Bacterial Host Specificity

Bacterial Host Specificity

The bacterial host range of phage is generally narrower than that found in the antibiotics thathave been selected for clinical applications. Mostphage are specific for one species of bacteria andmany are only able to lyse specific strains within a species. This limited host range can be advantageous, in principle, as phage therapy results in less harm to the normal body flora and ecology than commonly used antibiotics, which often disrupt the normal gastrointestinal flora and result in opportunistic secondary infections by organisms such as Clostridium difficile. The potential clinical disadvantages associated with the narrow host range of most phage strains is addressed through the development of a large collection of well-characterized phage for a broad range of pathogens, and methods to rapidly determine which of the phage strains in the collection will be effective for any given infection.

Advantages over Antibiotics

Phage therapy can be very effective in certainconditions and has some unique advantages overantibiotics. Bacteria also develop resistance tophages, but it is incomparably easier to developnew phage than new antibiotic. A few weeks versus years are needed to obtain new phage for new strain of resistant bacteria. As bacteria evolve resistance, the relevant phages naturally evolve alongside. When super bacterium appears, the super phage already attacks it. We just need to derive it from the same environment. Phages have special advantage for localized use,

Because they penetrate deeper as long as theinfection is present, rather than decrease rapidlyin concentration below the surface like antibiotics. The phages stop reproducing once as the specific bacteria they target are destroyed. Phages do not develop secondary resistance, which is quite often in antibiotics. With the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and a deficit in the development of new classes of antibiotics to counteract them, there is a need to apply phages in a range of infections.

Lytic phages are similar to antibiotics in thatthey have remarkable antibacterial activity. However, therapeutic phages have some advantages over antibiotics, and phages have been reported to be more effective than antibiotics in treating certain infections in humans and experimentally infected animals. For example, in one study, Staphylococcus aureus phages were used to treat patients having purulent disease of the lungs and pleura. The patients were divided into two groups; the patients in group A (223 individuals) received phages, and the patients in group B (117 individuals) received antibiotics. Also, this clinical trial is one of the few studies using phage administration (48 patients in group A received phages by injection). The results were evaluated based on the following criteria: general condition of the patients, X-ray examination, reduction of purulence, and Microbiological analysis of blood and sputum. No side effects were observed in any of the patients, including those who received phages intravenously. Overall, complete recovery was observed in 82% of the patients in the phage-treated group as opposed to 64% of the patients in the antibiotic-treated group. Interestingly, the percent recovery in the group receiving phages intravenously was even higher (95%) than the 82% recovery rate observed with all 223 phage-treated patients.

Therapeutic Use of Phages and Antibiotics

Antibiotics target both pathogenic microorganismsand normal micro flora. This affects the microbialbalance in the patient, which may lead to serioussecondary infections.

High specificity may be considered to be adisadvantage of phages because the disease-causing bacterium must be identified before phage therapy can be successfully initiated. Antibiotics have a higher probability of being effective than phages when the identity of the etiologic agent has not been determined. Replicate at the site of infection and are thus available where they are most needed.

They are metabolized and eliminated from thebody and do not necessarily concentrate at thesite of infection. The “exponential growth” of phages at the site of infection may require less frequent phage administration in order to achieve the optimal therapeutic effect. No serious side effects have been described. Multiple side effects, including intestinal disorders, allergies, and secondary infections (e.g., yeast infections) have been reported.

A few minor side effects reported fortherapeutic phages may have been due to the

liberation of endotoxins from bacteria lysed invivo by the phages. Such effects also may be observed when antibiotics are used. Phage-resistant bacteria remain susceptible to other phages having a similar target range.

Resistance to antibiotics is not limited totargeted bacteria. Because of their more broad-spectrum activity, antibiotics select for many resistant bacterial species, not just for resistant mutants of the targeted bacteria. Selecting new phages (e.g., against phage-resistant bacteria) is a relatively rapid process that can frequently be accomplished in days or weeks. Developing a new antibiotic (e.g., against antibiotic-resistant bacteria) is a time-consuming process and may take several years (16, 51).Evolutionary arguments support the idea thatactive phages can be selected against every antibiotic-resistant or phage-resistant bacterium bythe ever-ongoing process of natural selection.

(2)     PROTOPLASMIC FUSION

Somatic fusion, also called protoplastfusion, is a type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid. Hybrids have been produced either between different varieties of the same species (e.g. between non-flowering potato plants and flowering potato plants) or between two different species (e.g. between wheat triticum and rye secale to produce Triticale).

Uses of somatic fusion include

Making potato plants resistant to potato leaf roll disease. Through somatic fusion, the crop potato plant Solanum tuberosum – the yield of which is severely reduced by a viral disease transmitted on by the aphid vector – is fused with the wild, non-tuber-bearing potato Solanum brevidens, which is resistant to the disease. The resulting hybrid has the chromosomes of both plants and is thus similar to polyploid plants. Somatic Hybridization was first introduced by Carlson in Nicotiana ‘glauea’ Process for plant cells

The somatic fusion process occurs in four steps:

·        The removal of the cell wall of one cell of each type of plant using cellulose enzyme to produce a somatic cell called a protoplast

·        The cells are then fused using electric shock (electrofusion) or chemical treatment to join the cells and fuse together the nuclei. The resulting fused nucleus is called heterokaryon.

·        The somatic hybrid cell then has its cell wall induced to form using hormones

·        The cells are then grown into calluses which then are further grown to plantlets and finally to a full plant, known as a somatic hybrid. Different from the procedure for seed plants describe above, fusion of moss protoplasts can be initiated without electric shock but by the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Further, moss protoplasts do not need phytohormones for regeneration , and they do not form a callus.

Instead, regenerating moss protoplasts behave likegerminating moss spores. Of further note sodium nitrate and calcium ion at high pH can be used, although results are variable depending on the organism.

Applications in animal cells

Somatic cells of different types can be fusedto obtain hybrid cells. Hybrid cells are useful ina variety of ways, e.g.,

Ø to study the control of cell division andgene expression,

Ø to investigate malignant transformations ,

Ø to obtain viral replication,

Ø for gene or chromosome mapping and for

Ø Production of monoclonal antibodies byproducing hybridoma (hybrid cells between an immortalized cell and an antibody producing lymphocyte), etc.

(3)     MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE IN YEAST

Mitochondria are a central platform for diverse cellular functions including respiration, metabolite biosynthesis, ion homeostasis and apoptosis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which encodes subunits of the oxidative phos-phorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, is pivotal for ensuring functional mitochondria and has an active role in determining phenotypic diversity and fitness in animals and budding yeasts owing to sophisticated interactions between the mitochondrial and chromosomal genomes.

Mitochondrial partitioning during mitosis in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).Extra-nuclear inheritance or cytoplasmic inheritance is the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus . It is found in most eukaryotes and is commonly known to occur in cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts or from cellular parasites like viruses or bacteria.Mitochondria are organelles which function to produce energy as a result of cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are organelles which function to produce sugars via photosynthesis in plants and algae. The genes located in mitochondria and chloroplasts are very important for proper cellular function, yet the genomes replicate independently of the DNA located in the nucleus, which is typically arranged in chromosomes that only replicate one time preceding cellular division. The extranuclear genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts however replicate independently of cell division. They replicate in response to a cell’s increasing energy needs which adjust during that cell’s lifespan. Since they replicate independently, genomic recombination of these genomes is rarely found in offspring contrary to nuclear genomes, in which recombination is common. Mitochondrial disease are received from the mother, sperm does not contribute for it.

Three general types of extranuclear inheritance exist.

·        Vegetative segregation results from random replication and partitioning of cytoplasmic organelles. It occurs with chloroplasts and mitochondria during mitotic cell divisions and results in daughter cells that contain a random sample of the parent cell’s organelles. An example of vegetative segregation is with mitochondria of asexually replicating yeast cells.

·        Uniparental inheritance occurs in extranuclear genes when only one parent contributes organellar DNA to the offspring. A classic example of uniparental gene transmission is the maternal inheritance of human mitochondria. The mother’s mitochondria are transmitted to the offspring at fertilization via the egg. The father’s mitochondrial genes are not transmitted to the offspring via the sperm. Very rare cases which require further investigation have been reported of paternal mitochondrial inheritance in humans, in which the father’s mitochondrial genome is found in offspring. Chloroplast genes can also inherit uniparentally during Sexual reproduction. They are historically thought to inherit maternally, but paternal inheritance in many species is increasingly being identified. Inheritance from species to species differs greatly and is quite complicated. For instance, chloroplasts have been found to exhibit maternal, paternal and biparental modes even within the same species.

·        Biparental inheritance occurs in extranuclear genes when both parents contribute organellar DNA to the offspring. It may be less common than uniparental extranuclear inheritance, and usually occurs in a permissible species only a fraction of the time. An example of biparental mitochondrial inheritance is in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When two haploid cells of opposite mating type fuse they can both contribute mitochondria to the resulting diploid offspring.

References

Birky W. Jr. (1994). “Relaxed and stringent genomes: why cytoplasmic genes don’t obey Mendel’s laws”. Journal of Heredity 85 (5): 355–366.

Helgeson JP; Hunt GJ; Haberlach GT and Austin S (1986). “Somatic hybrids between Solanum brevidens and Solanum tuberosum: expression of a late blight resistance gene and potato leaf roll resistance”. Plant Cell Rep. 5 (3): 212–214. doi:10.1007/BF00269122 .

Patrick Duff (1996). “HIV infection in women”. Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS 3 (2): 45–49. doi :10.1016/S1068-607X(95)00062-N.

Sangeeta Jain, Nima Goharkhay, George Saade, Gary D. Hankins & Garland D. Anderson(2007). “Hepatitis C in pregnancy”.American Journal of Perinatology 24(4): 251–256. doi:10.1055/s-2007970181.

 

 

SOCIAL MEDIA

SOCIAL MEDIA

What is social media?

Social media is defined as a group of internet based on application that is built on the ideological, technological foundation of web 2.0 and also allows the creation and exchange of user generated.

Or

Social media is a phrase that is tossed around a lot these days but can be difficult to pin point base. On how broad an information is, it also allows the creation of the exchange of user generated content.

TYPE OF SOCIAL MEDIA

1.     Social news: These are services that allows people to post various news items or links to outside articles and then allows it’s users to vote on the items e.g. Digg and Reddit.

2.     Blogging comments are aspect that are attached to blogs and usually the discussion on centers around the topic of the blog post and also it allows members to hold conversation by posting messages.

3.     Media sharing are services that allow someone to upload and share various media such as pictures and video. Most services have additional social features such as profiles, commenting, Whatsap, twitter, face book and 2go.

4.     Book marking site: Are services that allows someone to save, organize and manage links to various websites and resources around the internet most allow the person to tag and also to  make them find things easy to search and share in the website.

Benefit Of Social Media  

1.     Improve brand loyalty: Brands are engaged on social media channels and also they enjoy higher loyalty from their customers. The report concludes “companies should take advantage of the tools”. Social media gives them when it comes to connecting with their audience.

2.     Increased Brand Recognition: This is important because it simultaneously makes you easier and more accessible for new customers and also makes an individual familiar and recognizable for existing customers. For example, a frequent twitter user could hear about a company for the fist time only after stumbling upon it in a news feed. Or an otherwise apathetic customer might become better acquainted after seeing the presence on the multiple network.

3.     More opportunities to convert: Social media is a platform in which an opportunities for customers are converted simultaneously and also have access to new customers, recent customers, and old customers every blog post, image, video, or comment you share is a chance for someone to react, and every reaction could lead to a site visit.

BLOCK

BLOCKS

Concrete block, sometimes called sandcrete block, are made from a mixture of hard, durable and clean sand, cement and water. On setting and hardening, the blocks attain sufficient strength to be used as walling units.

TYPES OF BLOCK

There are two main types of blocks which are the light-weight and the dense blocks.

The light-weight block are made with light-weight aggregates or with aerated concrete. Lightweight aggregates with which blocks be made include well burnt clinker, wood sawdust, foamed slag, expanded clay. Most of these materials are by-products of industrial production, so the blocks are more popular in nations with greater industrial growth.

The dense block are made from dense aggregates. They include natural sand and crushed rock. Blocks made from such aggregates normally have densities of 1920 to 2080kg/m³. Dense blocks may be solid or hollow. Hollow blocks have a relatively small bearing area and exert up to four times as much pressure on the mortar as lightweight blocks or burnt clay bricks.

CLASSIFICATION OF BLOCK

There are basically three grades of building blocks. These are:

v Dense aggregate blocks which are suitable for general use in load-bearing external walls including works below ground level damp proof course.

v Lightweight aggregates block which are used for load-bearing internal walls including use below ground level damp proof course and inner leaf of cavity and composite walls.

v Non-load-bearing lightweights blocks which are used for non-load –bearing partitions.

Materials used for making building blocks include natural sand and crushed stones, by-products of industrial production such as clinker, foamed or air-cooled slag, sintered pulverized fuel ash, saw dust and wood shavings and expanded clay or shale.

The following are some qualifications of a block, they are:

 

•  A good block must have enough strength in order to carry the weight of the objects in it.
•  It must be durable
•  It must have thermal insulation
•  It must be able to resist fire
•  Sound transmission and absorption must also be made available in it.

Code of Conduct for Nigerian Public Officer

 Code of Conduct for Nigerian Public Officer

A code of conduct for public officer is a set of rules outlining the social norms and rules and responsibilities of, or proper practices for, an individual, party or organization. Related concepts include ethical, honor, moral codes and religious laws.  

The various Code of Conduct for Nigerian Public Officers

1.     Declaration of Asset– A public officer shall at the end of four years and at the end of his term in office submit to the code of conduct bureau a written declaration of all his properties assets, and liabilities and of those of his unmarried children under the age of 18.

2.     He/She should not accept bribe: The law states that no person shall offer a public officers any property, gift or benefit of any kind as an inducement or bribe for the granting of any favour by the public officer in the discharge of his office.

3.     A public officers must not abuse his officer neither shall he belong to any society which is compatible with the functions or dignity of his office.

4.     Remunerative position: A public officer shall not after his retirement from public service and while receiving pension from public fund accept more than one remurative position as chairman director or employee of a company owned or controlled by the government or any public authority.

5.     Having two public jobs: He/she shall or must not maintain in two public just as the same time and get paid for both. He is not expected to engage or participate in the management or running of any private business professions on full time basis.

6.     Maintain a bank account in Nigeria: the president, vice president, governor, deputy governor and any other public officer post shall not maintain or operate any bank account in any country outside Nigeria.

7.     A public officer shall not put himself in a position where his personal interest conflicts with his duties and responsibilities.

8.     Abuse of office: A public officer shall not ask for or accept property or benefits or any kind for him or herself or for any other person on account of anything done by him in discharge of his duties.

9.     Punctuality: A Nigerian public officer must be punctual at work and be able to resume work as early as 8am daily as to show a good example to his or her employees.

10.            Discrimination: A public officer is not expected to discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of place of origin, sex, religion status, ethnic or linguistic association.

11.            Loyalty: Loyalty should be an integral part of the behaviour of public officer this implies faithfulness to the nation an the employer and support of the aims for which one is employed.

12.  Amnesty and transparency: The public officer should be conscientious on duty. All his actions must be clear and self evident public officers should not demand or receive anything in return for performing his/her official duties.

13.            Accountability: A Nigerian public officer should display responsible stewardship for all items money materials and men placed under his supervision.

14.   Respect for constituted authority: a public officer should show unqualified respect for constituted authority and the country at large.

15. Punctuality and absenteeism: A public officer should endeavour to be punctual at his place of work. Public officers should also not absent themselves from work except on approval.

REFERENCES

Anderson Gordon L’Philosophy of the United State. Life Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness St. Paul JSBN 1557788448.

Essential Government for Senior Secondary School by Dibie C. Chris ISBN 978-808938-0

THE IMPORTANCE OF SECURITY ON RECORD MANAGEMENT

THE IMPORTANCE OF SECURITY ON RECORD MANAGEMENT

Data security is critical for most businesses and even home computer users. Client information, payment information, personal files, bank account details – all of this information can be hard to replace and potentially dangerous if it falls into the wrong hands. Data lost due to disasters such as a flood or fire is crushing, but losing it to hackers or a malware infection can have much greater consequences. 

The following are importance of security on record management:

1.     Avoid theft of Information: One of the biggest reasons to keep data protected is because there are many corporations that hacker want to target and breach. Ensuring the securities of records prevents prevent this professional data thieves (Hacker) from carrying out their dubious activities.

2.     Preventing Fraud: Data security helps prevent fraud through a two – records management techniques, certified shredding and off-site storage- are aimed at keeping your sensitive information secure. The staggering percentage of accounting and other fraud in the United States is perpetrated by the victim company’s own employees. Despite popular belief, most fraud does not involve any sort of elaborate scheme or cover-up.  To remedy the situation, consider storing your financial and other sensitive documents in a safe, secure, off-site records storage facility.

3.      Avoid Embarrassment to the establishment: When data is compromised, letters are typically sent out to those who were potentially affected. This may often affect students, staff, donors, etc. Articles may be published in the newspaper and reports may be seen on local or national news. This is very bad publicity for an organization.

4.   Ward Against Identity Theft: Identity theft occurs when somebody steals your name and other personal information for fraudulent purposes. They can use this information to apply for credit cards, drivers licenses, etc. Identity theft can result in an individuals’ credit being damaged and could potentially make it difficult for them to get loans or other credit cards. It could also result in numerous hours and money that an individual may spend in clearing their name. Social Security numbers, birth date, mother’s maiden name, driver’s license number, bank account information, and credit card information..

5.   Avoid Stolen of Financial Resources: Some areas of an organization have access to staff bank accounts (i.e., for direct deposit). If this information fell into the wrong hands, the individuals’ financial holdings could be at jeopardy.

Top 10 Best Internet Browsers for Android Devices

Top 10 Best Internet Browsers for Android Devices

ANDROID BROWSERS

The  use of android phones is serious skyrocketing worldwide and almost five out of every 50 persons in Nigeria uses an android phone, this is made possible with the presence of techno android  and the like with relatively low price. Therefore since the use of android devices are increasing and a lot of them are new users of android they might wonder what the best suitable web browsers for their Android devices. It is worth noting that all Android phone or tablet comes supplied with a web browser installed — depending on your carrier or manufacturer you’re likely to find that it is either terrible or just about bearable. But few people stick with the default browser for long and there are now plenty of alternatives to choose from. The likes of Chrome, Firefox and Opera prove about as popular on mobile devices as on desktop computers, but in fact there is even more choice..So check out the following hints on the top ten browsers suitable for android devices.

The top 10 Best android browsers for you.

1. UC browser

UC browser

UC browser

UC Browser Mini for Android is a good alternative to the many browsers that can already be found for Android devices. It has a simple interface but includes all the features needed to have an enjoyable browsing experience.

Some of the most significant features included with the browser are gesture control which you can use for various functions by gesturing on the screen, the ability to quickly switch from one tab to another, and the ability to search for anything using voice commands.

In addition, UC Browser Mini for Android offers a night mode so you can surf the Internet without much light, though your eyes may feel a little strained as is common when you’re trying to find something at night and you’re already in bed.

UC Browser Mini for Android is a competent browser which, despite having a wide range of pretty good features, is still lacking compared to the best Android browsers, such as Firefox, Chrome, or Dolphin Browser. With time and updates, however, it will continue to improve and will soon be even with all of them.This version of UC Browser – which is mini– is very close to the normal version of the same browser and offers an experience very similar to that of the traditional UC Browser 8.7, though it is more light and fluid and ultimately ideal for less powerful devices.

This web browser for android just started its popularity a while ago and surely will give you the experience you haven’t had before. Mention Chrome in incognito, Firefox for flash support, Opera/Mini, Dolphin/Zero fast internet technology compression, Link Bubble unique advance content loading in the background, and

Maxthon, Next browser features to centralize bookmarks. It is like an all in one packed browser that hits our number 1 rank.

2. Link Bubble browser.

Link Bubble browser, may look like just the other web browsers, but also shares the common browser functions. 

Link Bubble browser

Link Bubble Browser enhances your mobile Web browsing experience — whenever you click on a URL within an app, it loads the Web page in the background, allowing you to keep using the app. Once the page has loaded, an onscreen bubble becomes animated, and you can tap on it to view the page. What’s more, it makes the sharing of links quicker and easier with flick gestures.

3. Next browser.

Next Browser comes from the company best known for producing Go Launcher, and we thought we’d take a look to see how it compared to the competition. Next browser is not so familiar,

but sure is a gem if discovered. Packed with Opera and Dolphin features combined with a beautiful design, it is like having two browsers in one.

4. Dolphin Zero: 

 

Dolphin Zero

Dolphin zero browser is a  streamlined privacy focused browser, Dolphin Zero is ultra lightweight with only 500K app size. Dolphin Zero Incognito Browser brings peace of mind to users who wish to keep their personal information as safe as possible by automatically deleting data including browsing history, cache, passwords and cookies that are otherwise saved on the device. A stripped down version of the Dolphin version, offers the same services, but with a one key browsing focus. Leaves no trace of records and browsing history after every usage if you ask it to.

5. Dolphin browser.

Dolphin browser

 

Dolphin Browser is a proprietary mobile browser for the operating systems Android and iOS developed by Mobotap. It was one of the first alternative browsers for the Android platform that introduced support for multi-touchgestures.Dolphin Browser uses the Webkit engine and the native platform rendering abilities, which allows for a small disk footprint. It can run Adobe Flash on Android. Similar to Opera Mini browser, this browser is lightweight and has the data compressing technology to load websites faster. Features like speed dial bookmarks, incognito, gesture commands, and its sleek design.

6. Opera Mini browser.

OPERA

Opera browser, comes its lightweight version suitable for users that is always on the go. It compresses every data gathered to load a specific website faster and easier. It also records some website contents and parts, so that it’ll load instantly when visited. Basic features a browser has, faster browsing technology.

7. Opera browser.

OPERA

 The Opera browser is a fast, simple and safe way to get around on the web. It is  dependable web browsers with a lot of features. Also includes fast internet connection tool, wherein the total data are compressed to load a specific page faster. Either way pictures and images are loaded blurred, small, or doesn’t load at all. Has the common incognito mode features for safe surfing at work.

8. Maxthon browser:

Maxthon browser

 Maxthonis the world’s fastest & smartest mobile web browserfor both phone and tablet; fast, secure, easy to use and offers very fast download speed. This browser is a cloud based browser wherein it organizes all your browser activities, and make it centralized for easy use. Has a private  browsing feature similar to incognito mode.

9. Chrome browser.

Google Chrome

 Google Chrome is a browser that combines a minimal design with sophisticated technology to make the Web faster, safer, and easier. Use one box for everything–type in the address bar and get suggestions for both search and Web pages. Thumbnails of your top sites let you access your favorite pages instantly with lightning speed from any new tab. One can relate to this famous browser, everything you want to have with a browser is with the Chrome browser. Also originated from computer platforms, this web browser is quite famous until now. Supports add-ons, incognito and other stuffs a browser has. 

10. Firefox browser.

Mozilla Firefox simply known as Firefox is a web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox is available for Windows, OS Xand Linuxoperating systems, with its mobile versions available for Android.

This popular web browser is first known in computer platforms. Supports add-ons just like the features once had on your computer. Supports flash content to install flash apps in Android.

With the outlined most commonly used and available android browser above every android user can a wise choice of a browser suitable for need considering the capacity of android device.

MTN Trutalk+, BetaTalk, iPulse: Cheapest Call Tariff Plan

MTN Trutalk+, BetaTalk, iPulse: Cheapest Call Tariff Plan

MTN Nigeria recently introduced a lot of  cheap call tariff plans from which you can choose  the one that’s most suitable for your needs.

MTN TruTalk+

As mobile telecommunication giants in the country tries to woo more customers to their side, MTN Nigeria has introduced the MTN Trutalk+ call tariff plan that allows one make calls at cheaper rates.

Customers on this cheap tariff plan can make all national calls at 11k/second and calls to international numbers at 20k/second.

You can migrate to this tariff plan by dialing *123*20# or by sending TP as a SMS to 131 and view the international numbers billed at this amount by dialing *123*21# .

The only down side of this tariff plan is that a daily access fee of NGN5 is charged to your line once the first call for the day is made.

MTN BetaTalk

MTN BetaTalk is another cheap call tariff bundle that gives MTN prepaid subscribers that recharge NGN100 and above, 200% airtime bonus and 10MB of data weekly.

National calls when on the MTN Beta Talk tariff plan is usually billed at NGN24/minute (40k/ seconds) from the bonus.

Your main airtime balance will start counting once your bonus airtime is completely exhausted.

You can migrate to this tariff plan by dialing *123*2*6# or by sending BT as a SMS to 131.

Also See: Airtel Android Data Plans and Subscription Codes and Cheapest Data Plans for PC, Android, iPhone and iPad in Nigeria Other Tariff Plans. If this tariff plan doesn’t look cheap enough for you, there are other affordable data bundle plans from MTN Nigeria such as the iPulse and Home zone tariff plans.

MTN zone tariff plan allows you make MTN_to_MTN calls for as low as 4k/secondsdepending on the time of the day.

Calls during the afternoon (12 noon to 2pm) and late night are usually the cheapest when on the home zone plan.

For migration and other activities on the MTN zone plan use the codes below;

Registration: *135*1#

Registration status: *135#

De-registration: *135*9#

Information: *135*2#

Applicable tariffs: *135*3#

Zone Help: *135*5#

Notification off: 135*6#

Notification on: *135*7#

SEO MADE EASY

SEO MADE EASY

The term SEO is an acronymns which means search engine optimization. hence throughout this guide the the word SEO with used to mean search engine optimization. Trying to get the site optimally listed on Google or other engines should be the priority exercise at every juncture. This should be part of the growth strategy of any online endeavor that is seeking ultimate success.

Literally meant to increase the site’s ranking of the web search conducted by the interested viewer, the SEO is one of the important ways to generate and direct traffic to a particular site.

The Basics

Monitoring the ranking of the site should be a priority to ensure the current efforts put into the content and choice of keywords to encourage the relevant clicks is the best for the site. Using complimenting platforms such as Marketing Vox will allow the individual to keep track of the page ranking with tools like Alexa and Google tool bar. All these will keep a regular check on the ranking and provide the feed necessary to facilitate a re-thinking exercise should there be a need to implement it.

Keywords are like the magnet or the eyes that are going to get the attraction of the SEO thus creating favorable ranking possibilities. The use of the most appropriate keywords will eventually make or break the success of the site’s ranking rate and this is the most important contributing factor from the viewing visitor’s perspective. Inserting the keywords into recognizable spots like the title tag and the page header will help too.

SEO ranking also takes into account the links the site manages to create. The integration of internal links is an easy way to boost traffic to the individual site or page thus creating a recognition element that is important.

Determine And Monitor Your Search Standings

Business growth is always the ultimate goal sought after in any endeavor undertaken, thus the need to then consider the elements that are needed to successfully monitor this growth in an efficient manner.

Check In To It

The following are some tips on how this may be effectively achieved: 4

Through the process of monitoring the search standing the individual needs to be equipped with the proper understanding of how the SEO efforts work.

One of the recommendations would be to use the Marketing Vox to help keep tabs on the search standing through the page ranking with tools like Alexa and Google tool bar.

Making it a periodic practice to check the referral logs to track the visitor’s movements within the site and the search terms that are being popularly used to find the site is encouraged.

Being committed to the process of determining and monitoring the search standings is also something that should be considered in a rather long term time frame.

This is because most of the results and information gathered can only be useful and effective if done for a reasonable amount a time to ensure the accurate gauging exercise in possible. Understanding that the material gathered is not beneficial is looked upon as a onetime solution or general idea of the overall picture being presented.

Having clearly defined goals will also better facilitate the monitoring exercise as the SEO efforts will be better managed. Using suitable web analytics software would be advised at this stage to create a clearer picture of what is working and what is not.

Monitoring the page yielding traffic is also a metric that determines how well the page at the specific site is able to drive search engine traffic to it. As a webhost it is a pivotal element to the success of the page to ensure its visibility to the search engines, to draw the new traffic to the site as often as possible.

Research Keywords And Know Where They Go

The harness SEO optimization there is nothing worse than using the wrong keywords, keywords that are ambiguous and misleading and keywords that are ineffective. The choice of keywords greatly dictates the traffic flow to the site thus creating the desired SEO ranking.

Keyword research is vital to any search engine optimization campaign and every exercise targeted at the site should take this into account. Potential viewers may not be able to find the individual’s site if the connective keywords are not used.

Also using keywords that are deemed popular but have no connection to the material featured at the site will also pose problems as the visitors will eventually catch on to the ploy and perhaps take action against the site.

This kind of bad “publicity” is definitely not needed or encouraged. Targeting the wrong keywords would also put at risk the cost invested into the endeavor as it would basically mean that the money being used would not produce the desired traffic interest to the site.

This would then render the whole exercise a waste of valuable time, resources and energy. Staying competitive through the use of proper keywords that are relative to the material should be the target of the keyword choosing exercise.

Discarding misconceptions would perhaps be the first way to tackle the keyword research exercise. Most webhost make the mistake of having a preconceived idea of what the popular keywords should be that would draw the traffic to the site. This may not happen as imagined due to the fact that the host is making this assumption or choice based on what he or she perceives the visitor would key into the search. Looking at the keyword search from a wider perspective would be better and more beneficial.

Know How To Use Internal Links

Using tried and true methods to optimize the chances of getting traffic to a site should always be extensively explored for its benefits obvious or otherwise. Therefore looking into the possibility of using internal links to enhance interest in a site is definitely worth the effort.

Using Links

Most seasoned internet marketers know only too well the benefits of using internal links which links one page to another within their site. This facilitates efficient and quick access to information at the site without too many complicated processes.

Below are some points to consider which may assist in understanding the use of internal links:

Internal links are considered anchor text that should ideally be created using important keywords. These keywords are what are going to identifies as the links between the homepage and the topic page thus the keywords chosen should have a high connective element or value to the site.

If the words in the internal links correspond with those of the home page then the Google search will place a higher ranking rate which will then enhance the search result exercise for the prospects.

Avoid using the term “click here”. Although it effectively informs the viewer of where to go for further information, it would be more enticing to use actual keywords that are connective to the material about to be viewed.

This would definitely increase the possibility of the viewer deciding to venture further into the site, especially if the words chosen are attention grabbing.

Most homepages have the highest ranking status of the site, thus using the links from this area should be done is a wise and careful fashion in order not to overuse or underuse this positive element.

These high ranking pages should ideally be linked to other money generating pages such as subscription sign up pages, email newsletter sign up and others.

Create A Site Map

Gaining popularity as a method of convenient navigation through a website, the site map basically facilitates the list of links to HTML files in the web platform.

There is a visual source safe that includes the creation of site map commands on the web menu to simplify the site map creation, however in order to access this tool one would need to have the write access to use the command on call.

Map It

Each time the create site map is called upon, a totally new site map file is created, thus there is a need to save the copy of the particular file to another location where it can be retrieved later.

The following are some simple steps to creating a site map:

Using the visual source safe explorer the individual would be able to open a web project to commence the exercise.

When the web menu is clearly visible, the next step would be to click on the create site map icon. In doing so other follow up instructions would have to be completed in order to work further on into the exercise.

Here in the create site map for dialog box, one would have to use the “To” box to specify the file that will contain the site map eventually. The other alternative would be to click on the browse to locate the file needed for use.

Then the individual would proceed to select the check in to visual source safe check box and when this has been completed then the ok icon should be clicked upon.

Upon completion of clicking on the ok box the specified file is the created and checked into the data base.

For some there may be a need to further navigate the file and customize it, which can also be done quite easily.

Make Search Friendly URLs

Creating search friendly URLs are important to ensuring the right viewers are directed to a particular site for the information they are seeking. Facilitating this in the simplest way without too many complicated processes is important. Therefore ensuring the URLs are designed to be user friendly is important.

URL’s

Friendly URLs can be the best and quickest way to improve the usability of search friendly sites. However it also entails a lot of fine tuning and corrective exercises to ensure the best results are forthcoming. Ideally the URLs should contain the relevant connective information in a concise manner while still being able to deliver the gist of what the eventual content is going to be about.

Providing useful information as part of the URL would be an advantage as it would ensure the further exploration of the particular site.

In doing so it would also mean that the individual would have to design a URL that is not only informative but also very concise and points to the material content clearly. Although there are several tools available for this exercise using the Apache which is acknowledged to be the easiest system for URLS would be the best course of action.

The advantage here would be that it comes with its own built in URL rewriting module, mod_rewriter, enabler and working mod_rewriter and is as simple as uploading correctly formatter and named text files.

Friendly URLs should ideally also work well for search engines to ensure that it is picked up by the various detection tools to be featured accordingly. Besides being easy to detect it should also be easy to remember as a whole host of people pass this information through a variety of less than audibly and visually acceptable ways.

This will allow the underlying data base to display information as and when it is needed.

Know What To Avoid

Driving traffic to a site can be very difficult if the SEO is not providing the very important assistance needed to the facilitating this ideal scenario. Therefore it is important to consider the elements that prove to be disadvantageous to adopt in the quest to create optimum SEO ranking.

Stay Away From This

The following are some tips on what to consciously avoid:

•  The use of wrong keywords would definitely contribute to failure to get the desired listing that can be provided by the SEO rankings. It cannot be emphasized enough the important of the right keywords needed for the ideal ration of traffic to be directed to the site. High valued keywords will generate the high level of click which in turn will contribute to the high traffic to the site.

• Forgetting to include “alt” tags for the images can have detrimental results. As the search engine is predominantly unable to detect and understand image presentations or contents for ranking purposes providing t he “alt” would then ideally overcome this problem. Imagery is a very important content matter to be included in any site thus this importance should be adequately understood by the SEO tool.

•  Duplicating contents is another thing to be carefully avoided at all cost. It does not benefit in anyway and besides showing the low commitment level of the site host it also does not get and positive reactions from the SEO and it may even result in some sort of penalization.
•   The use of poor anchor tags not only does not entice the viewer to venture further into the site it also does not provide the SEO with the relevant information about the material content of the links. Without this connection made there is little chance of enhancing the ranking exercise to positively reflect the site’s content.

•  Overuse of the keywords is also something to be avoided as this would not only render the material boring and monotonously repetitive in content but it would also cause the search engine to penalize the site for such unproductive activities.

Using Image Descriptions

Using images will definitely contribute positively to the traffic movement towards a particular site. Therefore it would be prudent to have some knowledge on how this works and its positive contributing factors that facilitate the ideal traffic flow.

Description

Adding descriptions to any image uploaded would provide the platform for the SEO optimization as it will ensure the site is ranked higher in the search results because of the higher interest in the site’s content.

Otherwise known as alt tags the purpose of the image descriptions is to help the search engine understand the contents of the images and its related matter which is designed to contribute in a complimenting capacity to the write up material.

By providing the explanation platform through the alt tags the SEO is better able to adjust the ranking accordingly thus providing the encouragement to viewing the site. Therefore the more information that can be provided the better the understanding and eventual placing by the SEO would be.

Through the alt the SEO is also able to direct traffic to a site when the search for images is keyed into the search exercise. The relevant images will then be directed to the ongoing search effectively and immediately the viewer will be privy to such visuals.

A handy tip to remember is if there is a need to add an image to an email from the image library or website the individual will be the option available to include the image description at any time. Changing the image descriptions is also possible in the email drafts. It would be a less frustrating exercise to make the logos or images into clickable link to the original website.

In general there is no real need to be specific about thumbnail size as the user will select one that is most suitable for their preference.

Make Sure You Have Fresh Content

Good and relevant content that is ever changing to adopt to the current needs of the viewing public is very important to the site staying competitive.

The Material

When the material posted is left undisturbed for long periods of time the significant drop in interest will be reflected in the loss of traffic to the site thus eventually rendering the site almost redundant.

When this happens it will probably be an uphill battle to get back to the original position of favorable SEO ranking status. Thus being careful to avoid such a possibility the individual would need to stay relevant and current with the material posted at the site.

The following are some recommendations to help avoid being stagnant in relation to the site status:

•        Get into the habit of regularly performing site reviews for all the content posted at the site. Questions such as is the material relevant to the current market needs, are there any industry changes that would cause the current material to be redundant, what is needed by those visiting the site and any others that may require the reassessment of the content material currently featured.

• If it is a blogging material that is being assessed then this should be done without any reservations as blog material when left unchanged will then be categorized as boring and uneventful thus discouraging further interest in the postings.

•  Making small changes is not good enough to consider the material fresh from any perspective. Therefore there is a need to revamp the entire content to ensure its freshness. Small changes will not serve to pacify the SEO standards adequately.

Use Social Media And Technology

Any tool that is going to gain the attention of the SEO to ensure optimum ranking recognitions will always be welcomed. The use of social media and technology is no exception and the need to explore these further is evident for the benefits it can bring.

The Tools

Much of the web traffic generated is basically done through some form of effective social platforms which would include social media tools.

This form of social sharing for inbound marketers is often a huge though sometimes untapped source of traffic and thus should not be ignored.

The visibility of a site can be elevated through the use of both the social media and technology tools which will contribute to the site having material listing that is current and relevant to those participating in this arena.

Using the social media and technology available to attract the attention and get the site to a point where is becomes a hot topic which everyone is excited to be part of will facilitate the phenomenal traffic flow to the site.

This kind of exposure will greatly benefit the searchers where the products or services are directly linked to the site thus effectively creating the interest which could turn into real revenue earning possibilities.

It is also help to keep the competition in check if the use of such tools is optimized to cater to the viewing publics needs before anything else.

Through the exercise of utilizing the social media and technology clearly shows the individual’s interest in wanting to be able to cater to and stay connected to the prospects and existing customer base.

The is one way of building the trust element while making the effort to learn more about the customers’ needs and interest and try to provide for it accordingly.

CONCLUSION

The SEO ranking will definitely be adversely affected if the material posted is not updated or changed altogether periodically.

Additionally the fresh content will play a major role in the keeping the repeat visits more frequent as interested subscribers want access to the latest posting on the site.