BASIC PROPERTY OF CALCINED SOLDIER ANT MOUND ON CONCRETE AS POZZOLAN

BASIC PROPERTY OF CALCINED SOLDIER ANT MOUND ON CONCRETE AS POZZOLAN

ABSTRACT

This research aim at evaluating the  basic property of calcined soldier ant mound on concrete as pozzolan. The SAMC was collected from a nearby farm in Gidan kwano campus F.U.T Minna Niger state, and it was finely grinded and sieved using 75µm sieve size. This research is purely a laboratory work which involved series of tests, such as sieve analysis, specific gravity, bulk density, moisture content, atterberg limit, consistency test, soundness test, absorption test, permeability test, abrasion test and compressive strength test. A total of Eighty-one (81) 100mm x 100mm x 100mm cubes sizes were cast with fifty-four (54) having cement replaced with soldier-Ant mound clay at 10% and 20%.The cubes were then cured and crushed at 28 and 42 days respectively. Water/cement ratio of 0.65 was adopted for the mix. Result indicates that the addition of SAMC in the mix increases the initial and final setting time of the paste. the result obtained from chemical analysis shows the combined percentage of Al₂0₃ + Fe₂0₃ + Si0₂ to be 87.42%.The density of SAMC concrete increases with an increased in hydration period, the average percentage water absorption increases with an increased in the hydration period. The result obtained for compressive strength of SAMC concrete indicate that, there was an increased with increase in hydration period which the average compressive strength of 42days hydration period is higher than that of 28days. Abrasion test result show that abrasion increases with increase in duration for both normal and SAMC concrete. For permeability, the values obtained are in agreement with those found in literature and there is no significant difference in value for that of normal and SAMC concrete.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

            The mainly accepted and utilized conventional material in the construction sector is concrete, because of its satisfying operation in strength demands and its capability to be formed into different kind of shapes and sizes. But the characteristic features of concrete which includes resistance to chemical attack that leads to change in volume, concrete cracking and the consequent deterioration of concrete are what to be concerned, Reddy and Marcelina (2006), defined Concrete durability as the ability of concrete to withstand deterioration from freezing and thawing, heating and cooling,

            Cement is to be considered as the most common conventional material for most construction activities, therefore, if there is a little change in its cost, bring substantial effect on the overall cost of construction. To decrease over dependency on conventional building materials, particularly cement and also tackling the problem of seven percent carbon dioxide release to air (Rashid 2010), researches have been carried out on substitute materials that can be used in replacing cement wholly or partially for the purpose of construction. (Dashan and Kamang, 1999; Okoli and Zubairu, 2002; Adam and Agib, 2003); shown that an alternative could be found to replace cement wholly or partially for construction purposes. In cement industries, efforts are being made to reduce the price of cement, to reduce the using up of raw materials, to guard the environment, and to improve the value of cement. One way is to use some materials that are cheaper for partial replacement of cement clinker. Cheaper materials used are industrial and agricultural by products (wastes). Combination of Portland cement and the aforementioned by products are referred to as mixed cement or composite cement. Mixed cement can be defined as hydraulics binders that part of ordinary Portland cement is substituted with another  hydraulic or non-hydraulic constituents.

 Dwivedi, Das, Singh, & singh, (2006), stated that, the most common constituent for mixing with Portland cement are pozzolanic elements like pozzolanas: husk ash, condensed silica fume, fly ash, rice burnt clay or filler components like lime, stone and other waste product. But for the purpose of this research, Soldier Ant mound clay (SAMC) would be used as partial replacement of cement so as to assess its durability. Termites are recognized as insects of the order of Isoptera with almost three thousand known species, which seventy-five percent are categorized as soil-feeding termites. They are known as ecosystem engineers(Dangerfield et al.,1998), because they encourage soil transformations by disturbance procedures. Termite’s action increases the quantity of organic matter and alters the composition of clay mineral in soils that used for constructing their nests,(Awadzi T.Cobblah M.A 2004). Termites increase soil permeability with boring and poke the soil profile foam building construction. Termite mound are usually located in tropical regions especially Africa. The mounds height is more than a little meters. Termite mounds constitute of materials from implicit in soils. A reported has shown that African farmers gather termite mound material and use it in cropped field as it can be rich in existing nitrogen, overall phosphorus, and organic carbon than ordinary soil (Lopez Hernandez D. 2001).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

            The continual increase in the cost of cement as conventional building material leads to increase in the total cost of construction works which houses are not easily affordable to an average man. Therefore, an alternative material is to be used as partial replacement of cement. This brings the needs for termite mound Ant clay to solve this problem. Before cement/samc concrete can be efficiently use for structural uses in building construction at large, some basic design parameters relating its performance characteristics should be developed. These characteristics include those connected to strength, serviceability and durability and the likes. The aforementioned properties usually contribute positively to durability performances of structural components.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

            The significance of this study can be acceptable from several perspectives. It is significance to stakeholders like contractors, governing bodies, building and civil engineering activities, construction sectors and the general republic which they all involve in building tasks, and concrete is the most widely use constituent which this study aims at it characteristic performance  by introducing SAMC as partial replacement of cement and however keeping good feature and durable. In a long run, cuts down the cost of overall building projects which makes it low-cost to afford.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this research is to evaluate the basic property of calcined soldier ant mound on concrete as pozzolan

The main objectives of this research are as follow:

1. To determine the physical and chemical properties of soldier ant mound clay (SAMC).
2. To determine the absorption and permeability of soldier-Ant mound concrete.
3. To compare the abrasion of SAMC concrete with the normal concrete.

1.5 RESEARCH METHOD

            The methodology that will be adopted in this study work is fundamentally   practical experiment which implies the research and testing of newly and harden concrete specimen. Sharp sand, granite, and soldier- Ant mound clay will be collected. The experiment will involve soldier-Ant mound clay used as partial replacement of cement at 10%, 20% respectively.

Practical prelim tests that was carried out on samplings to used in this study, such as sieve analysis, specific gravity, bulk density, moisture content, Atterberg limit (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index) consistency, setting time,(initial and final), soundness test slump test. After each specified period of curing, the following test will be carried out i.e. compressive strength test, absorption test, abrasion test and permeability test.

Table 1.5 Summary of laboratory test to be carry out on the materials

Aggregates		Cement	Soldier-Ant mound clay (SAMC)	Concrete
Fine	Course
Sieve analysis	Sieve analysis	Consistency test, Setting time (initial and final)	Atterberg limit (liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index)	Slump test
Specific gravity	Specific gravity	Soundness test	Moisture content	Compressive strength test
Moisture content	–	–	Specific gravity	Permeability Test
Bulk density	Bulk density	–	Bulk density	Absorption test

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

            This study would concentrate on investigating the compressive strength and durability of soldier ant mound clay (SAMC) concrete and plain concrete as a control mix. The plain concrete compose of cement, water and aggregates which would consider as a control mix without replacement with SAMC (SAMC-0%).A maximum of two (2) series of concrete mix design with SAMC as partial replacement of cement (10% and 20%) would be use. There was no beam or slab casting and a mould of 100mmx100mmx100mm was used for the concrete cubes in the lab not on the site.

THE APPRAISAL OF ENERGY SAVING MEASURES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

THE APPRAISAL OF ENERGY SAVING MEASURES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ABSTRACT

Energy saving measures within the built environment refers to specific strategies undertaken to achieve energy efficiency and conservation in buildings. The residential building is a hub for individuals from various backgrounds, cultures and all works of life. It was observed that in most parts of Minna, Niger state, there is no constant supply of electricity as it is in other parts of Nigeria. Nigerians are capable of exhibiting a nonchalant attitude towards anything that they think does not affect them directly. This shows justification of relevance for carrying out this research on the appraisal of energy saving measures in the built environment with Bosso estate as a case study. The aim of this research is to evaluate various energy saving measures in the man made surrounding so as to determine the behavioral and technological approach of occupants towards energy saving measures. For this research, literature reviews concerning energy saving measures was done, so as to identify the various energy saving measures available. The descriptive survey design was employed, the use of questionnaires and interviews as the major sources of gathering data, where various energy saving measures was identified to be ticked appropriately as practiced by respondents. A total of sixty-five questionnaires was distributed, forty-four questionnaires was received making a response rate of 67.69%. 65.9% of the respondents used prepaid meters, 34.1% used postpaid meters, 34.1% used incandescent bulbs, 50% used compact fluorescent lamps and 15.9% use both. 93.2% of the respondents’ switch of all outdoor lighting during the day, 6.8% of them do not. 50% of the respondents set appliances on standby mode, the other 50% do not. 75% of the respondents use multiple appliances simultaneously, 25% of the do not while 11.4% of the respondents are influenced by manufacturers, 9.1% of them by size, 18.2% by energy rating, 11.4% of them by price and 6.8% of them are influenced by both beauty and price. This study concluded that most of the residents who are energy conscious are those with the prepaid meters, a large portion of them are aware of energy saving measures but cannot properly define and practice them and that resident that use postpaid meters exhibit energy intensive behaviors. Finally it is recommended that the government make policies that will gradually phase-out the use of incandescent bulbs and promote the practice of other energy saving measures, create awareness and sensitize the people about the benefits of energy saving measures, the use of prepaid meters should be made mandatory and all energy saving measures to be discussed should be practiced.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH

Energy in our present time is said to be the backbone of recent developmental trends. The incisive and increasing instalments to cater for human energy use around the later stages of the 18th century has changed the order of the society. All stages and categories of our modern life have traces of inclusive energy imprint at every turn. Energy can be virtually translated in terms of recreational, agricultural, industrial, transformational and institutional purposes. Being the bedrock of modern development, the use of energy is almost directly proportional to the degree of commercial, agricultural and industrial productivity activities. Use of energy in virtually all spheres of life originated from the industrial revolution and definitely brought forth enormous rise in the level of productivity and a drastic change in individuals’ lifestyles. (Awwad & Mohammed, 2007).

Oil and gas is the life-blood of Nigeria’s crawling development and stagnant economic growth. It has an essential say in Nigeria’s diplomatic relations with the world, most importantly it portrays itself and obviously it is a commodity which can be bought and sold with massive generation of earnings which significantly transforms an underdeveloped nation to a developing or developed nation if properly managed. (Sambo, 2009).

“Although Nigeria is relatively endowed with abundant fossil fuels, the energy situation in the country is yet to be structured and managed in such a way as to ensure sustainable energy development. As a nation that has limited technological capacity but sees industrialization as constituting a crucial leverage and precondition for meaningful development, Nigeria should be wise enough to manage her scarce energy resources judiciously. As a matter of utmost importance, industrialists, civil servants, researchers, government officers, and students inclusive in Nigeria should take advantage of opportunities in low level, low risk but high worth energy-efficient measures that reduce the bottom line of any business enterprise” (Unachukwu, 2003). Nigeria has a lot reserves of oil and natural gas, coupled with coal but at present rate of extraction and the high rate of mismanagement and technical blunders, it has been forecasted that it will take only 4oyears for this reserves to be depleted to such a level that it will be virtually uneconomical to tap and export the oil.  (ECN-UNDP, 2007).

Energy consumption in buildings has become a focal point in global discourses towards sustainable development and its wider interconnections with the environment. Studies have shown that energy consumption of the built environment exceeds that of other sectors, including transportation, in many parts of the world (Brown, 2010) and (Perez-Lombard, Ortiz&Pout2008). For example, in the US, buildings consume as much as 48% and 76% total energy and electricity respectively. In addition, buildings account for a significant proportion of greenhouse gas emissions (Kasozi, & Tutesigensi, 2007). More so, researches show that commercial buildings and office buildings in particular, account for significant amount of energy consumed by buildings in many parts of the world including the US, Hong Kong, UK and China (Iqbal &Al-Homoud, 2007).

 Thus, it has become paramount that energy consumption in such buildings is rationalised so as to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts (Li &EAI, 2008).

This research will review the various ways of saving energy in the built environment that is available to the occupants of the built environment. Over time, occupants of built environment have developed a nonchalant attitude towards energy saving measures. The study will also look at the various inefficient use of energy in the built environment and suggest best possible ways of effectively saving energy in the built environment.

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The glaring benefits of energy saving measures in terms of economic and social aspects of life  and the lack of access to energy efficient devices used in the built environment are hindrances to maximizing the limited energy that are available for use in the man-made surrounding. This is also coupled with the fact that there is practically little or no access to data’s of individual energy consumption.

In view of this, it is relevant to bring forth energy savings measures that will assist in the reduction of energy used in the built environment. For the benefit of this research the following questions arises:

1. What are the various behavioural and technical approaches to energy saving by the occupants of the built environment?
2. What are the variousenergy saving measures and how can they be adopted in the built environment?
3. What are the efficient ways of eliciting for information which will serve as a guide to draft policies for energy use?

1.3       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1. Aim

The aim of this research is to evaluate the various energy saving measures in the man-made surrounding in order to determine behavioral and technological approach of occupants towards energy saving measures.

1.3.2    Objectives of Study

1. To determine the behavioural and technological approach of occupants towards energy saving measures.
2. To identify energy saving measures and how it can be adopted within a built environment
3. To bring forth proper information that willaid the drafting of policies which will in turn provide a suitable regulatory regarding saving energy in the built environment.
   1. JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

There is a need for energy saving measures in the built environment due to the insufficient energy available for use in the built environment. The study will be essential to all built environment users, be it the government owned one’s or the privately controlled one’s. It will provide a thorough analysis of different energy savings measures in the built environment.

1. METHODOLOGY

The use of questionnaires will be adopted, which will be distributed at the locale of the study. A review of existing literature will be the primary source of gathering information and data for the report. Physical survey, focused group discussions and interview with key informants will also be adopted.

1. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The research is focused on identifying the various energy saving measures in the built environments of Bosso Estate, Bosso Local Government Area of Minna, Niger state so as to present the best ways of using energy more efficiently. Target respondent for this research will be the occupants of the built environment. The study will not capture the various sources of energy being used in the built environment and will exclude every other part of Minna apart from the locale of the study.

ASSESSMENT OF PROJECT TIME CONTROL IN SELECTED INDIGENOUS BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FIRMS

ASSESSMENT OF PROJECT TIME CONTROL IN SELECTED INDIGENOUS BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FIRMS

ABSTRACT

This study assessed the project time control in selected indigenous building construction firms. Specifically the study determine and assessed the method used in project time control with the view of proffering solutions the  problems of project time overrun in indigenous construction firms in Nigeria. Descriptive survey approach was adopted and structured questionnaire was used to gather data from the research population. In analysis of the data collected, the researcher employed statistical method of data analysis for accuracy. The findings of the study shows that a successful project management ensures the completion of project in time, within budget, and to the project specifications. Thus, the study clearly shows that the indigenous building construction firms in Nigeria make use of gnat bar chart and critical path methods in managing project time and this methods were found to be very effective in delivering project within the stipulated time and budget, indigenous building construction firms in Nigeria were not able to delivered project on time due to the factors such as equipment, scope of the project, quality of work and personnel of the construction firm comprising the skilled and unskilled labour. Finally the study revealed that the problems of project time control in indigenous building construction firms in Abuja can be solved by ensuring availability of equipments and materials on site, proper training and experience of project manager and the adoption of the right project management techniques.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Project execution involves time, cost and quality management. Therefore, close management control of projects is required if they are to be completed within the established time and cost limitations. Project Management Institute (PMI, 1996) defines “project management” as the overall planning, control and coordination of building project from inception to completion stage, aimed at meeting a client’s requirement in order that the project is completed on time within a target cost as planned and to required quality standard.

Many of the construction industries influential clients are hiring a project manager to be the most effective way to procure a new facility, whether it is a multi storey office block, housing development, health or educational building etc. It is essential that in ensuring effectiveness and time conscious service, the project should be under the management system and control of the competent practitioners with a proven track record developed from practical involvement on site execution of construction project.

The survey on project time control in building shows that most projects encounter cost and time over-runs (Williams, Ackermann and Eden, 2002, pl92). According to Wright (1997)’s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to every time estimate, and 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost and time over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how a project manager be successful in time and cost control. An activity duration estimate must be based on the quantity of resources expected to be used on the activity. The estimate should be aggressive, yet realistic. Throughout the performance of the project some activities will take longer than their estimated duration, others will be done in less time than their estimated duration, and a few may conform to duration estimates exactly. Over the life of a project that involves many activities, such delays and accelerations will tend to cancel out one another.

In order to establish a basis from which to calculate a schedule using the duration estimates for the activities, it’s necessary to select the estimated start time and required completion time for overall project. These times define overall window or envelope, of time in which the project must be completed. The projects required completion time is normally part of the project objective and stated in the contract. Once the, estimated duration for each activity in the network and an overall window of time in which the project must be completed, you have to decide whether the activities can be done by the required completion time.  The key to effective project time control is to measure actual progress and compare it to planned progress on a timely and regular basis and to take necessary corrective action immediately. The project time control process involves regularly gathering data on project performance, comparing with the planned performance. This process must occur regularly throughout the project. It starts with establishing a baseline plan that shows how the project scope will be accomplished on time and within the budget. Once this baseline plan is agreed with the customer the project starts. A regular reporting period should be established for comparing the actual progress with the planned progress. Reporting may be daily, weekly, or monthly depending on the complexity and the duration of the project. During each reporting period, two kinds of data or information need to be collected.

This study came up as a result of project time overrun of building production from inception to the completion stage. As a result of this, thisstudy described a procedure for identifying the cost of reducing project time so that comparism can be made with the benefit of getting theproject completed sooner. The method requires gathering direct and indirect cost for specific project duration. Critical activities are searched tofind lowest direct cost activities that will shortened the project duration. Total cost for specific project duration are computed and thencompared with the benefit of reducing project time before the project begins or at the course of the project.

1.2       NEED FOR THE STUDY

Successful project management insures the completion of project in time, within budget, and to the project specifications. An evaluation of project time control in building construction in Nigeria will enable Clients, Contractors and Consultants give an economic/viable approach to construction project work such that they would be able to eliminate and calculate cost of projects, construction delay and reduce its occurrence in construction.

Therefore, this study is significant to investigate on how time is managed on construction industry. So that the managerial staffs can get a clear understanding on time management and they are able to prevent them early. Shareholders need to know their roles and their responsibilities. Construction works need to have a good and detail progress records to deal with future claims. This study is to let the managerial staff to know the importance of monitoring the progress of work on construction industry. Lastly, this study can become a guideline for future development in other possible areas.

1.3       STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Construction industry contribute significantly to the Gross Domestic Product of Nigeria annually, however, construction has been facing numerous issues and one of them is time management issues which have cause delayed completion of a project (Yusof, el tal, 2004). According to Westland (2006), time management is the process of recording and controllingtime spent by staff on the project. The issues are poor management of time, choice of procurement methods, participation of shareholders, poor planning of construction works, lack of implementation of software, poor siterecords and etc. Thus these issues can lead to delays are insidious often resulting in time overrun, cost overrun,disputes, litigation, and complete abandonment of projects (Westland, 2006). Hence, this paper will look into the issues mentionedto minimize and avoid delay in any construction project. A research conducted by the Chartered Industry of Building (CIOB, 2008) has indicated that the quality of time-management on construction projects is generally poor. Theresearch also indicates that the growth in training, education and skill levels within the industry in the use of timemanagementtechniques has not kept pace with the technology available. In addition, there are also very few projectsare currently managed by reference to modern methods of time control. Ahmed et al. Yusof, el tal, (2004) found that delay happen inevery construction project and the magnitude of these delays varies considerably from project to project. Some projectsare only a few days behind schedule and some are delayed by over a year. Also, conflicts in shareholders are one ofthe factors of unsuccessful projects. El-Razek et al (2017) identified that different parties of construction in Egyptianconstruction projects do not agree with each other on the importance of various factors of delay, and they mostlyblaming each other of delays. He too finds that team effort is vital in the success of a project. Liberatore et al (2018) hasmentioned that high percentage of the construction respondents used project management software for general workplanning or presentation. The problems were lack ofan organized and formalized approach, lack of clear rules and guidelines on how the records are kept and organized,difficulties in ensuring the consistency of reporting by various responsible individuals, inexperience staffs and etc. Therefore, the importance of project control techniques in managing time to improve the risk of delayed project are needed to be known and recognize so that the risk of project delayed can be minimized.

1.4       AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.4.1    Aim

The aim of this study is to assess project time control in some selected indigenous building construction firms.

1.4.2    Objectives

The specific objectives include:

1. Determine the method used in project time control
2. Assess the methods used in project time control
3. Proffer solution to the best method to be used in project time control

1.5       RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The secondary data will be collected through the literature review of journals, textbooks, past projects, handbooks, in order to access the major causes of cost and time overrun in construction industries. The primary data will be collected from principal actors in the construction industry through the use of questionnaire, archival records, physical artifacts and direct observations. Data collected and analyzed will be presented using pie chart, histogram, and tables.

1. SCOPE

This research is limited to examining project time control in building construction in Nigeria and proffering solutions on how to minimize building project cost and time overruns in Nigeria. The research study area is limited to projects in the Abuja the Federal Capital Territory because there is an ease access in obtaining data in the study area (Abuja) by the researcher.

The principal actors in the construction industry namely; the Client, the Consultant and the Contractor are the principal correspondent.

FACTORS AFFECTING COST OF CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA

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FACTORS AFFECTING COST OF CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Background of the study

The growing need for construction of all types coupled with a tight monetary supply has provided the construction industry with a big challenge to cut cost.  According to Mendelson and Greenfield (1996) the remaining part of the twentieth century would involve corporations, institutions and government in a race to survive. The attendant dwindling economic fortune of nations economies around the World have geared up the participant in these sectors (the client in particular) to take up the challenge of ensuring efficient use of their resources to obtain value for money in terms of performance.

 

The total cost of construction in normal circumstances is expected to be the sum of the following cost: Materials, Labour, Site Overheads, Equipment/Plant, Head office Cost and Profit but in many parts of the world particularly in Nigeria, there are other costs to be allowed for.

These costs according to Mbachu and Nkado (2004) have obvious negative implications for the key stakeholders in particular, and the industry in general. To the client, high cost implies added costs over and above those initially agreed upon at the onset, resulting in less returns on investment. To the end user, the added costs are passed on as higher  rental / lease costs or prices. To the consultants, it means inability to deliver value – for – money and could tarnish their reputation and result in loss of confidence reposed in them by clients. To the contractor, it implies loss of profit through penalties for non- completion, and negative word of mouth that could jeopardize his/her chances of winning further jobs, if at fault.

The proposed work will investigate and report the other costs to be allowed for, which are the basic factors affecting construction cost in Nigeria and also proffer solutions to how construction cost can be minimized.

1.1       Statement of the Problem

The demand for more construction of all types, coupled with a tight monetary supply has provided the construction industry with a big challenge to cut costs. The problem of high contract costs of all aspects of construction is becoming obvious. Consequently, substantial increases are being observed in projects.  This substantial increase has brought about loss of client confidence in consultants, added investment risks, inability to deliver value to clients, and disinvestment in the construction industry.

 

1.2       Aim and Objectives of the study

The aim of the study is to find out the factors affecting construction cost in Nigeria and proffer solutions to how construction cost c an be minimized.

The objectives of the study are as follows:

1. To identify the main factors affecting construction cost in Nigeria.
2. To determine the severity rank of the factors amongst clients, consultants and contractors.
3. To determine the agreement ranking factors between clients, consultants and contractors.
4. To proffer solutions on how to minimize construction cost in Nigeria.

  1.3       Research Hypotheses

To test the hypothesis:

1 (a). Ho: Contractors and Clients do not generally agree on the severity rank of the factors affecting construction cost in Nigeria

1 (b). H1: Contractors and Clients generally agree on the severity rank of the factors affecting construction cost in Nigeria

2 (a). Ho: Clients and Consultants do not generally agree on the severity rank of the factors affecting construction cost in Nigeria

2. (b) H1: Clients and Consultants do not generally agree on the severity rank of the factors affecting construction cost in Nigeria
3. (a) Ho: Consultants and Contractors do not generally agree on the severity rank of the factors affecting construction cost in Nigeria
4. (b) H1: Consultants and Contractors generally agree on the severity rank of the factors affecting construction cost in Nigeria

 

1.4       Significance of the study

An assessment of the study would enable Clients, Contractors and Consultants give an economic approach to construction work such that they would be able to identify the dominating factors leading to high construction cost in Nigeria.

The application of the solutions proffered to minimizing construction cost would restore client’s confidence in consultants, reduce investment risks, and generally boost the viability and sustainability of the industry

 

1.5       Scope and Delimitations

The scope of this research is limited to identification of essential factors affecting construction cost and proffering solutions on how to reduce construction cost in Nigeria.

The study is limited to projects in the Lagos metropolis of Nigeria because there is easy access of information in the Lagos metropolis by the researcher.

Target respondents for this study are the principal actors in the construction industry namely: the Client, the Consultant and the Contractor.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FACILITIES

AN ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FACILITIES

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to carry out an assessment of public health service facilities with particular reference to General Hospital, Minna, Niger State. The research was designed to assess the present condition of the built environment, and to determine factors affecting maintenance management of public health facilities in Nigeria. Primary data were collected directly from the field through the use of oral interview, field observation, questionnaires and building survey conducted. 50 questionnaires were distributed and all 50 were returned fully responded to. Relative Index (RI) was employed for ranking and determination of significant factors affecting the state of the facilities through the collected data. The study determined that although there were facilities and services provided in the hospital, they were inadequate and at times not functioning effectively and efficiently. Use of poor quality components and materials and Absence of a form of planned maintenance programmes were ranked as the most significant factors responsible for poor maintenance management of public hospital buildings. The study recommended that: Government should equally make it as a matter of policy for private and public hospitals that there should be a maintenance policy guiding their maintenance programmes.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Public facilities are facilities provided, owned, or being monitored by government either at the federal, state or local government level. Basically, they can be classified into two namely movable facilities which are facilities like earth moving equipment, vehicles, computers, typewriters, etc., that can change location from time to time and non-movable facilities like buildings, electricity lines, pipe lines for water, etc., that cannot change their location. All these facilities, irrespective of their group needs effective regular maintenance for proper functioning of the assets acquired. The performance of public facilities depends on the degree of effective maintenance. Unfortunately, however, maintenance is one of the major problems facing the public organizations with a resultant effect of having their premises littered with broken down plants/equipments which are allowed to rust away under rainy and sunny conditions and eventually are sold as scraps (Lawal and Adeyemo, 2004).

Maintenance management in the public sector in Nigeria has suffered from lack of funds for a considerable time. While the requirements for good practice in maintenance management of building stock have been established over a considerable period, the achievement of good practice is by no means universal (Turrell, 1997). Maintenance of the built environment impacts on the whole nation. The conditions of the surroundings in which we live and learn, is a reflection of the nation’s well being. (Lee, 1987) Maintainability of building has been identified as one of the key areas in which the construction industry must achieve significant improvement (Nayantharas de Silva et al, 2004).

According to Iyagba and Adenuga, (2003) it is impossible to produce buildings which are maintenance free, but maintenance work can be minimized by good design and proper workmanship carried out by skilled experts or competent craftsmen using suitable codes of installation, requisite building materials and methods. Management of any process involves assessing performance, and maintenance management of buildings is no exception (Turrell, 1997).

In order for any maintenance manager to measure performance and set priorities, the organizational needs have to be considered i.e. the function and performance of buildings and their appropriate standards will be independent on the user’s perception and their primary needs (Chanter and Swallow, 1996). Performance of hospital buildings and their component depends to large extent on continuous and planned periodical maintenance, which challenges owners and facility managers to institute precise planning based on a well-structured maintenance programmes (Shohet et al, 2002). Despite the ever-growing need for lower operational costs, facilities managers must ensure that facilities are constructed and maintained without compromising safety. In Nigeria, colonial architecture in some of the older public buildings especially hospitals which was hitherto famous for its sturdiness and functionality has now become less attractive because of the general neglect of the buildings. Overcrowding has also led to the deterioration of the facilities installed (Onifade 2003).

If no action is taken all these old buildings and facilities will decay and will only be replaced in function if the means are available. The inadequacy of the operation and maintenance of building and infrastructure in developing countries has serious consequences for economic and social development especially on the health sector.

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Existing health sector buildings in Nigeria lack adequate maintenance attention. Most public hospital buildings are in very poor and deplorable conditions of structural and decorative disrepair. While considerable of research have been carried out on factors responsible for the poor maintenance of public housing estates and offices in Nigeria but only scant attention has been given to the key parameters affecting the implementation of maintenance programmes for public hospital buildings. There is therefore a need to establish and evaluate the factor affecting maintenance management of public hospital buildings using appropriate analysis.

1.3       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to carry out an assessment of public health facilities in Nigeria with particular interest in  General Hospital, Minna, Niger State.

The specific objectives of this research are:

1. To assess the present condition of General Hospital, Minna, Niger State as carried out by the maintenance department.
2. To determine factors affecting maintenance management of public health facilities in Nigeria.
3. To make useful suggestions on improving the existing facilities in Public Health Facilities in Nigeria.

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study evaluates the maintenance services that are provided in the General Hospital, Minna, Niger State. This provides an insight to the significance of the physical characteristics of the hospital in determining the level of satisfaction. Such information will enhance the skills of architects and housing administrators to ascertain specific actions that can maximize more satisfactory maintenance provisions in not only hospitals but in other government owned buildings and minimize dissatisfaction as much as possible, lessons learnt from the evaluations of existing projects can serve as input into ongoing or future projects.

It is expected that the main contribution of the study will be to propose an expanded approach to buildings and building services evaluations of government owned buildings, which goes beyond the limits of present day’s building industry.

1.5       SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The research is based on the study on “An assessment of Public Health Service Facilities: A Case Study of General Hospital, Minna, Niger State”. This study takes into consideration the services and facilities provided in the General Hospital, Minna, Niger State. This assessment focuses on the maintenance management and maintenance framework available at the hospital.

This study is limited to conducting a conditional survey of the General Hospital Minna, Niger State and make useful suggestions on improving the existing facilities in Public Health Facilities in Nigeria only.

1.6      RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research design involves the conducting of conditional health service facilities on General Hospital Minna, Niger State. The research involved two (2) stages of survey and the use of a designed questionnaire in relation to the objective assessment.

• Iinitial Inspection:

This involves the researcher interviewing the staff and patients about their views about the condition of the hospital building and its facilities.

During the initial inspection, the researcher took a detailed look at the whole building from a distance, inspecting the building, looking at the condition of adjoining buildings and other facilities.

• Facilities Survey

 The next stage is to undertake a present condition survey of the facilities. The facilities are measured. The characteristics of facilities are plotted onto a drawing or sketch of the building.

After which a questionnaire was introduced. The questionnaire is the main method used for data collection for this research and it was personally administered by the researcher. It consisted of simplified questions. Efforts were made to ensure that the target respondents were given the questionnaires to respond properly to the objective assessment needed for this research.

ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITY BUILDINGS IN NIGERIA

ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITY BUILDINGS IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF GENERAL HOSPITAL, MINNA, NIGER STATE)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project was to execute an assessment survey of General Hospital, Minna, Niger State. The research was designed to assess the present condition of the built environment, and to determine factors affecting maintenance management of public health facilities in Nigeria. Primary data were collected directly from the field through the use of oral interview, field observation, questionnaires and building survey conducted. 50 questionnaires were distributed and all 50 were returned fully responded to. Relative Index (RI) was employed for ranking and determination of significant factors affecting the state of the facilities through the collected data. The study determined that although there were facilities and services provided in the hospital, they were inadequate and at times not functioning effectively and efficiently. Use of poor quality components and materials and Absence of a form of planned maintenance programmes were ranked as the most significant factors responsible for poor maintenance management of public hospital buildings. The study recommended that: Government should equally make it as a matter of policy for private and public hospitals that there should be a maintenance policy guiding their maintenance programmes.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Public facilities are facilities provided, owned, or being monitored by government either at the federal, state or local government level. Basically, they can be classified into two namely movable facilities which are facilities like earth moving equipment, vehicles, computers, typewriters, etc., that can change location from time to time and non-movable facilities like buildings, electricity lines, pipe lines for water, etc., that cannot change their location. All these facilities, irrespective of their group needs effective regular maintenance for proper functioning of the assets acquired. The performance of public facilities depends on the degree of effective maintenance. Unfortunately, however, maintenance is one of the major problems facing the public organizations with a resultant effect of having their premises littered with broken down plants/equipments which are allowed to rust away under rainy and sunny conditions and eventually are sold as scraps (Lawal and Adeyemo, 2004).

Maintenance management in the public sector in Nigeria has suffered from lack of funds for a considerable time. While the requirements for good practice in maintenance management of building stock have been established over a considerable period, the achievement of good practice is by no means universal (Turrell, 1997). Maintenance of the built environment impacts on the whole nation. The conditions of the surroundings in which we live and learn, is a reflection of the nation’s well being. (Lee, 1987) Maintainability of building has been identified as one of the key areas in which the construction industry must achieve significant improvement (Nayantharas de Silva et al, 2004).

According to Iyagba and Adenuga, (2003) it is impossible to produce buildings which are maintenance free, but maintenance work can be minimized by good design and proper workmanship carried out by skilled experts or competent craftsmen using suitable codes of installation, requisite building materials and methods. Management of any process involves assessing performance, and maintenance management of buildings is no exception (Turrell, 1997).

In order for any maintenance manager to measure performance and set priorities, the organizational needs have to be considered i.e. the function and performance of buildings and their appropriate standards will be independent on the user’s perception and their primary needs (Chanter and Swallow, 1996). Performance of hospital buildings and their component depends to large extent on continuous and planned periodical maintenance, which challenges owners and facility managers to institute precise planning based on a well-structured maintenance programmes (Shohet et al, 2002). Despite the ever-growing need for lower operational costs, facilities managers must ensure that facilities are constructed and maintained without compromising safety. In Nigeria, colonial architecture in some of the older public buildings especially hospitals which was hitherto famous for its sturdiness and functionality has now become less attractive because of the general neglect of the buildings. Overcrowding has also led to the deterioration of the facilities installed (Onifade 2003).

If no action is taken all these old buildings and facilities will decay and will only be replaced in function if the means are available. The inadequacy of the operation and maintenance of building and infrastructure in developing countries has serious consequences for economic and social development especially on the health sector.

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Existing health sector buildings in Nigeria lack adequate maintenance attention. Most public hospital buildings are in very poor and deplorable conditions of structural and decorative disrepair. While considerable of research have been carried out on factors responsible for the poor maintenance of public housing estates and offices in Nigeria but only scant attention has been given to the key parameters affecting the implementation of maintenance programmes for public hospital buildings. There is therefore a need to establish and evaluate the factor affecting maintenance management of public hospital buildings using appropriate analysis.

1.3       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to execute an assessment survey of General Hospital, Minna, Niger State.

The objectives of this research are:

1. To assess the present condition of General Hospital, Minna, Niger State as carried out by the maintenance department.
2. To determine factors affecting maintenance management of public health facilities in Nigeria.
3. To make useful suggestions on improving the existing facilities in Public Health Facilities in Nigeria.

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study evaluates the maintenance services that are provided in the General Hospital, Minna, Niger State. This provides an insight to the significance of the physical characteristics of the hospital in determining the level of satisfaction. Such information will enhance the skills of architects and housing administrators to ascertain specific actions that can maximize more satisfactory maintenance provisions in not only hospitals but in other government owned buildings and minimize dissatisfaction as much as possible, lessons learnt from the evaluations of existing projects can serve as input into ongoing or future projects.

It is expected that the main contribution of the study will be to propose an expanded approach to buildings and building services evaluations of government owned buildings, which goes beyond the limits of present day’s building industry.

1.5       SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The research is based on the study on “Conditional Survey of Public Health Facilities: A Case Study of General Hospital, Minna, Niger State”. This study takes into consideration the services and facilities provided in the General Hospital, Minna, Niger State

This evaluation focuses on the maintenance management and maintenance framework available at the hospital.

This study is limited to conducting a conditional survey of the General Hospital Minna, Niger State and make useful suggestions on improving the existing facilities in Public Health Facilities in Nigeria only.

1.6      RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research design involves the conducting of conditional building survey on General Hospital Minna, Niger State. The research involved two (2) stages of survey and the use of a designed questionnaire in relation to the objective assessment.

• Iinitial Inspection:

This involves the researcher interviewing the staff and patients about their views about the condition of the hospital building and its facilities.

During the initial inspection, the researcher took a detailed look at the whole building from a distance, inspecting the building, looking at the condition of adjoining buildings and other facilities.

• Building Survey

 The next stage is to undertake a present condition survey of the building. The building is measured. The characteristics of building are plotted onto a drawing or sketch of the building. After which a questionnaire was introduced. The questionnaire is the main method used for data collection for this research and it was personally administered by the researcher. It consisted of simplified questions. Efforts were made to ensure that the target respondents were given the questionnaires to respond properly to the objective assessment needed for this research.

ASSESSMENT OF CRAFTSMEN TURNOVER IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

ASSESSMENT OF CRAFTSMEN TURNOVER IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

(A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES IN LOKOJA)

ABSTRACT

Turnover of construction craftsmen has been shown to have a negative impact on productivity and performance in the construction industry. This study gives an insight on the effects of construction craftsmen turnover in the construction industry. In the study, the main factors responsible for craftsmen turnover, the effect of craftsmen turnover on contractors’ performance and suggestions that will reduce the problem of turnover were determined. Four construction companies in the Lokoja Metropolis were selected by simple random sampling method. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed between them and 46 of the administered questionnaire was responded to and returned.The data obtained were analysed with statistical tools such as standard deviation, mean and variance.Also pie charts, bar chart, column chart and line chart were used in presenting results. The four-point Likert scale was used to rank factors in order of their importance based on the relative Important Index (R.I.I) of the factors. The result shows that poor payment and benefits, poor treatment of workers and absence of advancement and promotion opportunities are the main cause of turnover while tribal differences and religious differences as regard cultural diversity are the main factors responsible for turnover. The study observed that craftsmen turnover has both direct cost and indirect cost effect on the performance of construction companies. Cost of hiring new employees, training of new workers and replacing old workers was shown to be the main direct cost effect on the performance of a contractor while indirect cost such as Project overtime, additional workload on remaining workers and reduction of project performance are the main effect of indirect cost. The study also shows that the problem of craftsmen turnover can be reduced by paying competitive compensation and benefit packages, fair treatment of workers and reward for dedicated workers are some of the best ways of reducing turnover while fairness, equal opportunity and respect for all and conducive workplace and cultural relation balance are ways of reducing turnover resulting from the cultural diversity of workers. The study also identified that motivation of craftsmen by increasing wages and salaries, promoting committed workers and training of craftsmen can be used to reduce the effect of craftsmen turnover.Based on the findings in this work, appropriate recommendations were being made to reduce craftsmen turnover in the Lokoja metropolis.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

            The construction industry is an important sector of the national economy which is responsible for the provision of goods and infrastructures for the comfort of man. According to Ayangade, J.A.,et.al. (2009), the construction industry in Nigeria contributes 16% of the Gross domestic Product and employs about 20% of the working class population.Okongwu, S.E. (2010) explained that the construction industry comprises of different trades and as such provides employment opportunities to the workforce.

            The production of goods and facilities require the services of construction professionals, craftsmen, artisans,Labourers and suppliers from various trades (Ayangade, J.A,et.al. 2009). To promote a sustainable growth and development, it is very important to invest in skilled workers (Russel, L., 2013). In a situation where economy is declining and the demand for labour is low, turnover cannot be considered as a problem, it can rather be a benediction to individuals, companies and the organization ( Arie, C.G and Erik, H.B, 2013).

            Turnover within and outside the organization is on rise and it is not the same in all organizations. This was supported by Shamsuzzoha, A.H. (2007) who stated that the rate at which workers leave differs from company to company.However, there are several reasons behind the movement of construction workers; they tend to leave an organization where they are unhappy or not satisfied with Job. According to William, B., et.al (2001), the wages of workers from different organization who perform similar jobs differs, workers that receives competitive pay will have greater tendency to stay compared to workers in other organization who are underpaid.According to Forgarty, et.al (2007),Poor management and indiscipline of individual offices of the organization increase employee turnover. Wei and Chen (2007) stated that it may be as a result of avoidable or unavoidable reasons. Unavoidable turnover of an employee may be as a result of death of an employee or organization policies; i.e Organization retrenchment exercise for workers, while avoidable turnover may be due to employee dissatisfaction on the Job.Tulascz (2001) pointed some of the reasons behind workers’ turnover as discontent with their direct supervisors, Job security, unfilled promises, unpaid bonuses, incompetent Leadership among others.

            Turnover of construction workers have an adverse effect on performance and productivity, it also reduces the profit realized by a company.Shamsuzzoha, A.H. (2007) explained that employee turnover is one of the factors that affect productivity which is fast becoming a serious concern.Derek (2006) stated that employee turnover directly affects the performance of an organization. This was also supported by the regression analysis of Muhammad, N.,et.al (2013) that employee turnover has a relationship with organization performance. The efficiency and performance of craftsmen is mostly dependenton the management of an organization. In situations where the turnover of skilled workers is high, productivity decreases. Contractors incur costs due toturnover; costs incurred may be cost of replacing, training of new workers and preparation of relevant documents. Training and motivation of workers in the construction industry have been recognized as some of the ways to reduce employee Turnover. Scott, B. (2007) explained that training contributes to the productivity of an organization, increases output which brings about an increase in the employee compensation and benefit packages and subsequently increases the tendency of a worker staying.

            Since several reasons behind the movement of employees have been identified by various researchers, it is necessary for management of organizations to find appropriate measures to reduce the rate of employee turnover. According to the Wall Street Journal (2004), hiring the right caliber of workers, paying competitive packages and the engagement of employees among others are some of the ways to reduce turnover. The SMEs according to Lisa, H. (2001) stated one of the various concerns that may prevent the implementation of productivity improvement as employee resistance to change. Turnover can be reduced if proper preventive strategies are taken by the management (Shamsuzzoha, A.H, 2007).As a result of the negative impact of turnover on performance and productivity, the Attract and maintain a skilled construction workforce research team (RT 135) was established by the Construction Industry Institute in 2014 to oversee the problem of turnover. Some of the recommendations made to contractors based on their findings are; paying a competitive wage and benefit packages, providing a conducive working environment, treating employees with respect and providing permanent employment opportunities.

 1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

            Understanding the problems associated with employee turnover and measuring their factors are very significant to the success of an organization. Many researchers have suggested reasons behind the movement of construction workers within and outside the organizationand this have been proved to be incorrect.Labour in the construction industry is an element which is not easy to manage and as such, it is the duty of the employer to ensure that everything is well coordinated and managed. The turnover cost research carried out by the Workforce Stability Institute (2000) explained that it is necessary to recruit and hire the right people to maintain a steady workforce on construction projects.  According to Shamsuzzoha, A.H. (2007), employee turnover is a terrible situation for companies which make the operation of an employer difficult to maintain. Employee turnover cause companies to incur some financial loss which will have direct and indirect cost on the organization ( Morrel, et. al, 2004). Direct cost according to the workforce Stability Institute (2000) are cost that can be determined and monitored which are mostly the prices paid to replace employees who leaves suddenly. Decreases in productivity and employee morale are indirect costs of turnover; they are also very important part of turnover. Hinkin, (2000) stated that indirect cost of turnover leads to decrease in productivity, project overtime and an increase in payment of those that are retained.

            The construction industry comprises of workers from different cultural background and this is becoming a challenge to the Nigerian construction industry. According to Kimberly, A. (2013), differences in language can lead to misinterpretation of events, backwardness as well as interruption if not properly addressed.

            Identifying the reasons, effects, and ways of reducing employee turnover will go a long way in enhancing productivity and performance of craftsmen in the Nigerian construction industry.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION

Turnover of craftsmen in the construction industry has received considerable attention from construction professionals and experts because of the setbacks posed on construction projects. Sigma (2005), explained that it is the most difficult challenge faced by an organization and the causes of craftsmen turnover rate is beyond the control of the employing organization. The present economic situation in the country where inflation is on the rise has also led to increase in the prices of construction materials. Consequently, it affects the performance of construction contractors. Craftsmen in the construction industries need to be motivated if the economy of the country must improve since the construction industry contributes to the GDP of the Nigerian economy.

Little attention has been paid to the cultural backgrounds of construction workers in the construction workers which is also a reason for craftsmen turnover. Cultural diversity must be put into consideration when determining the factors responsible for craftsmen turnover, it is important for organizations to determine the ways by which different workers from different cultural backgrounds can be united. Gadgets (2011)explained that some of the challenges faced by a diverse organization are the rate at which workers are leaving.However, there are many benefits from cultural diversity of workers if it is effectively managed.

 

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study will attempt to answer questions such as:

(i)  What are the factors responsible for craftsmen turnover?

(ii)What are the effects of craftsmen turnover on contractor’s performance?

(iii)  What are the suggestions that will reduce the problem of craftsmen turnover?

1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.5.1 Aim

The aim of this study is to assess the effects of craftsmen turnover in the construction industries.

1.5.2 Objectives

The objectives of the study include;

1. To determine the factors responsible for craftsmen turnover.
2. To determine the effects of craftsmen turnover on contractors’ performance.
3. To proffer suggestions that will reduce the problem of craftsmen turnover.

 

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

            Based on the aforementioned objectives of the study, this work will be limited to the construction craftsmen in the construction industries. It will examine craftsmen such as Mason/bricklayers, Iron and steel workers, carpenters, roofers, electricians, plumbers andPainters in selected construction companies in theLokoja Metropolis.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Turnover: This is defined as the rate at which employees leave anorganization and are replaced or the change or movement of employees within an organization or from one organization to the other.
2. Craftsman: Also known as an artisan is a skilled manual worker who produces items that may be functionally or aesthetically adequate.
3. Employees:A person who works for an organization in return for financial remuneration or other compensation.
4. Employers:A person or an organization that hires employees or workers. They offer wages and salary to the worker in exchange for the worker’ work or labour.
5. Motivation:A drive that initiates the mind of an employee towards a goal oriented
6. Training: The acquisition of knowledge, skills and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies.
7. Culture: This is the beliefs, values, behaviour and material objects that constitute a people way of life.
8. Cultural Diversity: This is the presence of people of different race, ethnicity, language, nationality, religion, and sexual orientation.
9. Productivity: This is the ratio of output to inputs in production; it as an average measure of the effectiveness of production.
10. Performance: This is the accomplishment of a given task measured against preset known standards of accuracy, completeness, cost and speed.

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