ENEMS PROJECT

Saturday, 25 December 2021

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES IN ABUJA

ABSTRACT

This study aim to assess and report on the management of recreational facilities and to proffer solutions that will enhance it. There have been several researches on management of recreational facilities worldwide but none have been carried out in Abuja with particular reference to University of Abuja .The research instrument employed in this research is questionnaire, using likert scale while the research technique is simple random sampling basically for the management unit and users of the recreational facilities. The research question contains varied questions on the management strategy adopted in managing the recreational facilities, the hindrances to managing it and the benefit of these recreational facilities on student academic performance. It was found that no management strategy is adopted while caring for the recreational facilities, inadequacy of fund is a great setback while managing the recreational facilities, it was also discovered that the manner which the users use this recreational facilities is a great barrier, furthermore, it was discovered that the availability of recreational facilities in the school does not have a negative influence on the student academic performance. The research recommend that the management unit should adopt management strategy such as preventive, predictive and corrective strategy in managing recreational facilities in the school, it also recommend that professional such as estate managers who are well trained and who possess the required skill should be drafted into the management unit and ample provision of fund should be made available in other to ensure smooth operation of the recreational facilities and finally it recommend the addition of recreational facilities in the school.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This chapter covers the introductory element of this research; subtopics presented are statement of the problem, aim, objectives, limitation of the Research, scope of the Research, significance of the Research definition of terms and organization of the Research

Recreation is a word that is frequently used in the world, by different people all over the world; various meaning is given to it by various people. The management of recreation facility requires a close examination of the economic capability, the provision and maintenance of capital works and the true and proper use of the resource and to preserve, conserve, exploit and restore them into a good state or condition. Recreation is difficult to separate from the general concept of play, which is usually the term for children’s recreational activity. It has been proposed that play or recreational activities are outlets of or expression of excess energy, channeling it into socially acceptable activities that fulfill individual as well as societal needs, without need for compulsion, and providing satisfaction and pleasure for the participant (Bruce, 1995).

Recreation as defined by (Thomas, 1970), is as an act of experience selected by the individual during his leisure to meet a personal want or desire, primarily for his own satisfaction. Recreation is referred to as leisure-time activities. Recreation is the major reason why people engage in touristic movement.

Recreation is an essential part of human life and finds many different forms which are shaped naturally by individual interests but also by the surrounding social construction. Recreational activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful, and useful for society or detrimental. A list of typical activities could be almost endless including most human activities, a few examples being reading, playing or listening to music, watching movies or TV, gardening, hunting, hobbies, sports, studies, and travel. Some recreational activities – such as gambling, recreational drug use, or delinquent activities – may violate societal norms and laws. Even also Public space such as parks and beaches are essential venues for many recreational activities (Thomas, 1970). Outdoor recreation or outdoor activity is leisure pursuits engaged in the outdoors, often in natural or semi-natural settings out of town. Examples include adventure racing, backpacking, cycling, camping, canoeing, canyoning, caving, disc golf, fishing, hiking, horseback riding, hunting, kayaking, mountaineering, photography, adventure park, climbing, running, sailing, skiing, surfing and sports. Outdoor recreation may also refer to a team sport game or practice held in an outdoor setting. When the recreation involves excitement, physical challenge, or risk, such as in rafting or climbing, it is sometimes referred to as adventure recreation. (Rencher, 2010)This basic understanding helps facility managers ensure the continuity (joseph f. gustin, 2003).

Several schools of thought have defined Management in different ways but no single definition is accepted as superior and final. According to (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012) In their work the problem and prospect of open space management in Nigeria view Management as concerned with efficiency in the conversion of opportunity and resources into wealth. It is a vital aspect of realization of set of goals and objectives of any organization, institution or government especially in the case of those in charge of development of open spaces and it is the motive of the park planning process for the effectiveness of the recreational area.

Akpala (1992) in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012), Confirms that management refers to people and also the process by which people do things. However, it is observed that inadequate recreational opportunity could be made productive with good administration, but that the best result could not be achieved without it. Allsopp (1979) in (Officha, Onuemesi, & . Akanwa, 2012), define management as the selection of goals and the planning, procurement, organization, coordination and control of the necessary resources for achievement. It is concerned with the dynamite of circumstance and activity as it is generally motivated by the need to economize in the use of resource and the time in activating predetermined objectives.

(Ngene, 1990), in his study state that good management demands that the needs, aspiration and the interest of people to be served should be taken into consideration.Planning is for people and recreation must be built around the desires and interest of people for effective participation on the park users.

(Butler t. , 1940), opined that management should extend to the relationship between employers and the employees in, order; to accomplish their set purpose. They must be one in mind and purpose. Poor relationship result in lack of enthusiasm on work, indifference in a half heated effort and labor unrest. These result in failure to understand the motives that makes man work, such as their hopes, ambitions and prejudices. Furthermore, design and management are related.(Hussain, 2009) Defines facility management as the process by which an organization ensures that its building system and services support core operation and processes as well as contribute to achieving its strategic objectives in changing condition.

The widen view of facility management has become increasingly important with today’s changes in organizational structures, corporate styles, technological development, environmental issues and employment pattern.

Thus facility management is far beyond looking after building and its facilities. (Olufem,i. D. durodola; Caleb, A. Ayedun; and Akinjare, O. Adedoyin, 2012) in their work the beneficial application of facility management in hotel organizations in south-western Nigeria their major findings are from customers’ perspective, national stock of hotels worthy of presentation ranked first, followed by improved patronage of hotels, the quality services while neat environment ranked seventeenth. There is perfect correlation between the views of organizations and facilities managers but no correlation between the views of either the organizations or facilities managers and the customers using Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient analysis. It is also noteworthy to state that this independence of opinion reflects the general tendency of egoistic predilection in Nigeria. However, none of these benefits can be disregarded as they are directly or indirectly supported by literature such as Aakers (1984), Bevan (1991), Ahmad (1998), Barrett (2000), Brackertz & Kenly (2002) and Alexander (2003).

(Hussain, 2009) Defines facility management as the process by which an organization ensures that its building system and services support core operation and processes as well as contribute to achieving its strategic objectives in changing condition.

(Ojeme, 2009), While commenting on the state of sports facilities in Nigerian Universities, stressed that, sports facilities in Nigerian Universities are rickety, perhaps with the very insignificant exception of Ahmadu Bello University, University of Port Harcourt, University of Lagos and University of Benin. The University budget in a year cannot even lift a single sport to a meaningful level and when applied to the multi-NUGA sports programs it amounts to nothing added. He further opined that the Nigerian University system is a lame duck, unable to make any significant impact in the nation’s quest for sports excellence. Contributing further on the place of the provision and maintenance of sport facilities for effective sports programme delivery, Mgbor and Anyanjor, (Mgbor & Anyanjo, 2005); and (OJeme, 2005), all emphasized on the relevance of the presence, adequacy, supply and maintenance of equipment and facilities to the smooth operations of any sports and fitness programs.

From the above scenario, it may not be out of place for anyone to postulate that there may be impediments towards the realization of this thrust placed on Nigerian Universities. This study therefore is an attempt to assess the management of recreational facilities in Nigeria public spaces especially in Abuja with a view to proffering suitable solutions.

The practice has advanced in many of the developed countries but still at its elementary stages in Africa and other developing economies. Efforts are still being made to construct a boundary for the activities or functions executed through the office of Facilities Management professionals (Ogbeifun, 2011).

Therefore it’s the intention of the writer to assess the problem associated with the management of recreational facilities of Abuja with particular reference to University of Abuja, as regards problem identified.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

One of the most common problems of maintenance is the aspect of time from which it has been as defined probability that an item will be restored to specified conditions within a given period of time when maintenance action is performed in accordance with prescribed procedure and resources (victor, 2004). Facility which despite adequate maintenance, become obsolete as a result of changing needs demands, standard of living or technology. It is obvious that a greater part of our building and other physical facility are in danger of deteriorating below the point of economic repairs as a result of lack of management. Proper management whether recreational or otherwise is center around some key objective. The proper management of these facilities will surely fulfill the purpose of these facilities. Facilities management (FM) is based on the premises that the efficiency of any organization is linked to the physical environment in which it operates and that the environment can be improved to increase efficiency (Grimshaw and Keeffe, 1993). Furthermore the lack of a clear maintenance policy as to what maintenance needs or priorities are and also lack of funds as the root cause of maintenance works; Nicky M Nzioki (2002). Difficulty of defining standard of maintenance to be reached in relation to dynamic changes in the society, difficulty in implementing maintenance due to lack of pressure and inadequate information for effective formal planning. Although they may have been properly designed and well-built originally, the recreational facilities worn out from use .in some cases, decay may have been hastened because of lack of maintenance or neglect as such the primary aim and objectives have not been achieved because of poor maintenance by the owner(s) right from the initial stage of these facilities and as a result of these, the impact of recreational activities on the people have been drastically low (Ihenacho, Ikpeme, & Saba, 2003). World literature emphasize that there were number of research done by scholars on this scenario in different point of views. But there is a huge research gap in research regarding management of recreational facilities has been carried out in Abuja, a research gaps worthy of research has emerged, providing some potential study areas.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

The focus of this study and the questions it seeks to find answers to are:

What are the management strategies being employed by the Facilities Management Unit for its operation in Abuja
What are the beneficial impacts of the recreational facilities on residence of Abuja performance?
What are the constraints or hindrances to its operations, in realizing the core objectives?

1.4 AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to determine how recreational facilities are being managed in Abuja, with the motive of determining whether recreational facilities are being managed.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are as follows:

To assess the management strategies being adopted by the r recreational facilities unit for its operation in Abuja.
To determine the impacts of recreational facilities on residence of Abuja
To investigate the constraint or hindrances to its operations in realizing the core objective

1.6 JUSTIFICATION

It’s generally accepted that next to food is shelter, shelter is the most important requirement of man, it can however, be argue along this line that recreation is next to shelter. It’s luxury to recreate; it’s indeed a social necessity because good recreation improves healthy living.

The justification of this project is that it will bring about way to curtail the problem associated in the process of maintenance of recreational facilities of the study area which has seriously affected the users of these facilities from achieving the purpose for which these recreational facilities were developed.

Therefore, it is rational to embark upon this study in an economic sense. It’s hoped that this work would contribute to the world of knowledge; it will be helpful to the management, the government when they want to embark on capital project of such nature, the institution in managing the recreational facilities in their domain and as well users of these facilities.

It will also serve as a reference to future researchers and also this research intend to bridge a gap left by previous researchers.

1.7 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to only Recreational Facility in Abuja University. The main concern will embrace the problem associated with the management these recreational facilities.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The problems encountered are:

Problem from respondents: many respondents tend to be suspicious; some will be suspicious with the purpose of the research.
Locating the respondents: finding respondents for interview or distribution of questionnaire was also a major problem encountered.
Confidentiality: This is a major problem faced by this study and much information was not acquired because of confidentiality.
Some respondents give ambiguous or wrong answer.
Some questionnaires were not returned after distribution to the respondents.
However, none of these problems in any ways affects the authenticity/quality of this study because enough information is gathered on this study.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Facilities management (FM) is a multidisciplinary or Trans disciplinary profession drawing on theories and principles of engineering, architecture, design, accounting, finance, management, and behavioral science. These disciplines each have a rich history of theory, research, and practice (Teichoz, 2004).

Facilities management, as a new discipline, builds on this foundation to create a new set of theories and practice many facility managers may not be directly involved in real estate transactions, as agents of building/ property owners, it is important for facility managers to have a basic understanding of what companies and building owners look for in terms of their investment. This basic understanding helps facility managers ensure the continuity[i]^{(joseph f. gustin, 2003)}

Recreation defers from each and every person because the interests of a person relatively seem to be different from other. So, there is a diversification in recreational activities that people are engaging in different recreational deeds. Also there was a steady growth in leisure and outdoor recreation over three decades (Stankey & Wood, 1982). Lots of recreation theorists prefer to explain recreation comprehensive as much as possible. For this reason, a path for describing recreation is all the activities that are the acquisitions of the participant and except for working (kelly, 1990)). By containing needs and interests of the people from each section, recreation programs are required to include the fields in which the people can easily apply them and show their abilities. With this sense, recreation activity areas are musical activities (instrumented, orchestral, solo, chorus, etc.), sport activities (team, individual, nature, struggle and mind sports), games (educative games for all ages), dance (folk dances, modern and rhythmic dances, etc.), the activities requiring art and crafts (plastic, leather, ceramics, metal, photography, art, wood, etc.) outdoor activities (camping, having a picnic, environmentalism, etc.), scientific discussion meetings, etc.).

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Friday, 24 December 2021

ASSESSMENT OF THE SOURCE OF FINANCE FOR RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT IN ABUJA

ABSTRACT

Real estate investment has been observed to require huge initial capital outlay which can be obtained from various sources. It is often difficult to finance large scale investment in real estate solely from personal savings. Hence, the need for other sources of finance such as equity or self-financing, commercial banks, merchant banks, insurance companies, mortgage institutions among others. However, in the light of this study, particular attention was given to the assessment of the source of finance for residential property development in Abuja. . The development, prospects, challenges, successes and failures of these institutions form the background of the study. Questionnaires was used for data collection which was distributed to the research population using simple random techniques while data gathered through this means were analysis using tables, percentage and descriptive statistics.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Housing finance by its very nature is a capital intensive venture which if it is to be financed through personal financial resources will require slow and tedious accumulation of savings. However, since housing provides benefits over many years, long-term credit financing is a more logical option as it will spread the repayment burden. But this requires the availability of long-term funding, and for which must be institutional capacity, structure and mechanism that will allow a convenient and effective linkage between the savers/investors and the consumers of such funds.

The sourcing of funds for investment in real estate development poses a great deal of problem for the developer. This is largely due to economic instability and stringent measures imposed by most financial institutions. This is compounded by the fact that the interest rate structure has had an unfavourable impact on funding the development of real estate. Since the financing of real estate development is a long term project, it has necessitated the high interest rate that is being charged on the funds provided for such development purposes. Hines (1995) revealed that six major real estate financing methods are used across the world namely; Joint Venture, Equity and Debt Financing, Sale-lease Back Financing, Advance Payment of key money and Sale of Securities.

In Nigeria, housing is typically financed through a number of institutional sources: Budgetary appropriations, Commercial/Merchant Banks, Insurance Companies, State Housing Corporations and the Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN): and now the newly established Mortgage Institutions all these constitute the formal institutions. Informal institutions such as thrift and credit societies, and money lenders who have contributed and are still contributing substantially to the finance of housing construction also persists.

Traditionally, real estate development was based on equity funds. Equity funds wholly generated and owned by one and to which there is no attachment. The chief source of equity funds is savings and these savings arise out of that part of income of individual or corporate organization. Equity funds sources could be private or public. Private equity may be drawn from individuals or corporate savings, that is, retained earnings, assets stripping, for cash or revenue reserves of companies over a period of time and accumulated savings of individual from employment and/or profits from business enterprises. Other sources of private equity funds apart from savings include funds from family sources, friends, Isusu system and thrift system. Public equity on the other hand is derived from invitation extended to the public to subscribe to the equities/ownership of a real estate company set up for that purpose. Some examples of this are capital issues, equity warrant issues, securitization and unitization.

The first attempt towards addressing the problem of inadequate sources of mortgage finance was taken in 1928, with the establishment of Lagos Executive Development Board (L.E.D.B). The level of development then was affected by geographical limitation. The Nigerian Building Society (N.B.S) was established in 1956 by the colonial administration to provide mortgage finance assistance to Nigerians and it went into full operation in 1957. The impact on the society was minimal and it was later reconstituted. Its mortgage operations did not achieve much because of its limited financial resources and poor response to saving scheme. Colonial government built the Government Reserved Areas (G.R.A) for government functionaries. This failed to solve the general housing problem. In 1971, government extended credit facilities for housing by granting loans to building societies, housing corporations and various staff of the Housing Schemes.

Residential property development is an issue that only touches on the life of an individual, but also has the potential to contribute to national development (Agbola, 1998). In Nigeria, housing is a space within which a generation of families expresses its existence and preserves the history and identities of lineage. Families discover themselves according to their lifestyle and dictates of the cultural values of the society to which they belong. The family residential housing therefore is a symbol of social identity and community recognition.

The successful completion of any kind of development largely depends on the availability and affordability of the essential factors requisite for such property development (land, labour, building materials and finance). Finance being the most significant determines the availability and quality of other factors, as it is required to acquire land, reward labour and buy building materials. Thus, this study seeks to examine the availability of finance for the purpose of residential property development in Nasarawa town, having due regards to its affordability.

In 1973, the Federal Housing Scheme (F.H.S) Decree no. 40 was enacted, establishing the Federal Housing Authority (F.H.A) with the aim of achieving the target for housing delivery in the third national development plan. In 1977, the Nigerian Building Society was changed to Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN) by decree No. 7 with paid up capital of N150 Million jointly owned by the Central Bank of Nigeria and the Federal Government of Nigeria. The mortgage institution decree No. 53 of 1989 formally elevated the FMBN to the status of apex mortgage bank for the country. It was this decree that gave it the authority and function of monitoring, controlling and regulating the activities of all Primary Mortgage Institutions throughout the country.

In view of the above explanations therefore, efforts shall be made in this project to conducts a comparative analysis of different source of finance for residential property development in Abuja.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Over the years, the government had been the major player in the area of housing delivery in Nigeria, by providing direct finance for previous housing schemes. This was embedded in the housing policy of past administrations but today, the dwindling nature of revenue accruing to the government, coupled with gross mismanagement and misappropriation of public funds and revenue has prohibited the ability of the government to continue to play her role as before (Nubi, 2000). The problem of housing has become an everyday discussion in all quarters of the public and private services of the developing countries of Africa. It has become increasingly glaring that most of the urban population live in dehumanizing housing environment while those that have access to average housing do so at abnormal cost. According to Onibokun (1986), Nubi (1991), rent in major cities of Nigeria is about 60% of an average workers disposable income. According to Abiodun (1999), National Housing Fund collected about billion naira from the Mandatory Saving Scheme. Out of N300 million loan approved by FMBN, only N100million was advanced. The problem in this case is not availability of fund but stringent measures to prevent default. Hence, the housing problems persist.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of the study is to assess the source of finance for residential property development in Abuja.

Objectives:

The objectives are:

To assess the various sources of finance available for estate development.
To assess how private estate developers obtain mortgage facility from financial institutions.
To examine the factors militating against the availability of funds for housing development.
To seek ways of enhancing the present level of housing financing for residential property development

1.4 Research Questions

What is the concept of source housing finance?
What are the various sources of finance available for estate development?
To what extent does residential property developer obtain mortgage facility from financial institutions?
Examine the factors militating against the availability of funds for residential property development?
What are the possible ways of enhancing the present level of housing financing for residential property development in Abuja?

1.5 Significance of the Study

A study of this nature will be beneficial to a wide range of stakeholders in Nigeria. Recommendations made in this study will enable the government take a serious look at the current Housing policy in Nigerian, its effectiveness, alternative strategy and alternative sources and the need for re-engineering.

Also, corporate bodies and developers can use the information derived herein to further their work on source of finance for residential property development. Furthermore, this study is expected to give rise to further studies which will enhance knowledge in areas of the sources of finance for residential property development.

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This is limited to the study of the source of finance for residential property development in Abuja with focus on both the traditional method of financing and the modern method of financing residential property development in Nigeria.

This research focuses on the source of available finance for residential property development in Nigeria and the need for re-engineering. It does not consider operations of finance nor does it consider management of such fund.

Lastly, this work studies and suggested approaches for improving housing finance in Nigeria.

Limitation

In the course of carrying out this research work, several challenges were encountered. Some of these challenges are:

Administering and gathering of questionnaires in real estate development firms was not an easy feat.
1. The entire project was very capital intensive, gathering information on sources of project financing.
1. Organizations are not ready and willing to review the source or sources of their project financing.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

Finance: According toInvestopadia online dictionary Finance is the science that describes the management, creation and study of money, banking, credit, investments, assets and liabilities.

PUBLIC ESTATE: Are land and building owned and directly managed by public authorities and those rights of control which public authorities exercise over the estate of the private owners.

ESTATE: Udechukwu (2006) defined estate as “A legal entity denoting the character and quality of right that an individual or individuals possessed on a property.

HOUSING ESTATE: In the word of Essien G.A (2012) in his Lecture Note “An Approach to Property Development II (Vol. 3)”. “Is an area of land on which many houses are built either by private enterprise or by a public authority”.

DEVELOPMENT: Is the process of generating latent values in land or creating benefits there from by incurring on it costs in the form of labour, capital or management skill (Umeh, 1983).

PUBLIC DEVELOPER: Nathaniel (1979) cited that public developer deal directly with government involvement in the provision of housing, public properties (Estate) are therefore owned, controlled and managed by Federal, State, Local Government and other public bodies which are set up and functioned under state and their aims is usually based on political, social and economic ground.

1.8 Historical Background Of The Study Area

The name “Abuja” was derived from Abu Ja, a brother to Muhammadu Makau, the last Hausa ruler of Zaria. Makau had left Zaria after being defeated by the Fulani and settled in the area now known as Abuja. In 1825 his brother Abu Ja succeeded him as the 62^nd King of Zaria.

The full name of Abu Ja was Abubakar (shortened to “Abu”) and the name Ja was given to him because he was light in complexion (in Hausa “Ja” means red or fair). He became known as “Abu Ja”, “Abu the fair one” (other sources claim that the name “Ja” was derived from the last name of his father which was “Jatau”). Abu Ja then built a new capital for his Kingdom and called it “Abuja.”

Abuja was mainly built in the 1980s and it officially became Nigeria’s capital on December 12, 1991, replacing Lagos. The Abuja Federal Capital Territory, while smaller than other states within Nigeria, is two and half times the size of Lagos city, the former capital. This territory was formed with the express purpose of supporting Abuja city, encircling it within a womb of nature. Abuja has an Area size of 713km²

The site for the new capital was chosen because of its central location (viewed as neutral both ethnically and religiously, where culture and religion meet), easy accessibility, pleasant climate, low population density, and the availability of land for future expansion.

Not only was a city designed, but an entire environment. Part of the provisions of the Master Plan is the development of adequate recreational and Green areas within the city. Abuja is surrounded by abundant hills, highlands, savanna grassland, and tropical rain forests.

The master plan of Abuja ad the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) was developed by international planning associates (IPA), a consortium made up of three American firms: Planning Research Corporation; Wallace, Roberts and Todd; and Archisystems, a division of the Hughes Organization.

The master plan included a regional site selection ad master plan for the new and detailed design of the Central Area, which accommodates the national government center, cultural institutions, and the Central Business districts.

Outside The central Area, residential mini-cities with populations of 150,000 to 250,000 are organized around local business and the employment centres.

More detailed design of the central areas of the capital, particularly it monumental core, was accomplished by Kenzo Tange, a renowned Japanese architect, along with his team of city planners at Kenzo Tange and Urtec Company.

Places of Interest in Abuja

Abuja National Mosque: The national mosque of the country declared a national monument belonging to all Nigerians. Its outstanding golden dome and minarets dominate Abuja’s skyline.

National Christian Centre: The symbol of unity of Christendom in Nigeria. The centre’s magnificent edifice was designed by an Italian firm.

Millennium Park: Abuja’s most popular and largest green area is the Millennium Park. Designed by world renowned architect Manfredi Nicoletti, it was officially inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II in 2003.

National Stadium: Built in 2003 and this ultra-modern complex has a seated capacity of 60,000. It is used by the Nigerian National Football Team.

The problems associated with the capital being in Lagos, such as population pressures, political and ethnic divisions, led to the search for a new capital in 1976. Abuja was selected from among 33 possible sites. Physically located in the centre of the country and viewed as neutral both ethnically and religiously, it is where culture and religion meet.

The criteria used for selection included: centrality, healthy, climate, land availability and use, water supply, multi-access possibilities, security, existence of resources, drainage, good soil, physical planning convenience and ethic accord.

The Emir of Abuja at the time, Alhaji Suleiman Barau, was asked to meet with his Emirate Council to approve contributing four of the five districts to Abuja to become the new capital. The council was divided as some districts considered it too much of a sacrifice; but at the end, they approved the request from the Federal Government.

Thus, the Abuja in Niger State contributed 80% of the land of the territory, Plateau State (now Nassarawa State) contributed 16% of the South east territory and Kwara State (Now Kogi State) contributed about 4% of the south-west territory.

Abuja Districts

According to the 1979 master plan, Abuja’s territory has to be developed in four phases on an area of about 250 square kilometres, and each phase has to be further sub-divided into districts.

The phase 1 development has almost been completed and includes the Central Business District (the three Arms Zone Presidency, National Assembly and Supreme Court), the Maitama, Wuse, Garki and Asokoro, residential and business districts.

There are also 5 districts in Phase 2, and some of them have works at various stages of completion. They are Kado, Durumi, Gudu, Utako (which infrastructural facilities have been completed) and Jabi. Phase 3 districts are Mabuchi, Katampe, Wuye and Gwarimpa. There are also 5 suburban districts, which are Nyanya, Karu, Gwagwalada, Kubwa, and Jikwoyi. Along the Airport Road there are clusters of satellite settlements, namely Lugbe, Chika, Kuchigworo and Pyakassa.

Other satellite settlements are Idu (the main industrial zone), Mpape, Karimu, Gwagwa, Dei-Dei (hosting the international Livestock market and also International Building materials market).

Construction service companies and enterprises continues at a fast pace in Abuja and new places open weekly, Phase 2, currently under development, involves the integration of the surrounding Katampe, Mabushi, Utako, Wuye, Durumi, Gudu, Jabbi, Duste and Gaduwa areas into the city. Phase 3 and 4 are also under development, however, there are works at various stages of implementation in Karmo, and Idu districts (Phase 3), and the Gwarimpa Districts, where many of the construction companies “Life Camps” are located, has already been developed.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING NEEDS IN MASAKA, KARU LGA, NASARAWA STATE

AN ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING NEEDS IN MASAKA, KARU LGA, NASARAWA STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Housing represents one of the basic human needs and has a plethora and profound impact on health, social interaction and general welfare of the individual and groups in any environment. Availability of decent and affordable housing has been inadequate in virtually all places and almost throughout history. This is more pronounced in developing countries where rapid population growth and urbanization is unmatched by corresponding and commensurate change in social, economic and technological development. (Mabogunje et al., 1978). Thus, this phenomenal rise in population, spontaneous increase in the number and size of most Nigerian cities’ have in the past few decades led to acute shortage of decent and affordable dwelling units. The outcomes of this developmental process are diverse urban problems ranging from overcrowding, deplorable environment, poor living conditions, inadequate and poor infrastructural services, homelessness and informal settlement (Jiboye, 2019).

Informal settlement is the major issue in which great nations such as Nigeria face even as the transit into developed nations. The rate at which the number of people living in urban spaces continues to increase is tremendous and to be able to achieve a successful transition, urban growth would have to be accepted and managed using sustainability framework (Ya et al., 2009). Current research has suggested that proper implementation of sustainable urban development could lead to economic enhancement, reduced poverty, and improved quality of life/quality of space and other positive outcomes (UNDPI, 2018). But in order to adopt sustainable planning strategies and framework government would have to consider the possibilities of problems and challenges through analysing the impact of different planning policies which would then be used in recommending strategies with regards to improving the socio-economic, cost benefits of urban housing development (Kyrkou et al., 2011). Among such policy is housing demolition which is strategies used to correct informal settlements and development in cities.

Housing demolition is an important byproduct of Urban Redevelopment Programmes because urban redevelopment typically involves the redevelopment of built-up areas and the reuse of urban space (Talen, 2014; He, 2014). Since 2003, housing demolition has been adopted as a tool for regeneration or ‘restructuring housing markets’ to suit modern conditions. Many argue that this is harmful to the environment, costly and damaging to the long-term community networks that grow slowly within housing areas. The demolition of houses, which are bulky and valuable material objects, should therefore be considered only as a last resort. It is usually only advocated to remove unsound or unwanted buildings. Additionally, demolition is invariably contentious and slow in delivering new replacement homes (Power, 1987; Power and Houghton, 2007). However, the idea of demolishing the poorest and oldest homes to improve environmental efficiency and reduce fuel poverty has found some appeal.

In many countries the private sector plays an important role in housing development. It constructs housing either ‘for sale or rent for different income groups. The private sector should participate in the construction of housing for all categories of the population either for sale or rent, manufacturing and supply of building materials in the housing construction sector, infrastructure development for human settlements and encourage members of communities to improve their living environment through community participation in projects.

In Nigeria a number of efforts have been mustered to solve the housing problem; from the most discernable and debut of the Lagos Executive Development Board (LEDB) in 1928 till now, a satisfactory respite have not been achieved. The achievement from the changing finance mechanisms, material and construction technology development, delivery mechanism etc over the years is minimal and therefore calls for deeper and wider thought towards means that is all-embracing, meets other societal needs yet accelerating the enormous task of housing the nation’s teeming population Bayode (2008).

The housing sector plays a more crucial role in the country’s welfare as it directly affects not only the well-being of the citizenry, but also the performance of other sectors of the economy. In recognition of this, the Nigerian government has over the years initiated policies and programmes to address the housing challenges, but with little/no success. Experts have put the housing shortage in Nigeria as at 2005 at between 12 million to 14 million (Adejumo, 2008: Oluwaluyi, 2008). According to Babade (2007), to adequately house the urban population in Nigeria, a conservative figure of 409,227 ‘housing units should have been constructed in 1990. Due to neglect, the figure rose to 783, 042 units in 1995; 1,333,176 units in the year 2000; 1,543,318 units in 2003 and 2, 171, 603 units in 2010. This is serious considering the poor showing of the housing sector.

Sustainable housing provision is the gradual, continual and replicable process of meeting the housing needs of the populace, the vast majority of who are poor and are incapable of providing adequately for themselves, It ensures housing strategies that are stable and are not subject to vagaries in the political circumstances of the country.

The private sector faces a number of difficulties in housing provision, which hampers it in large-scale construction. Housing provision is enormously costly and the private sector, which is essentially profit-driven, cannot be expected to produce a socially optimum output with adequacy in quantity and standards, neither can it allocate housing resources equitably. This due to distinct peculiarities of housing such as its heterogeneous nature, high production costs relative to income, high transaction costs and low elasticity of supply. This study in the light of the various discourses made about housing matter, has attempted to critically assessed housing needs in Masaka KAru Local Government Area of Nasarawa State.

1.1 Statement of Problem

Housing problem cannot be properly understood unless the underlying issues are critically examine in a town like Masaka whose status have suddenly changed as a result of housing demolition aside its proximity to the Federal capital territory Abuja and the compounding effects of mass demolition of housing units in FCT since 2003 till date which result to the rapid growth in terms of population and expansion in commercial activities (Talen, 2014). The result is often the shortage in the supply of housing and congestion in some residential districts in the town.

Unless appropriately contained such initial housing problem tend to intensify with continued growth of the town. Effective response to the situation in both the short and long run appears to depend on timely and satisfactory analysis of the housing demand and supply. This crucial input for viable housing development policy and supply strategy has been lacking in government effort in the state. This is also being disregarded by planners who have only been concerned with the preparation of land use plans based on estimate of land budgets determined merely by the use of planning standards and not related to the specific computations of the housing demand. Therefore not only do such actions cause delays allowing for the intensification of the housing problem but are also lacking in the realistic formulation that ensure attainment of satisfactory housing objectives.

Housing demolition is an important tool in the implementation of Urban Redevelopment and renewal Programmes because urban redevelopment typically involves the redevelopment of built-up areas and the reuse of urban space (Talen, 2014). To meet the land demand from Urban Redevelopment Progarmmes, a lot of housing / buildings were demolished annually. As a result, more than 20% of urban residents have already experienced housing demolition and relocation because of the actions of the FCT administration to comply with the Abuja Master Plan (Jibril, 2015). Various stakeholders have been affected by this housing demolition and the inter-relationships of these stakeholders are very complex. Due to sharp conflicts of interests among different stakeholders, housing demolition has resulted in many social risks that increasingly challenge the success of sustainable housing development.

Also the housing policies were not efficient because they kept on changing the policies to suit the Government and the Abuja master plan. Today the suburb of Abuja such as Masaka is highly overwhelmed with increasing population as a result of demolition of housing units in Abuja thereby posing a great pressure on the available housing unit and other infrastructures in this areas, this has necessitated the need for this study to assess housing needs in Masaka, Karu Local government Area of Nasarawa State.

1.2 Aim

The general aim of this study is to assess housing needs in Masaka, Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State.

Objectives

The specific objectives of this dissertation include:

To examine the housing needs in Masaka
To determine the basic characteristics of the housing condition inhabitant in Masaka
To identify the effects of Abuja housing demolition in Masaka.
To ascertain the state of housing need in Masaka before and after housing demolition in Abuja.
To recommend sustainable strategies for improving demand in and around Masaka, Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State.

1.4 Research Questions

What is the state of housing needs in Masaka
What are the basic characteristics of the housing condition in Masaka
What are the effects of Abuja housing demolition on housing needs in Masaka.
What is the state of housing need in Masaka before and after housing demolition in Abuja.
To recommend sustainable strategies for improving demand in and around Masaka, Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State.

1.5 Scope

The study focus on the assessment of housing needs in Masaka Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State. Efforts was made in the study to identify the effects of Abuja housing demolition in Masaka, identify the state of housing need in Masaka before and after housing demolition in Abuja and to examine the effects of demolition on housing need in Masaka. The study is limited to Masaka in Karu Local government area and does not extend to the surrounding fringes and suburbs.

1.6 Justification

The condition of human existence is directly related to the environment. This environment comprises mainly the dwelling housing. However, improving housing need and supply therefore, become a priority for every nation where there is poor condition of houses demand and supply. This study becomes justifiable as

It findings will help understand housing need in Masaka, Karu Local government of Nasarawa state
It will guide policy makers and investors to make good decisions that will affected the general populace positively.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR INMATES IN THE NIGERIAN CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Prisons are often referred to as correctional and/or reformatory center. They are places/facilities where offenders are kept for either punishments or as they await trials at the courts of law. A correctional centre according to Mc-Corkle and Korn (1954) quoted in Obioha (2011) is a physical structure in a geographical location where a number of people live under highly specialized conditions, utilize the resources and adjust to the alternatives presented to them by a unique kind of social environment that is different from the larger society in so many ways.

A correctional centre is neither expected to be exactly a bed of roses as the inmates are there for penal purposes nor supposed to be a bed of thorns and thistles meant to snuff life out of the occupants. As Eva (2015) noted, the Nigeria correction facility, among others in Nigerian Justice System perform three basic functions of; keeping safe custody of convicted persons and suspects as well as execute sentences passed on individuals by the courts, ensuring the reformation and rehabilitation of inmates through moral training, education and offering them opportunities to develop other potentials and skills for effective reintegration into the society on discharge and ensuring the welfare of inmates through the provision of good health care, feeding, clothing and recreational facilities in order to create the enabling environment for reformation and rehabilitation programmes.

Despite Nigeria’s progress on democratic, economic and political reforms, Nigeria’s prisons are yet to make appreciable impact on the welfare of the inmates. A recurring debate within contemporary academic circles, criminologists, health workers and prison experts, is to ensure an appropriate health template for proper prison administration that will reflect its objectives. Even though crime and other vices need to be deterred, it should be to the extent that inmates health should be adequately taken care of during and after imprisonment; it is therefore needful to be logical and rational in terms of health delivery while in custody.

Seven years into the new millennium, health for all prison inmates in Nigeria and many African nations has remained mirage. Recent assessment of African Prison Health systems indicates a gloomy picture of weakness in performance (African Regional Health Report, 2006). The inability to provide quality and equitable access to prison health care services through much reliance on western health care framework have further widening the existing health inequalities in many African countries and the Nigerian prisons in particular. This scenario has also the poor and the rich, urban and rural dwellers, inmates and the “free” at different axis of the production spectrum of health care delivery in Nigeria. A good example of this unfavourable equation becomes obvious when the health of special groups like the prisoners is critically examined (Health in African Prisons, 1999).

Healthcare services to the general population in Sub-Saharan African is of a major concern and many countries in the region are grabbling with the stark reality of improving services especially to the vulnerable populations due low health budgetary allocation by the governments and the unwillingness on their part to make available requisite personnel to carry out healthcare services. This reality is more among the prison populations who are most vulnerable with no choice to decide on who provides them with healthcare services and are left to the least the government could do. The prison health population is also more problematic given their general low income status and vulnerability to high drug use and infections compared to the general population. Healthcare service accessibility is defined in terms of individual person‘s ability to obtain requisite healthcare when needed with least hindrance in terms of finance and geographic distance.

The number of prisons globally is on the increase so is the number of health problems prisoners bring along with them [Watson et al., 2004]. The very purpose for which the prisons are designed: punishment, correction and rehabilitation of prisoners to the community may run in conflict with the aims of health care [Watson et al., 2004]. The number of health problems prisoners bring to prison is huge and usually surpasses the prevalence in the general population [Watson et al., 2004; Her Majesty‘s Prison Service, 2001]. Take for example, the number of prisoners in the United States (US) with mental health problems is 90% with many also having a substance abuse problem, 80% of prisoners smoke and hepatitis B and C rates of infection are higher than in the general population. Problems of HIV positive and self-harming are also high [Watson et al., 2004; Her Majesty‘s Prison Service, 2001]. High number of prisoners also suffers from chronic diseases like asthma and heart disease. A study conducted on New York City adults, has it that asthma rates were twice as high for people with a history of incarceration–12.7 percent as opposed to 6.2percent for those without a history of incarceration [Emily et al., 2010]. Those who had been imprisoned with history of asthma were more likely to suffer an asthma attack or go to the emergency department not considering if the patient had access to primary care or health insurance [Emily et al., 2010].

Evidence has linked major determinants of health in modern populations to socioeconomic, political and cultural factors and as such inequalities in health have remained problematic across cultures, socio-economic class, gender or ethnicity (Bambra et al., 2005). In the social sequence of events, prison inmates are most times from the poorest sectors of the society, and suffer more from inequitable access to effective health care services. This experience also exacerbates existing health problems of inmates (de viggiani, 2007). Hence, the current drive towards realizing the health related millennium development goals requires more forceful drive from the Nigerian government. Health is political and the power exercised over it is part of the wider economic, social and political system (Bambra1, et al., 2005). Thus, achieving both qualitative and quantitative health among special groups like prison inmates may be far from realization going by the slow attitude of prison officials and the government in particular in addressing the health needs of prisoners. Hence, this paper attempts a sociological discourse of prison health within the social context producing it. This was done by discussing prison health in Nigeria as a social product. This project therefore is an assessment of health care delivery system for inmates in the Nigeria correctional facilities.

2.2 Statement of the Problem

Globally, the correctional population has been in constant fluctuation. Today, the global correctional population stood at over 11 million. Out of this, a total of 73, 314 inmates are in Nigeria (Penal Reform International, 2020). The government has the responsibility of providing quality and accessible healthcare services to inmates. This concern has been largely emphasized by the UN, WHO, and other agencies concerned with inmate welfare to be in equality with the health services provided in the community. Most importantly, the (UN Minimum Standard for the Treatment of Offenders) Nelson Mandela Rules (2015) and the most recently amended Nigerian Correctional Service Act (2019) were very much explicit on the provision of a comprehensive healthcare delivery in the prison. These instruments provided guidelines for an all-round provision of standard healthcare to all inmates devoid of preferential considerations from the point of entry to discharge. This is however, not the situation in many countries across the globe, Nigeria inclusive. However, the PRI report documents over 124 correctional facilities that exceeded their maximum rate of occupation. It shows how the rising figures of incarceration in is driven by a punitive approach to criminal justice where high and costly correctional sentences are favoured over non-custodial alternatives, invariably resulting in poor health services delivery for the inmates.

A survey of Nigerian corrections over the years by Amnesty International (2010, 2015 and 2017) revealed the deplorable condition of the prisons and the health services available. They revealed that inmates’ rights are flouted and that many correctional facilities in Nigeria are overcrowded with evident poor sanitation and that health care facilities are lacking. In fact, the Amnesty International finding shows that corruption is prevalent in the corrections and it affects virtually the running of the system. This corruption ridden system, especially as it affects health care, has also been reported by the Prisoners Right and Welfare Action (PRAWA) (2017). Corrections are closed environments, characterized by constant surveillance aimed at preventing inmates from escaping or inflicting harm on fellow inmates and other correctional stakeholders within the facility. Given the limited and strictly regulated access from the larger community, corrections around the world are largely isolated from the larger society, with the very existence of inmates easily forgotten by the general public. In most places around the world, collective monitoring of facilities is weak or even absent, with little or no involvement of other non-state actors, especially civil societies, in the delivery of services in correctional facilities especially those associated with healthcare. It is against this background that this study was undertaken to provide insight into the health care delivery system for inmates in the Nigerian correctional facilities.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The main objectives of the study are to examine health care delivery system for inmates of the Nigeria prison. Other specific objectives of the study include;

To examine the health condition of prison inmates.
To assess the benefit to effective health care delivery in Nigeria prisons.
To examine the Nigerian prison reforms.
To examine the challenges to achieving an effective health care delivery system for prison inmates.
To recommend ways of improving health care delivery in Nigeria prisons.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What are the health conditions of prison inmates in Nigeria?
What are the environmental conditions of Nigeria prisons?
What are the Nigerian prison reforms that would improve health care delivery?
What are the challenges to achieving an effective health care delivery system for prison inmates?
What are the ways of improving health care delivery in Nigeria prisons?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study would greatly benefit the Nigerian prison service and the federal government as it would reveal the benefits of effective health care system and the challenges of achieving effective health care system in Nigerian prisons across the country. the study would also be of immense importance to students, researchers and scholars who are interested in developing a further study on the subject matter.

1.6 SCOPE/LIMITATION OF STUDY

This research will be limited to Owerri Prison Headquarters and Owerri state prisons. The researcher encountered problems in the course of the study, the problem ranges from financial constraints following the fact that the researcher is a student and there was no extra funding from the outside world for this project.

Also getting approval from the prison management to carry out research on their prison took time, due to the bureaucratic process in the prison. Nevertheless, the outcome of this research work is not hampered by the mentioned limitations.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

I. The prisoner: is a person proved guilty of a crime alleged against him/her and legally sentenced to punishment of a confinement in a prison. In other words a prisoner is a person sentenced to penal servitude.

II. Prison: a prison is a building designated by law or used by the sheriff for the confinement or detention of persons who are judicially ordered to be kept in custody.

According to Lectric Law library lexicon (2003) a prison is a place where persons are confined or restrained from personal library. It can also be regarded as a correctional detention or penal faculty. Hence the prison is often referred to as a correctional institution where offenders are confined or punished.

III. Reformation: (mostly called reforms) this refers to measures calculated to impact moral improvement in a person’s character so that he will be less inclined to re-offer the future. (Ahire 1990)

IV. Rehabilitation: This refers to the post release effort to make it easier for the offenders to resettle in a society (Ahire 1990)

V. Warder: A person who works as a guard in a prison, and also responsible for supervising and making sure rules are obeyed.

VI. Assumptions: A thing that is thought to be true or certain to happen but is not proved.

VII. Constable: A police officer of the lowest rank.

VIII. Community: The people living in one place, district or country considered as a whole.

IX. Psychological evaluation: This is an examination into a person’s mental health by a mental health professional such as a psychologist. A psychological evaluation may result in a diagnosis of a mental illness. It is the mental equivalent of physical examination.

X. Government: A group of people governing a country or state.

XI. Penal servitude: A state of being forced to work for others and having no freedom

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ASSESSMENT OF QUACKERY PRACTICE ON REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS IN ABUJA

ABSTRACT

This project assesses the effect of quackery practice on real estate transactions in Abuja. The study specifically seek to examine the activities of quackeries or quack estate agent, evaluate the effects of quackeries practice on real estate transactions in Abuja and identify the challenges affecting real estate agency in Abuja. The research method used was survey design. The sampling techniques adopted for this study is the random sampling techniques, the techniques give every member of the population the opportunity to be selected without any form of preferential treatment. A total of one hundred (100) copies of questionnaires were administered, and out of these, 80 copies of the questionnaires were correctly filled and returned. The researcher make use of statistical tools such as tables, percentage and descriptive methods to presents and analyzed the data gathered from the field survey which was considered appropriate for the research. The findings of the study shows that several quackeries are involved in real estate transactions in Abuja, this quackeries are mostly involved in fake list of properties excessive charges on the services there rendered among others, the study also shows that quackeries practice have significant negative impact on real estate transactions among which are black mail genuine estate agents, general negative impact on the real estate market, create lack of trust in real estate profession as client will generally see real estate agent and agency activities as fraudulent. Finally the study recommends that the capacity of the Estate Agents Registration Board should be enhanced to enable it better regulate the profession and unregistered and quack agents currently practicing should be tracked down and made to either go for training in the diploma or degree of Real Estate, work under a registered estate agent.

Key Words: Quackery, real estate, transactions, Agents.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background Of The Study

Real estate agents obviously perform a middleman function in that they bring buyers and sellers together. They build the bridges between people in search of landed properties and estate owners. Real estate is a special type of asset that almost everyone desire to own. Real estate agency was introduced by the British during the colonial era, although before then, there were middlemen in land transactions. Estate agency grew from the old auctioneers who were chattlemen attracted by the exciting prospects of selling large estates. These auctioneers were mainly the lawyers who had easy access to the available properties in the market and kept the lists of estates for sale and prospective purchasers. These real estate practices became visibly lucrative during England’s Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century. During this period, new wealth and employments were created. The desires for homeownership were largely satisfied. New lands were explored and built-upon or bought and developed. The market for property development widened considerably and the property markets grew exponentially. Then as more lands were developed, more properties enlarged the market base, and property experts were needed as people began to realize the complications that arose from marketing or buying properties (Ajayi, 2017).

Notwithstanding, more self-styled or quack estate agents also emerged, and over time, the real estate business became marred by incompetence and unwholesome behaviors. Due to lack of control over the quack estate agents, there were many victims of obtaining and fraud. To safeguard public interests against unscrupulous practice of estate agency by quack estate agents and rogues in the 1970s and eagerly 1980s, the Nigeria government and the professional bodies governing estate practices have enacted the guidelines and laws guiding the practice of estate agency in Nigeria (Oni, 2010).

The law establishing the profession of estate surveying and valuation in Nigeria included the estate agency as part of the functions of estate surveyors and valuers in Nigeria. Notwithstanding, presently in Nigeria it is all comers affair and there is an association of estate agents (NIESV, 2011). Entering the real estate market is easy, and requires neither qualification nor previous experience, this gives every rank and files (quackeries) opportunities to practice or become estate agent without the requisite educational qualification and registration with the right professional bodies.

Real estate market is not dominates with one particular profession, although there can be no doubt that some of practicing estate agents are members of the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers, there have been increase in the number of quackeries with or without requisite educational background. One needs to comment on the cut-price estate agent. Many believing that estate agency was a way to make easy money and believing that existing charges were too high in which perhaps they were encouraged by the media and such bodies sought to set up business charging in a variety of ways, but at a level significantly below the charges by the established agents in the area. Some charged lower rates of commission, others set fee for a specific service (Akomolede, 2016). It is against this background that this study seeks to assess quackery practice on real estate transaction in Abuja.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Estate agency should be conducted by men and women with a background of professional knowledge who acknowledge and follow ethical standards prescribed by the leading professional bodies of the land (The Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers NIESV) and the regulatory board the Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Board of Nigeria (ESVARBON). The fundamental problem is that the term – Estate Agent is not statutorily defined in the context of real estate agency practice in Nigeria. The Nigeria real estate market is overwhelm with increasing number of quackeries who are victims of circumstances and have to change their careers informally, they neither have formal training, educational qualifications, nor professional expertise in the art and science of real estate agency, and have taken advantage of an apparent lax in the system to encroach into the landed profession. Due to their numerical strength and lack of awareness on the part of the people, they are widely consulted and fall victims of several fraudulent practices and cheats which end up given the profession a bad image in the eyes of the public.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this project is to carry assessment of quackery on real estate transaction in Abuja.

To achieve this aim, the following specific objectives shall be pursued:

To examine the activities of quacks in estate agency in Abuja
To evaluate the effects of quackeries practice on real estate transactions in Abuja.
To identify the challenges affecting real estate agency in Abuja.

1.4 Research Questions

This study arose from the need to answer the following research questions:

What are the activities of quackeries in real estate transactions in Abuja?
What are the effects of quackeries on real estate transactions in real estate transactions in Abuja?

What are the challenges affecting real estate agency in real estate transactions in Abuja?

1.5 Significance of the Study

The need for this study arose because estate agency as a profession in this country has seen an influx of numerous quackeries because there exists a conflict between professionalism and commercialism in the practice. Quackeries people come in to provide agency services in the real estate market yet they have no knowledge of either real estate or the market within which it is traded. As a result, the real estate market and particularly in Abuja Municipal Area Council, is plagued by inefficiency and a lack of transparency. Transactions involving great sums of money are carried out in secret which keeps shrouding real estate in mystery and prevents many people from getting into such investments for fear of being defrauded.

The study therefore seeks to serve the needs of investors who may want to venture into the real estate market in Nigeria and particularly in Abuja. The needs of the professionals in the practice of estate agency will be addressed therefore contributing to the practice of real estate agency professionally and if the research findings are implemented, estate agents will understand better their job descriptions and cope with the changing needs of a more vibrant real estate market.

Developers/landlords and tenants will also benefit from this study since it will be brought to their attention why they should only do business with professional estate agents and therefore protecting them from fraudulent practices.

1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study

This research is undertaken to carry out an indepth assessment of quackery practice on real estate transaction in Abuja. The study is limited to Abuja Municipal Area Council, the study seeks to understand how estate agency in Abuja can be made more professional and make the real estate market more accessible to investors by reducing the activities of the increasing number of quackeries in the study area.

Limitations

The researcher may face various problems when carrying out this field study. Some of these challenges include:

Some respondents were unwilling to fill the questionnaires since they were suspicious about the study. Many perceived it as sharing very vital information which they were not ready to furnish the researcher with.
Delays were experienced from the respondents who took very long to complete filling the questionnaires and constant postponement of the picking date proved to be very frustrating to the researcher. This could be attributed to busy schedules and had both cost and time implications on the researcher since the set timelines had to be changed and many follow-up calls and visits had to be made which was quite expensive.
Landlords were hostile and very suspicious of the research.
At times some of the respondents did not fill in the questionnaires adequately and ignored certain sections that required the giving of opinions which made it difficult for the researcher to make adequate conclusions.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

Assessment: According to Cambridge English Dictionary assessment is the act of judging or deciding the amount, value, quality, or importance of something, or the judgment or decision that is made

Quackery: Quackery is the characteristic practice of quacks or charlatans, who pretend to knowledge and skill that they do not possess, particularly in medicine. The quack makes exaggerated claims about his or her ability to heal disease, generally for financial gain.

Estate: Cambridge English dictionary define estate as a property or a large area of land in the country that is owned by a family or an organization and is often used for growing crops or raising animals: It’s a typical country estate with a large house for the owner, farm buildings, and estate workers’ houses.

Estate agent: Collins Dictionary define estate agent assomeone who works for a company or clients that rents or sells houses and land for people.

Real estate: According to Investopedia Real estate is property comprised of land and the buildings on it, as well as the natural resources of the land, including uncultivated flora and fauna, farmed crops and livestock, water and mineral deposits.

Market: According to business dictionary a market is an actual or nominal place where forces of demand and supply operate, and where buyers and sellers interact (directly or through intermediaries) to trade goods, services, or contracts or instruments, for money or barter.

1.8 Background of the Study Area

Abuja was formally a town under traditional emirate of Suleja in Niger state, north central of Nigeria. The town is situated along the river Iku, a minor tributary of the river Niger at the foot of the Abuchi hills and lies at the intersection of several roads. The emirate’s savannas areas of approximately 2,980sqkm originally included four secondary Koro Cheifdoms that paid tribute to the Hausa kingdom of Zazzau. In the period 1804, Zaria, the capital of Zazzua (220km North-Northeast) was captured by warriors of the Fulani jihad (holy war). Muhamman Makau, the king of Zazzua (Sarkin Zazzua) guided a large section of the Hausa nobility to the Koro town of Zuba (10km southwards)

Abu Ja (Jatau) the brother of the king and later his successor, founded the town of Abuja in 1828 and a year later started the construction of the town wall. Abu Ja then proclaimed himself the emir of Abuja and withstood Zaria’s attacks, allowing Abuja emirate to remain an independent Hausa refuge. During the reign of Emir Abu Kwaka (1851-77), trade with the Fulani emirate of Bida (Westwards) and Zaria began. But the trade route between Lokoja (160km South-Southwest) and Zaria was disrupted by Abuja’s leaders, resulting in the British occupation of the town. During the reign of Emir Musa Angulu (1917-44) alluvial tin mining began.

A Hausa emir who retains advisory role oversees the traditional emirate, with its predominate Gbari (Gwari) and Koro population. During the administrative reorganization in 1976, Abuja town became the headquarters of a local government council. The town was renamed Suleja in the late 1970’s after development began on the urban area of federal capital territory of Nigeria (FCT). The new Federal capital adopted the name Abuja.

ECONOMY AND POPULATION OF ABUJA.

Abuja although is said to be bless with natural endowment such as; its rolling hills, isolated highlands and other endearing features which makes it a delight. The savannah grassland of the north and the middle belt, the riches of the tropical rain forest of the south and equable climate all combined make the city a soil rich agricultural and tourist heaven. But despite all this, the city is not economically buoyant due to absent of industrial activities.

Projection called for a population of more than one million early in the 21^st century, the population estimate as at 2006 stand for a four million with annual growth rate of 2.8

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ABUJA

Abuja created in 1976 by the federal military government of the late general Muritala Mohammed via decree No. 6 of the same year; it officially replaced Lagos in December 1991after fifteen years of planning and construction. The city was divided into two zones; central zones contains the national assembly, the city hall, national cultural institution, government related offices that include the administrative headquarters of all federal government ministries and parastatals, also major private sector organizations and foreign missions. The second zone provides housing, shopping facilities and other urban amenities.

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

The federal capital is located in the geographical center of Nigeria.it has a land area of 8,000square kilometers.it is bounded on the north by Kaduna state, the West by Niger state, the East and Southeast by Nasarawa state and Southwest by Kogi state. It falls within latitude 70^o20”north of the equator and longitude 60^o45”and 70^o39’.

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ASSESSMENT OF VACANCY AND OCCUPANCY RATES OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY

ASSESSMENT OF VACANCY AND OCCUPANCY RATES OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY

ABSTRACT

This study assess vacancy and occupancy rates of residential property in Tammah, Nasarawa town. The specific objectives of this are to ascertain the extent of vacancy of properties in the Nasarawa town, to evaluate the causes of vacancy of properties and to examine the implication of vacancy of occupancy rate to property investment market in Nasarawa town. The research adopted the survey design which offers the opportunity to gather information through the use of questionnaires, personal interview and observation. A Sample size of 143 respondents was using which was drawn from landlords and estate surveyors and valuers residents in Tammah. A structured questionnaire was administered to the respondents to gather relevant data for the study. Data were presented and analysed using simple statistical tools such as tables and percentage. The study revealed that the housing stock in Nasarawa is very adequate and that the extent of vacancy and occupancy rates of property is on the positive side. The study also shows that the vacancy and occupancy rate can affect the return on property investment. Finally, the researcher recommend that property investors should invest more in Nasarawa real estate market since the market has a positive indicator of making higher return on investments as it exhibited low vacancy rate and higher occupancy rate and that the investors and property developers should be very conversant with the forces of demand and supply of the real estate market so as to make investment decision that will not adversely affect their investments.

Key words: Vacancy rate, occupancy rates, Residential Property

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

A vacancy rate serves as an important indicator of the health of a real estate market. But we cannot draw sound inferences about a market just by observing the rate alone because many factors contribute to a vacancy rate. The same rate may tell different stories, and different rates may tell the same story. The vacancy rate is the percentage of all available units in a rental property, such as a hotel or apartment complex, that are vacant or unoccupied at a particular time. It is the opposite of the occupancy rate, which is the percentage of units in a rental property that are occupied. High vacancy rates indicate that a property is not renting well while low vacancy rates can point to strong rental sales (Smith, 2015).

The vacancy rate is calculated by taking the number of vacant units, multiplying that number by 100, and dividing that result by the total number of units. The vacancy rate and occupancy rate should add up to 100%.In real estate, the vacancy rate most often represents units that are vacant and ready to be rented, units that have been turned off upon the exit of a tenant, and units that are not currently rentable because they are in need of repairs or renovations. A property owner can use vacancy rates as a metric for analysis. Changes in the percentage of vacant units versus occupied units, the length of time occupied units are remaining active, or other rental conditions can provide guidance regarding how competitive a property owner has made the property. If a property owner is charging significantly more or less than the rest of the rental market, this may be reflected in the overall vacancy rates. It can also provide information regarding the effects of price changes or advertising on unit occupancy.

While vacancy rates are commonly used to assess an individual property’s performance, such as a hotel monitoring its nightly vacancy rate, aggregate vacancy rates are also used as economic indicators of a real estate market’s overall health. Many firms servicing the residential and commercial real estate space gauge the strength of the overall industry using metrics such as vacancy rates, rental rates and construction activity. According to the natural rate hypothesis, fluctuations in apartment rents are driven by deviations in the vacancy rate from equilibrium or “natural” levels. One reason to estimate natural vacancy rates is to confirm this hypothesis. Beyond that, however, estimates of the natural vacancy rate for a rental housing market provide information that is potentially useful for investors, lenders and other real estate professionals. Comparing the natural rate at a point in time to the actual vacancy rate provides some indication of future rent movements in that market. In addition to its effect on the movement of rents, the level of the vacancy rate has direct implications for the return on property investment. In long-run equilibrium, the lower the natural vacancy rate, the greater the amount of rent generated by a given rental property, everything else held constant. If the natural vacancy rate declines over time, the return on rental property investment will rise, ceteris paribus.

Housing markets are often modeled as a series of separate but related submarkets, with differing supply and demand conditions in each. In the case of a rental market, there may be separate submarkets for different apartment types (one-bedroom, two-bedroom, etc.), and for different geographic locations. If submarkets exist, it is possible that natural vacancy rates will vary by submarket. In that case, information on natural vacancy rates is made more useful if available at the submarket level.

Empirical support for the existence of a natural vacancy rate in rental housing dates back to Smith (2015). Since then, a number of studies have focused on variations in the natural rate across both space and time. For example, Gabriel and Nothaft (2018) provide evidence of substantial variation across major U.S. metropolitan areas. In a more recent paper, Gabriel and Nothaft (2018) find the duration and incidence of vacancies, and the natural vacancy rate, to vary across metropolitan areas with a number of factors including housing costs, heterogeneity of the housing stock, tenant mobility, and population growth. This has necessitated the need to carry out an assessment of the impact of vacancy and occupancy rate on residential property in Nasarawa town; a case study of Tammah.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The vacancy rate is the fraction of rental properties not let at a point in time. This captures pressures in the residential property investment market. It becomes important to understand the balance between supply and demand, future pressures on rental prices and the typical duration of vacancy for a landlord’s budgeting purposes. The relationship between the vacancy rate and the housing production rate is expected to be negative as well. If the vacancy rate is high, the supply of residential property will be higher than the demand for residential property, which means that the property prices are stable or decreasing. Consequently, developers won’t have much stimulus to engage in residential property development and the housing production rate will be relatively low. This study seeks to assess the impact of vacancies and occupancy rate on residential property in Nasarawa town with particular reference to Tammah.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this project is assess the impact of vacancies and occupancy rates on residential property in Nasarawa town.

The specific objectives of this are as follows:

To identify the vacancies rate of residential property in Nasarawa
To ascertain the extent of vacancies rate of residential property in Nasarawa
To examine the causes of vacancies of residential properties in the study area
To assess the impact of vacancies and occupancy rates on residential property in the study area.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions will serve as a guide to the researcher:

What is the vacancies rate of residential property in Nasarawa
To what extent are vacancies rates of residential properties in Nasarawa town?
What are the causes of vacancy of properties in the study area
What are the impact of vacancies and occupancy rates to residential property in the study area?

1.5 Significance of the Study

The findings of this research “Assessment of the impact of vacancy and occupancy rate on residential property in Nasarawa Town” will serve as a guide for investors to be able to make reliable investment decision that will ensure high return on investment.

The result of this study will serve as a guide to other researchers who are interested in further research into the impact of vacancy and occupancy rate on residential property investment market in Nasarawa and Nigeria at large.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study covers the assessment of vacancy and occupancy rate on residential property in Tammah. The study is further limited to both side of Tammah that is, from Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa Junction to overhead tank and from Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa Junction to Polytechnic Staff School.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

Vacancy: Dictionary.com define vacancy as the state or condition of being vacant or unoccupied; emptiness.

Occupancy Rate: A measurement expressed as a percentage of the total amount of occupied space divided by the total amount of existing inventory. Occupied space is defined as space that is physically occupied by a tenant. It does not include leased space that is not currently occupied by a tenant.

Vacant Space: Vacant space is defined as space that is not currently occupied by a tenant, regardless of any lease obligation that may be on the space. Vacant space could be space that is either available or not available.

Percent Leased Rate: A measurement expressed as a percentage of the total amount of leased space divided by the total amount of existing inventory. Leased space is defined as space that has a financial lease obligation. It includes all leased space, regardless of whether the space is currently occupied by a tenant. Leased space also includes space being offered for sublease.

Investment: An investment is an asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income or will appreciate in the future.

Real Estate: Real estate is the property, land, buildings, air rights above the land and underground rights below the land. The term real estate means real, or physical, property.

Property: In common law, real property (immovable property) is the combination of interests in land and improvements thereto, and personal property is interest in movable property. Real property rights are rights relating to the land.

Investor: An investor is a person that allocates capital with the expectation of a future financial return. Types of investments include: equity, debt securities, real estate, currency, commodity, token, derivatives such as put and call options, futures, forwards, etc.

Availability Rate: A measurement expressed as a percentage of the total amount of available space divided by the total amount of existing inventory. Available space is defined as the total amount of space that is currently being marketed as available for lease in a given time period. It includes any space that is available, regardless of whether the space is vacant, occupied, available for sublease, or available at a future date, although it excludes space available in proposed buildings.

1.8 The Study Area

Nasarawa Emirate in Nasarawa State is located in the Central region of Nigeria. It is flanked by Keffi and the Federal Capital to the North. To the South, it is bounded by Benue River and to the west, it bordered the present Gadabuka and Toto Local government area which are of course, part of the Emirate. To the East, it is bordered by Doma, Lafia and Keana Local Government Areas all of Nasarawa State.

The founding of Nasarawa Emirate in 1835 AD was the consequence of palace tussle that arose in Keffi between Umani Makama Dogo then Madaki of Keffi and Jibrilu, son of Abdu Zanga (first Emir of Keffi).

On the sick bed of Abdu Zanga, He gathered his brothers and sons and told them to appoint Umaru Makama Dogo as the Emir of Keffi which was never realized after the death of Zanga due to the betrayal to one Albarka. However, Makama Dogo was advised to move Westward of Keffi where the Kwato (Igbira) resides, fought then and established his own kingdom but he kicked against the idea and moved Yankardi, where he camped about ten kilometer South of Keffi.

Makama left his sons Ahmadu Manman Galadima and Manman Sani in Keffi as a flash back. He later left Yankardi where he arrived at a place occupied by Bassa speaking people called TAMMAH, met Bagobiri known as Kasimau, who assisted him in the establishment of a kingdom called Nasarawa (meaning victorious). Makama Dogo fought many wars in the course of his Islamization, fought Afo speaking people, conquered Ubbe, Usheni, Agwadama, Itta and Gwaffa.

Makama Dogo also conquered Panda due to some misunderstanding between him and Ohimege (the ruler of Panda). Makama Dogo fought the people of Toto (Igbira people) because of the combination of Islam and traditional way of worship by the people. After fighting other kingdoms like Dogo, Agaza and Udeni, Umaru told Madaki Ahmadu his eldest son to continue leadership after his death and should please be buried in Nasarawa town.

Physical Characteristics: The major things considered under physical characteristics of Nasarawa are, geographical location, temperature, rainfall, geology, wind, vegetation, humidity, soil.

Temperature: The temperatures are generally high during the day, particularly between the months of March and April. The main monthly temperatures in the state range between 20⁰C and 34⁰C with the hottest months being March/April and the coolest months being December/January.

Rainfall: The study area experience dry season without or little’s rainfall from November to March of about 95mm, which is wet season is from April to October of about 1.30mm,

Vegetation: Nasarawa is situated in the Benue valley between the Benue river and Jos Plateau. This area lies within the part of southern guinea savannah. The vegetation of Nasarawa has, to a large extent resulted from extensive agricultural use of the land, the predominant vegetation type is partly savannah which is characterized by a discontinuous canopy, shrubs and grasses many areas are affected by man through bush burning during the dry season. Among the common trees are oil bean trees, locust bean free and isoberline trees.

Relative Humidity: The relative humidity is the measurement of deepness of the atmosphere which varies from place to place and different time of the day. The level of humidity in Nasarawa state in January is quite less that 40% which rises as from February to July to about 88%. By April when the steady rain commences it will be about 75% by August when the inter-tropical discontinuity is at it northern part, must position of the entire state will experience tropical marine wind and continues till December.

Soil: The major soil units of Nasarawa belong to the category of oxisols or tropical ferruginous soils. The soils are derived mainly from the basement complex and old sedimentary rocks. Lateritic crust occurs in extensive areas on the plains while hydro orphic soils (limbic incept sols) occur along the flood plains of major rivers (Nyangba, 1995).

Socio-Economic Characteristics: Nasarawa main economic activity is agriculture; cash crop, such as yam, cassava and egusi (melon). Production of minerals such as salt is also another main economic activity of people in the state; Nasarawa produces a large proportion of the salt consumed in the country.

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Tuesday, 21 December 2021

THE IMPACT OF REVENUE GENERATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA

THE IMPACT OF REVENUE GENERATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF TOTO LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF NASARAWA STATE)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Local government is recognized by the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as the third tier of government within the tripartite federal structure of governance in Nigeria, with the state and federal government as the super ordinate government. The government in Nigeria which exists at tripartite arrangement (federal, state and local government) plays complimentary roles to each other to meet the needs of the people which include infrastructural facilities (Okpata 2004).

Furthermore, local government is seen as a public sector organization, the third tier government with assigned functions and responsibilities, administrative structure and financial management both for maintaining itself and rendering it’s statutory assigned functions to it’s citizens (Uguru 2011). Local government authorities as a third tier of government in Nigeria are very important in the execution of both central and component government policies and programmes. It is the nearest government that deals with the problems of the masses of the country, especially the grassroots.

One area which has remained neglected over time by the local governments in Nigeria is revenue generation. The usual practice in this country (Nigeria) is that political parties and individual candidates often make promises to the electorate during electioneering campaigns without being explicit on how they intend to finance such programmes. In line with this practice, candidates seeking political offices often promise vote-catching programmes with scarcely any attention to the question of funding (Fajobi, 2010). The result is that ordinary citizens may witness very little government activities and the impact of the government will be felt in almost all sphere. This may lead to disappointment. It is quite obvious that very little thought, if any, is given to how funds were to be generated to implement the various programmes promised to the electorates.

Local governments across the country are particularly guilty in this respect. Chairmen complain of their inability to meet their wage bills with the current level of the local government finances. Chief executive often tries without success to slash the wages of their workers while others may resort to staff retrenchment in order to save money to implement programmes.

Fajobi (2010) argued that the acute dearth of fund currently facing the local government could be squarely attributed to lack of creativity on the part of the local government in seeking alternative sources to complement the allocation from the Federation Account. Most local governments are suffering from hang-over of overdependence on the centre for assistance, a norm during the military governance. They are yet to break away from the practice of relying almost entirely on extension from the Federal Government. The federal government, in turn also depends entirely on revenue from oil and its apportionment of the lion’s share of the Federation Account to itself. Local government will continue to be one of the prime institutional movers of development in Nigeria and their importance and impact on the daily life of citizens cannot be over-emphasized. People are intimately affected by the activities of local government on a day to-day basis and Nigeria, in particular, local governments, have historically provided services of importance to citizens, literally from cradle to grave. The standard of living of Nigerians either in rural or urban areas are inevitably affected by local government activities through the provision or non provision of basic services such as water supply, roads, health and educational services etc. Local governments also remain the focal point of promotion of development and cultural revival through community development projects and mobilization of human and material resources for developments. It is on the basis on the foregoing that this study will be focused on the impact of revenue generation in local government administration in Nigeria: a case study of Toto Local Government of Nasarawa State.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Obviously, the internally generated revenue in Nigeria Local Government is far below expectation. It has become imperative to diversify areas of revenue generation especially with the dwindling federation allocation which has been the major sources of revenue to the local government. Since inadequate revenue remains one of the devastating challenges hindering effective local government administration in the country, it then necessitated the general outcry by the administrators (chairmen) of local government for a change in Revenue Allocation Formula or strategies for improving revenue generation in the development of their respective local government areas.

Again, the problem of seeing local governments as a mere appendage to the state and federal government financially has beclouded the patriotic and entrepreneurship psyches of local government administrators, hence most local government tilted financially to the federal government for monthly statutory allocation from the federation account. This problem of economic and financial overdependence of the local government in Nigeria is devastating, uncalled for and against the motives for the creation of local government as the third tier. Furthermore, the inability of the local administrators to use in-sourcing techniques for funds to finance the council through internally generated revenue is a thorn in the flesh of meeting up their constitutional responsibilities such as the provision and maintenance of social services (education and health care) payment of the worker’s salary and so have given rise to whether to scrap or restructure local government systems in Nigeria. It is in line with the above problematic scenario that this research is motivated to carry out an empirical analysis on the impact of revenue generation in local government administration in Nigeria with particular reference to Toto local government area of Nasarawa state.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of this study is to examine the impact of revenue generation in local government administration in Nigeria: A case study of Toto Local Government Area of Nasarawa State. Hence; the following specific objectives will be actualized:

To identify the source of revenue for local government administration in Nigeria.
To ascertain the various challenges surrounding revenue generation for development in Toto Local Government of Nasarawa State.
To evaluate the impact of revenue generation on the development of Toto Local Government Area of Nasarawa State.

1.4 Research Questions

In line with the objectives of the study, the following research questions will pilot the study:

What are the various source of revenue for local government administration in Nigeria?
What are the challenges of revenue generation for development in Toto Local Government of Nasarawa State?
What are the impact of revenue generation on the development of Toto Local Government Area of Nasarawa State.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The primary importance of this study is that it examine the impact of revenue generation in local government administration in Nigeria with particular references to Toto Local government of Nasarawa State. This will in essence be of great significance to local government administrators, students of public administration and other related departments, other researchers, the state and federal government as strategy can be replicated.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The focus of this study is to examine the impact of revenue generation in Local Government Administration in Nigeria with particular reference to Toto Local Government Area of Nasarawa State.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

This research admits its short-comings or limitations. It is a mark of intellectual honesty to admit that limitations did exist in a research undertaking and to give an account of the way they have been manifested and taken care of. This will enable future investigators to have an idea of what militating factors to look out for and possibly to take care of them. The basic limitations of the study are: financial inadequacies, time factor, the uncooperative attitude of some respondents and scanty resource materials on the subject under investigation.

Finance: Limitation of financial resources, coupled with other pressing personal demands militated against the researcher’s efforts to cover a wider geographical area. The researcher had to spend so much to download materials from the internet. This was however ameliorated through parental assistance and the adoption of cost saving techniques during the course of the study.

Time Factor: Time lag was also a major constraint because the research was carried out within a given time-frame. This work was carried out in an environment where the researcher had to battle with lectures, assignments, class work and sourcing for materials for the study. However, the researcher made tremendous efforts to cover adequate issues in order to give value to the findings of the study.

Uncooperative Attitude of Some Respondents: In the course of carrying out this study, some respondents were reluctant to accept and fill their questionnaire. However, the researcher discovered that their main purpose for being reluctant was because of fear of private information disclosure. The researcher however convinced them that every information will be treated with the highest level of privacy.

Scanty Resources Materials: One of the major hindrances of the study was scanty materials on the strategies of increasing and improving revenue generation for development. Very few journals, government and newspapers publications exist. Hence, the researcher resorted to the available publications and content analysis in order to beef up the content of the work.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

Local Government: This is defined as Government at the local level exercised through representative council established by law to exercise specific powers within defined areas.

Revenue: In the context of this study, revenue is defined as the fund required by the government to finance its activities.

Strategy: In this study, this is defined as a systematic proposed way to achieve a particular aim or objective.

Development: This is defined as the multidimensional expansion in the economic, political and behavioral attitudes of a particular community, state or country.

Internally Generated Revenue: This refers to the revenue or money collected by the local government from its internal sources (within the Local Government Area). The internal sources of revenue comprise many major and miscellaneous items aggregated to provide the required fund for financing the enormous functions ascribed to local government as third tier of government.

Pages

Saturday, 25 December 2021

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT OF RECREATIONAL FACILITIES IN ABUJA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.4 AIM OF THE STUDY

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.6 JUSTIFICATION

1.7 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Friday, 24 December 2021

ASSESSMENT OF THE SOURCE OF FINANCE FOR RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT IN ABUJA

Places of Interest in Abuja

Abuja Districts

AN ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING NEEDS IN MASAKA, KARU LGA, NASARAWA STATE

AN ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR INMATES IN THE NIGERIAN CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

ASSESSMENT OF QUACKERY PRACTICE ON REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS IN ABUJA

ASSESSMENT OF VACANCY AND OCCUPANCY RATES OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY

Tuesday, 21 December 2021

THE IMPACT OF REVENUE GENERATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA