averse are highlighted. Nevertheless, the need for computerized library services cannot be overemphasized.

According to him, computers have become well-established basic tools in library operation and information work. Computer science and its application have gained unequal acceptance in many fields of Human endeavour such as engineering, medicine, management studies, accountancy, statistics, economics, naval, military and indoor in library operations. 

Amanze (1991) defined computer as a device capable of accepting information applying prescribed processes to the information and supply the result of the process.

Galanter (1984) described computer as just a device that accepts information of one kind or another, stirs it around according to a carefully prepared set of rules or processes and then dumps it out in new forms.

Onyewuenyi (1994) define computers as electronic machines that operates with remarkable speed and reliability.

The main objective of computerizing the academic libraries as mentioned by Ohaiji (2004) is to boost research and learning on all our campuses, hence information could be supplied efficiently and at a very fast rate. Libraries have always aim at introducing computer technologies in their information services to enhance the idea of automation.

Advantage of computer in library services; as Onyewuenyi (1994) noted, computer in library services are unique that they can receive, store and use information and instructions that the user gives them.

Computer allows for minimize labour cost, speed in operation, increased productivity as well as update accurate information.

However, most academic libraries (Federal University Libraries) have not come to appreciate the introduction and use of computer in their libraries system due to the attitude of the library patrons towards it. Part of it emanate from the fact that the level of literacy in Nigeria is nothing to write home about. This seems to account for the reasons why academic libraries are still considering the introduction and use of computer in library system to improve their avenue of information services.

It is on this background that this study focuses on the attitude of library patrons on the use of computer in information services in academic libraries. 

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The use of computer in library system by library patrons have recorded impacts and problems associated with its introduction in academic libraries.

Many scholars in the field of librarianship in their various works have emphasized on the benefits and needs of having computer in library practice, even the patrons know the benefits and needs of having computer in libraries. But there are still problems associated with introduction of computer in libraries. Despite the numerous profits attached to the use of computer, many users are yet to maximize the introduction of computer due to certain problems.

However, illiteracy on how to use the computer may actually be the major cause of their poor attitude towards computer use in libraries. Lack of skills on how to operate computer is also a factor of library patrons considering the introduction of computer as not worthwhile.  

But the attitude of library patrons to the use of the computer information services is largely influenced by the existence of costly educational administrative information gap which present a multitude of significant problems. The heart of those problems is the lack of adequate, reliable and insufficient administrative information to undertake management function to attract patrons to use of computer information services efficiently in academic libraries. This research became imperative in order to educate most of the academic library patrons on the proper and effective use of computer information services.

1.3   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.  What have been the attitudes of library patrons to the use of computers in information services in academic library?

2.  What are the causes of these attitudes of library patrons to the use of computer in information services in academic library under study?

3.  What are the effects of those attitudes of library patrons to the use of computer in academic library under study?

4.  What are the possible ways of correcting attitudes of library patrons to the use of computer in academic library under study?

1.4   RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1.  To find out attitude of the library patrons towards the use of computer in information services in academic libraries.

2.  To find out the causes of such attitude(s) of library patrons to the use of computer services in academic libraries.

3.  To determine the effects of the attitude of the library patrons to the use of computer in academic libraries.

4.  To proffer suggestions or ways of correcting patrons attitudes to the use of computer in the library under study.

1.5   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Computer based library systems have become a new trend in African libraries which Nigeria is lacking behind. At the end of this research study, it is hoped the outcome will re-wake the consciousness of library patrons to reconsider their stand and attitude towards the use of computer in libraries and to accept the fact that computers have become a catalyst of change and a modern gadget for the progress of library and its services.

1.6   SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope is on attitude of library patrons to the use of computer in accessing information in Federal University Libraries in north central zone and the study is limited to only university of Jos library. This is because of inadequate time to meet up with the required time of the programme and also lack of funds to finance a wider research work.

1.7   OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

–    Attitude: Is a mental or emotional approach to something or someone (Griff and King, 1986).

–    Computer: Computer can be defined as an electronic device that process, store, retrieve large amount of data very quickly.

–    Information: This is the act of informing or imparting knowledge.

–    Library: A library is defined as a room or place where books and non-books material are kept.

–    Library Patrons: This can be defined as library users or users of library.

–    University library: This can be said to be library in the university i.e. higher institutions of learning. It is referred to as an ‘Academic library.