WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION VIA SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION VIA SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

CHAPTER ONE

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Wireless Power Transmission is not new to the world,Nikola Tesla is the one who first Conceived the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and demonstrated “the transmission of electrical energy without wires” that depends upon electrical conductivity as early as 1891 (Houran et al, 2018). He further culminated his efforts in a major breakthrough in 1899 at Colorado Springs by transmitting 100 millionvolts of high-frequency electric power wirelessly over adistance of 26 miles at which he lit up a bank of 200 light bulbs and ran one electric motor. Therefore, Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) is efficient transmission of electric power from one point to another trough vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance. This can be used for applications where either an instantaneous amount or a continuous delivery of energy is needed, but where conventional wires are un affordable, inconvenient, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible.

The wireless transmission of energy is common in much of the world as seen in radio waves energy, and people use them to send and receive cell phone, TV, radio and Wi-Fi signals every day. The radio waves spread in all directions until they reach antennae that are tuned to the right frequency. A similar method for transferring electrical power would be both inefficient and dangerous.During the World War II, W. C. Brown started the first microwave power transmission (MPT) research and development in 1960s based on the development of the microwave tubes. First of all, he developed a rectifying antenna, for receiving and rectifying microwaves Called rectenna. The efficiency of the first rectifying antenna(rectenna) developed in 1963 was 50 % at output 4WDCand 40% at output 7WDC, respectively (Jawad et al., 2017).

The Solar power system today can be transmitted using microwaves, millimeter waves or lasers. Wireless Power Transmission is a technology that can transport power to locations, which are otherwise not possible or impractical to reach (Houran et al, 2018). The conventional methods for generating electrical power are insufficient for providing the increasing demand of electrical power. Thus, there is an urgent need to supplement the conventional sources. Solar power generation with its associated technologies advanced few steps ahead in last several decades as it has been believed and investigated since last four decades that solar energy in space free from the weather conditions is quite different from that on the earth.

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

One of the major issue in power system is the losses occurs during the transmission and distribution of electrical power. As the demand increases day by day, the power generation increases and the power loss is also increased. The major amount of power loss occurs during transmission and distribution. The percentage of loss of power during transmission and distribution is approximated as26%. The main reason for power loss during transmission and distribution is the resistance of wires used for grid. The efficiency of power transmission can be improved to certain level by using high strength composite over head conductors and underground cables that use high temperature super conductor. But, the transmission is still inefficient. According to the World Resources Institute (WRI), India’s electricity grid has the highest transmission and distribution losses in the world – a whopping27%. Numbers published by various Indian government agencies put that number at 30%, 40% and greater than 40%.

This is attributed to technical losses (grid’s inefficiencies) and theft (Houran et al, 2018). Any problem can be solved by state–of-the-art technology. The above discussed problem can be solved by choose an alternative option for power transmission which could provide much higher efficiency, low transmission cost and avoid power theft. Wireless Power Transmission is one of the promising technologies and may be the righteous alternative for efficient power transmission.

1.3       OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to assess a wireless power transmission via solar power system.

The specific objective of the study include:

1. To implement a wireless power transmission system
2. To have more electric energy transfer from one school/department to another using the wireless power transmission system
3. To determine the efficiency and reliability of wireless power transmission via solar power system.
4. To transfer and distribute electrical power via solar system

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study on wireless power transmission via solar power systems can not be overemphasized as Wireless Power Transmission system would completely eliminates the existing high-tension power transmission line cables, towers and sub stations between the generating station and consumers and facilitates the interconnection of electrical generation plants on a global scale. It has more freedom of choice of both receiver and transmitters. Even mobile transmitters and receivers can be chosen for the WPT system. The cost of transmission and distribution become less and the cost of electrical energy for the consumer also would be reduced. The power could be transmitted to the places where the wired transmission is not possible. Loss of transmission is negligible level in the Wireless Power Transmission; therefore, the efficiency of this method is very much higher than the wired transmission. Power is available at the rectenna as long as the WPT is operating. The power failure due to short circuit and fault on cables would never exist in the transmission and power theft would be not possible at all.

1.5       SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The scope of this project is limited to wireless power transmission via solar power systems. This further limited to the transmission power wirelessly between the five schools in the Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa i.e. the School of Business Studies, School of information technology, school of engineering, school of general studies, school of applied science and school of environmental studies.

1.6       Research Methodology

In this project “The Wireless Power Transmission via solar power systems was achieved through the installation of Solar power systems and the transfer of generated electricity to the five (5) schools in the Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa. The Solar panels are installed to convert the sunlight into the direct current(DC) power and stored in batteries. The DC power from the solar panel is sent to the inverter where it is converted into Alternating current (AC) power. This Alternating current is then made to flow in the AC line. The power from these AC lines is then transferred wirelessly for powering the electrical and electronic gadgets in the various schools in the institution.

1.7       Definitions of Terms

WIRELESS: Wireless communication is the transfer of information or energy between two or more points without the use of an electrical conductor, optical fiber or other continuous guided medium for the transfer.

ELECTRIC POWER: Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by sources such as electric batteries.

ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION: Electric power transmission is the process by which large amounts of electricity produced at power plants, such as industrial-scale solar facilities, is transported over long distances for eventual use by consumers.

SOLAR ENERGY: Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of technologies such as solar power to generate electricity, solar thermal energy, and solar architecture.

AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT CONTROL ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS

AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT CONTROL ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS

ABSTRACT

This project isan evaluation of the impact of development control on residential property value in Port Harcourt metropolis. In the course of carrying out this research the primary data was collected through questionnaire and oral interview with the Rivers State Development Authority and some real estate property developer in the study area. 100 Questionnaire was administered which 80 was collected back upon which the data presentation and analysis depends on. The instrument used in analyzing the data was purposive and tabular form. The research shows that developer and the development control officials tend to accused each other of complicity in development of residential property process in Abuja. the researcher therefore recommend that there is urgent need for effective force and good communication skill and rapid awareness aiming at creating adequate effectiveness on physical environmental issues in Port Harcourt metropolis.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Property development control forms an integral part of the planning practice. It is the basic means by which the state intervenes to regulate the use and development of land in order to implement local and national planning policies. Most significantly it is the part of the planning process in which members of the public come into contact with local planning authorities.

Today, property development control comes under considerable criticism about the nature of decisions taken, and the ways in which they are taken. One hears complaints that sluggishness discourages development; that its complexity is excessively costly; And that its nature stifles initiative. (Amos, 1980). Development control is not appreciated by the general public mainly because of the restrictions it imposes on the aims and aspiration of the developers.

Originally, the rationale for the introduction of state control on private development was to achieve objectives of safety and better health in order to create an improved environment for the benefit of the community. However, as the role of the state expanded and the extent of its intervention increased the definition of the ‘environment’ subject to planning control has changed. From being wholly concerned with the physical form and content of development it now embraces the social and economic consequences of development. As a result, development control has been used to implement planning strategies for different purposes; for example to minimize the negative effect of urban growth, to check the menace of market forces and ensure social equity, as well as to support economic growth (Litchfield & Darin Drabkin, 1980).

Therefore, property development control is a tool, sometimes used to achieve its original objectives of safety and better health; Sometimes to implement planning strategies; and in some cases to do both. Although it continues to regulate the use of land, while planning strategies have widened in scope, development control has proved incapable of meeting additional demands. Since development control is used to implement planning policies, which are normally reflected in planning legislation, physical development plans and other associated planning documents, the failure to achieve development planning objectives may be due to the pursuit of inappropriate policies, to the application of inflexible standards and regulations, or both, which is why Koenigsberger (1975), Rivkin (1978) and McAuslan (1985) comment that development control practices are inappropriate, ineffective and inequitable in their operation in most Third World cities.

They argue that developing countries stand to benefit little from the transplanting of regulations that have evolved in different social soils with differing political and economic climates. Another criticism is that planning agencies in developing countries lack the power and resources to perform efficient and effective development control.

Property development control is seen as a mechanism to maintain standards. It is process laid down by legislation, which regulates the development of land and building. It is the professional activity carried out by town planners in order to ensure compliance with the approved master plan thereby ensuring orderliness.

In line with the above definition, development control actually regulates any building or rebuilding operations in, on and under the land. It also ensures an orderly growth of settlements by stipulating adequate standards for all aspects of land-use through the provision of adequate lighting, ventilation, open spaces and other socio-cultural facilities that make life worth living. The power to grant or refuse as well as attach conditions to permissions for development to take place gives the public agencies the big teeth.

Ogunsesan (2004) opined that development control is the “front line‟ of planning and the part, which affects the general public most. There is a direction in the exercise of development control on developers. The direction according to Ogunsesan (2004) is the objectives of development control, which include: the protection and enhancement of the built environment; the coordination of both public and private investments in land and property to ensure that land is efficiently used; and the control of pollution.  In development control process, time is a very important factor. There are two types of time factors in the development control process as pointed out by Faludi (1973): “internal and external time lag”. The internal time lag as he explained is the time it takes to act upon information received, while the external time lag, he explains as the time it takes for the action to be effected.

Property development control is carried out by planning authorities that have legal powers conferred on them to ensure that development is secured. The authorities according to Faludi (1973) are empowered to: plan, promote and secure the physical development and environmental improvement by economic; as financial developers they can initiate planning schemes and develop the area wholly or partly‟. Kimaryo (1992) is of the view that „though the planning authorities are empowered legally to carry out their duties, it may still be restricted. Its effectiveness reduced by lack of political backing and support from the top echelon of government functionaries‟.

Furthermore, development control is seen as a powerful implementation weapon in the planning armory. Positive encouragement is given to developers to compel them to willingly develop their land with due respect to the requirement of the planning authorities. Public enlightenment is usually embarked upon which tend to encourage the public to want some sort of control over physical development.  Communication is a vital tool necessary for development control to succeed. An effective and efficient communication ensures „control development with people and not for people‟; for if people are carried along in development control process, the authority will be able to guide development with ease and achieve their set objectives of a well planned built-up area with good road network, building set-backs, ventilation, lighting and pollution free environment. On the other hand, if the members of the public are not informed, they may not accept the idea of control, with feelings that since they owned the land, they can as well carry out development the way they want and at their own time without due consideration.

1.2       Statement of Research Problem 

Rural- urban migration has caused congestion in the urban areas and left the towns and cities sprawling endlessly into the countryside with dire consequences for the provision of essential urban infrastructure. That is, the rate of expansion of each of old and  newly emerging town led to the emergence of uncoordinated land-uses, winding road network, traffic congestion, uncoordinated provision and distribution of socio-physical infrastructure, uncollected waste and the like, amongst others with great impact on the socio-economic well being of the inhabitants. All these are resultant effects of uncontrolled development in both rural and urban settlements in Nigeria.

The rapid growth of our settlements, particularly urban areas need to be controlled to prevent chaotic and haphazard physical growth and development, which certainly takes place in the absence of any development control measure. However, some of the rationales for effective development control are the achievement of balanced, coordinated and good development of the environment; it ensures structural soundness and the adequate provision of necessary utilities, services and facilities for the proposed buildings; protection and the development of the environment so that the activities of men do not have adverse effects on it. This uncontrolled development has led to the environmental situation as presently witnessed in some squatter settlements of Abuja and other big town and cities in Nigeria. It is against this background that this study seek to evaluate the impact of property development control on residential property in Karu, Nasarawa State.

1.3       Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of this project is to evaluate the impact of development control on residential property value in Port Harcourt metropolis.

To achieve the aim above the following objectives were pursued

1. To examine the effectiveness of development control in the Study Area
2. To identify the functions of property development control
3. To evaluate the impact of the development control on residential property value
4. To identify the possible problems militating against the effectiveness and efficiency of development control in the study area.

1.4       Research Questions

1. How effective is development control inPort Harcourt metropolis?
2. What are the functions of development control?
3. What impact has development control made to real estate development in Port Harcourt metropolis?
4. What are the possible problems militating against the effectiveness and efficiencyof property development control in the study area?

1.5       Significance of the Study

This project will help to overcome the challenges that are currently facing in development authority in Rivers state especially Port Harcourt metropolis by the time this project is completed as it will serve as an eye opener on relevance of development control towards effective and efficient development of urban and rural areas in Nigeria.

The result of this study will enlighten property developers and investors on the need to comply with development control authority as development control generally impact positively on residential property development.

Students and other researchers will find this research useful as it will serve as reference to the department of estate management and valuation.

1.6       Scope and Limitations of the Study

There are different types of property development, this project mainly concern on the evaluation of the impact of development control on residential property value in Port Harcourt metropolis.

In the course of carrying out this study several problems were encountered among which are:

Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

Uncooperative attitude of Respondents: Some respondents were very reluctant in responding to the research questions which tried to affect the research but the researcher make concerted effort to convinced them. 

1.8     DEFINITION & OPERATIONAL OF TERMS

• Development:  used here means an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation i.e. process development or being developed
• Control:  implies the power to influence or checking direct result of a survey or experiment of an intelligence of organization.
• Impact: these means to have a strong effect on something either positive or negative.Residential: means involving living at the place where you are working, studying or being looked after.
• Property: a thing or things belonging to someone or possessions collectively i.e. an attribute, quality or characteristics of something.

1.9       HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Rivers State, also known as Rivers, is a state in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria (Old Eastern Region).^[5] Formed in 1967, when it was split from the former Eastern Region, Rivers State borders includes; Anambra and Imo on the north, Abia and AkwaIbom on the east, and Bayelsa and Delta on the west. The state capital, Port Harcourt, is a metropolis that is considered to be the commercial center of the Nigerian oil industry.

With a population of 5,198,716 as of the 2006 census, Rivers State is the 6th most populous state in Nigeria.^[8] Rivers State is a diverse state that is home to many ethnic groups, the majority being Igbo or Igboid, but also including the Ogoni and Ijaw. The state is particularly noted for its linguistic diversity, with 28 indigenous languages being said to be spoken in Rivers State, the most dominant of which are the Igbo speaking groups, the Ogoni and Ijaw languages.^[9] Rivers State is the 26th largest state by area, and its geography is dominated by the numerous rivers that flow through it, including the Bonny River.

The economy of Rivers State is dominated by the state’s booming petroleum industry. Although the rise of the oil industry has led to increased revenue for the state government, mismanagement and corruption have prevented the state from rapid development and meaningfully tackling poverty.^[11] During the 2000s, Rivers State saw a rise in the number of cult killings committed within the state.^[12] In 2019, Governor EzenwoNyesomWike declared Rivers State to be a Christian state because it is made up of 90% Christians and 10% orthodox with few strangers practicing Islam unconventionally.

Geography

Rivers State is a predominantly low-lying pluvial state in southern Nigeria, located in the eastern part of the Niger Delta on the oceanward extension of the Benue Trough.^[19] The inland part of the state consists of tropical rainforest, and towards the coast, the typical Niger Delta environment features many mangrove swamps. Rivers State has a total area of 11,077 km² (4,277 sq mi), making it the 26th largest state in Nigeria. Surrounding states are Imo, Abia and Anambra to the north, AkwaIbom to the east and Bayelsa, Delta to the west. On the south, it is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean. Its topography ranges from flat plains, with a network of rivers to tributaries.

Climate

Ogoni Climate activists and others in Port Harcourt protesting environmental degradation in 2015.

Rainfall is generally seasonal, variable, as well as heavy, and occurs between the months of March and October through November. The wet season peaks in July, lasting more than 290 days. The only dry months are January and February having little to no effect.

Total annual rainfall decreases from about 4,700 mm (185 in) on the coast, to about 1,700 mm (67 in) in the extreme north. It is 4,698 mm (185 in) at Bonny along the coast and 1,862 mm (73 in) at Degema. For Port Harcourt, temperatures throughout the year are relatively constant with little variation throughout the course of the seasons. Average temperatures are typically between 25 and 28 °C (77 and 82 °F). Some parts of the state still receive up to 150 mm (6 in) of rainfall during the dry period. Relative humidity rarely dips below 60% and fluctuates between 90% and 100% for most of the year.

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF SOME MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM DUMPSITE

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF SOME MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM DUMPSITE

ABSTRACT

This study assessed the level of microbial contamination of air around three different dumpsites in Nasarawa local government area, Nasarawa state. Air samples were collected from the site. Organisms were isolated, the colonies of the isolates were counted, identified and tested for antibiotic resistance (ABR) using standard procedures. Results in this study shows that 236.7 distinct colonies was isolated from location A, 268 and 187.7 from location B and C respectively. The isolates were sub-cultured into SSA, MAC, and EMB agar medium. The bacteria isolates are: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Klebstella, Pneumonia, E.coli and Enterobacter aerogene.  The Fungi results shows that 13.5 colonies was isolated from location A, 19 colonies was isolated from Location B while 9.5 colonies was isolated from location C. The fungi isolates are; Aspergillus niger, Mucorrace mosus and Rhizopus orazae. The pattern of resistance of the bacterial isolates were Streptomycin (90%), Ampicilin (100%), Ciprorex (90%), Oxofloxacine (90%), Nalidixic acid (100%), Pefloxacine (100%), gentamicin (80%), Augumentin (100%), Ciproflax (90%), Septrin (100%) while the percentage resistance of the gram positive isolates is as follows: Levofloxacin (90%), Ampliclox (90%), Chloramphenicol (90%), erythromycin (80%), Rifampicin (90%), Streptomycin (100%), Amoxil (100%), Gentamycin (100%), Norfloxacin (100%) and Ciproflox (90%). The research work revealed the relevance of an Environmental microbiology department in any governmental waste management system and the potential hazard of the open dump system of waste disposal around residential area. 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study

In Nigeria as well as in most developing countries, the urban landscapes are littered with garbage, plastics, bottles, disposable cups, discarded tires and even human and live-stock faeces. These wastes are aesthetically unpleasant, constitute eyesores, produce unpleasant odour especially when their organic compositions are acted upon by putrefying bacteria. These refuse dumps thus constitute a habitat for vector and other nuisance organisms capable of transmitting or causing diseases such as typhoid, infantile diarrhoea and cholera in humans and animals (Olanrewaju, 2012).

Dumpsite or refuse dumps refer to areas or land sites where material wastes from several sources and processes are deposited. Refuse dumps include both municipal solid wastes and industrial wastes including liquid effluents containing heavy metals (Olanrewaju, 2012). Refuse dumps provide a rich source of microorganisms most of which are pathogenic (Odeyemi et al., 2011). This is usually as a result of the attraction of rodents and vector insects for which the dump serves as shelter and food source (Donderski et al., 2020). Although it is known that vector insects and rodents can transmit various pathogenic agents of diseases such as amoebic and bacillary dysentery, typhoid fever, salmonellosis, cholera, plague and so on. A good percentage of these infections are caused by bacteria which are suspended in air around these refuse dumps which may later settle and cause contamination. Activities involving the disposal of solid wastes even if properly controlled with proper precautionary measures adopted may have adverse impact on the environment especially air since most of the dumps are open.

A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells (Osazee, et al., 2013).  Microorganisms are transported from refuse dumps to the atmosphere with the wind. Their survival depends on their resistance, meteorological conditions, air pollution and time spent in the atmosphere.

Airborne microbes are biological airborne contaminants like bacteria, viruses or fungi as well as airborne toxins passed from one victim to the next through the air, without physical contact, causing irritation at the very least. Microorganisms are transported from refuse dumps to the atmosphere with the wind. Their survival depends on their resistance, meteorological conditions, air pollution and time spent in the atmosphere. According to various studies, the range of bioaerosol emission is considerable and may reach 1000–1200 m from the border of the site (Thirarattanasunthon et al., 2012).

The most susceptible group of individuals to the public health hazards associated with domestic dumpsites are waste-pickers (scavengers) who live and work under unhygienic conditions. They are usually seen to visit dumpsites in search of recyclable materials (plastics, bottles, metallic objects, and clothes). This increases the risk of infections through inhalation of contaminated aerosols, cuts from sharp objects and infection of wounds by soil pathogens (Thirarattanasunthon et al., 2012).

Multidrug resistance among microbial populations has become a major global problem. These microbes have developed mechanisms of evading the effects of various antibiotics currently in use. Oviasogie and Agbonlahor (2013), while studying the burden, antibiogram and pathogenicity of bacteria found in municipal waste dumpsites and on waste site workers in Benin City discovered that all isolates obtained showed multiple antibiotic resistance patterns. They also discovered that some of these isolates carried pathogenic traits. This high prevalence can be linked to the introduction of resistant strains via indiscriminate disposal of medical wastes as well as defecation by human carriers and livestock. Resistance genes may then be acquired by other susceptible strains in the environment via horizontal gene transfer. The fact that there is high diversity of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in dumpsites as well as frequent animal and human interactions on dumpsites increases the chances of infection with antimicrobial resistant pathogens among human populations.

In order to develop appropriate air quality management plans, it is necessary first to have reliable information about the state of airborne bacteria and fungi especially in the vicinity of waste dumpsites. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the antibiotic resistance of microorganism isolated from dumpsite in Nasarawa town, the headquarter of Nasarawa local government of Nasarawa State.

1.2       Statement of Problems

The anaerobic conditions typical in most dumps, these microorganisms convert the organic material in the refuse to methane and carbon dioxide. As the gas rises through the dump and escapes into the atmosphere, it some-times picks up other compounds. The presence of large amounts of methane in this uncontrolled environment may result in explosions and fires. Additionally, this untreated gas may contain other compounds that pose a substantial health risk to nearby communities. Many microbes can remain viable even after extended periods of time aloft despite the challenges associated with surviving in the atmosphere, including extended UV expo-sure, low moisture levels and extremely oligotrophic conditions (Jones and Harrison, 2004). Atmospheric transport is a key mode of microbial dispersal (Stetzenbach et al., 2014) and the transmission of airborne plant and animal pathogens can have significant impacts on ecosystems, human health and agricultural productivity.

Another problem is the use of recycled packaging materials obtained from dumpsites for selling food items in markets. Also, most municipal dumpsites in Nigeria are located at distances not far away from residential houses. This makes these waste dumpsites an environmental interest as not just scavengers are prone to the health hazards associated with dumpsites but also residents of urban societies (Osazeeet al., 2013). This study, therefore, focused on the antimicrobial resistance of microorganism (Bacteria and fungi) isolated from dumpsite in Nasarawa.

1.3       Aim of the Study

The aim of this study is to investigate antimicrobial resistance of microorganism (bacteria and fungi) isolated from dumpsite in Nasarawa

1.4       Objectives of the Study

• To isolate bacteria and fungi present in air around specific dumpsites in Nasarawa town.
• Identify and characterize the isolates
• Determine their levels of resistance to antibiotics

1.5       Significance of the Study

The open dump system of waste disposal is indeed a potential environmental quality problem which takes the form of unsightliness, land and water pollution, it reduces the quality of air by the emission of foul odours and different gases derived from the anaerobic decomposition as well as occasional burning.

The findings of this study will be of great importance to residence of Nasarawa town as it will educate them on the need for proper waste disposal and the disadvantages associated with open dumpsites.

The Nasarawa local government area authority will find this study of great use as it will enlighten them on the best waste management practices, waste re-use and recycling. As it will enable them to Legislate laws and regulations on land use and effective waste disposal and management in the town.

THE EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTION ON MANUFACTURING COMPANY (A CASE STUDY OF COCA-COLA BOTTLING COMPANY MAIDUGURI)

THE EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTION ON MANUFACTURING COMPANY (A CASE STUDY OF COCA-COLA BOTTLING COMPANY MAIDUGURI)

ABSTRACT

Every marketing firm that exist sustains its existence through production of goods or rendering of services to its target audience, marketing firms most choose distribution channels that is most effective for the distribution of goods and services giving that sometimes, some of those product hardly reach the consumers through the right distribution channel hence delay in the market of the products. Also sometimes customers are sometimes looked- winked into buying products they don’t intend to because of unavailability of their desired products. To this end, this study examined the effect of distribution on manufacturing company a case study of Coca-cola Bottling Company Maiduguri.The questionnaire administrations combined with personal observations were employed as research instruments to gather data on the subject matter. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and chi-square statistical techniques, the analysis revealed that Coca-Cola was equally found among other companies who distribute their products to the consumers using various strategies and channels in the state and Nigeria at large. Given these findings, appropriate recommendations were made.  

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In its broadest sense, when it refers to the whole economic system, distribution is the allocation of income and assets within one society. In business economics, distribution relates to the allocation of goods to the recipients. In general, distribution includes all activities that enable the transfer of material and/or economic power over tangible or intangible goods from one economic subject to another. (Wirtscha, 2011).

This is concerned with the distribution in business economics as well as its implications on the whole economic system, i.e. on the whole national economy, since distribution is one of the main functions of retail trade (Wirscha, 2011).

Domschke and Schield thus emphasizes: “Distribution encompasses a system of all activities are related to the transfer of economic goods between manufacturers and consumers. It includes such a coordinated preparation of manufactured goods according to their type and volume, space and time, so that the supply deadline can be met (order fulfillment) or estimated demand can be efficiently satisfied (when producing for an anonymous market)” (Domschke&Schield, 1994).

Specht (2004) has pointed out that division is not completely accurate, since both of these subsystems exhibit certain common starting points. According to this author, acquisition distribution system management includes the management of distribution routes, i.e. distribution channels. Logistic distribution channels is focused on the bridging the space and time by transportation and storage, as well as order processing and shipment, supply logistics, i.e. the movement of material.

Therefore, it is assumed that there are three types of marketing channels (Kotler & Keller, 2008 p. 26): communication channels, distribution channels and service channels. Distribution or marketing channels are systems of mutually dependent organizations included in the process of making goods or services available for use or consumption. Moreover, a marketing channel is the external contractual organization that management operates to achieve its distribution objectives (Rosenbloom, 2004).

Channels of distribution provide downstream value by bringing finished products to end users. This flow may involve the physical movement of the product or simply the transfer of title to it. Also known as distribution channel, a distribution chain, a distribution pipeline, a supply chain, a marketing channel and a trade channel (Ostrow, 2009).

Similarly, distribution is defined by Hill: “Distribution channel- one or more companies or individuals who participate in the flow of goods and services from the manufacturer to the final user or consumer” (Hill 2010).

Nevertheless, other types of flows should not be neglected in distribution channel, so that the following distribution is also possible: “Channel of distribution consists of one or more companies or individuals who participate in the flow of goods, services, information and finances from the producer to the final user or consumer”. (Coyle, Bardi& Langley 2003).

These are various routes that products or services used after their production until they are purchased and used by end users. Therefore marketing channels, i.e. distribution channels are all organizations that a product has to go through between its production and consumption (Kotler, 2006).

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY (COCA-COLA)

Nigeria Bottling Company (NBC) plc is one of the few multinational organizations that had its beginning in Nigeria from a small family owned operation at inception. They are the predominant bottler of alcohol free beverages in Nigeria, responsible for the manufacture and sales coca cola brands.

The Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC) Plc was founded and incorporated in November 1951, as a subsidiary of the A.G Leventis Group with the franchise to bottle and sell coca cola products in Nigeria.

Production began in 1953 at a bottling facility in Iddo, Ebutemetta, Lagos which also serves as its headquarters. Over the years production capacity has grown and NBC operates eleven (11) production plants and eight (80) distribution warehouses (depots) located across the country with over 1.8 billion bottles sold per year, making it the second largest market in Africa.

The Nigeria Bottling Company Abuja plant is located in Abuja the Federal Capital Territory and started operation since 2006. The plant produces Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite and Schweppes and     also distributes all product categories.

The Abuja Plant services Federal Capital Territory, Niger State, Nasarawa State, Kogi, and its surrounding towns.

The Nigeria Bottling Company has achieved greatly in terms of pace setting and innovative practices which includes:-

1. The first soft drink company to use standardized distribution bottles
2. First to use special tracts decorated in company’s logo and colour.
3. First to use in-route system of distribution
4. Established the first carbon dioxide plant in 1958

From the 1990’s till date the Nigeria bottling company (NBC) has created new innovations as regards their bottling packaging and introduction of new products such as fanta pineapple, fanta lemon, different brands of five alive such as the atoms burst and strawberry flavour.

In conclusion, the success of the Coca-cola or Nigeria Bottling company depend on their well-known powerful brand name and distributions strategies.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In the ancient days, human activities were easy. The difficulties posed by nature then, were considerably simple and demanded a solution of relative simplicity. The compounded problem of how to serve and distribute goods and products in organizations.

Modern business organization today finds it difficult and cumbersome to take their products to those who need them. Today, companies face their toughest competitor ever moving from a product distribution philosophy to marketing; however, give a company a better chance of outperforming competition. And the corner stone of a well-conceived marketing orientation is a strong customer relationship through distribution efficiency. Marketers must connect with customers inspiring engaging and be ever energizing them in the process.

It is a fact that no firm can serve customers with all their needs and wants; it is therefore a difficult task. The firm is faced with the problem considering the difficulties facing the Dangote Four Mill Company in their distribution.

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to examine the effects of distribution on manufacturing company – A case study of coca cola bottling Company Maiduguri.

The specific objectives include:

1. To investigate factors that influence product channel of distribution.

 2.  To identify the channel of distribution benefit the company most.

 3.  To assess how effective is adoption of distribution strategies to business firm.

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Which channel does the company use in distributing their products?
2. Which factor mostly influence the channel of distribution of the company?
3. How effective is adoption of distribution strategies to the company?

1.45   STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis below will be designed to serve as a guide for the study.

1. Hi: Marketing strategy has impact on the promotional activity of Coca Cola  selling and distribution company.
2. Ho: Marketing strategy has on impact on the promotional activity of Coca Cola selling and Distribution Company.

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study is aimed at achieving the goals of the organization through efficient distribution. At the end of this research work, Coca Cola Bottling Company Maiduguri will benefit by going through the work and finding out areas where improvement is necessary and also to determine the impact of distribution strategy.

For the purpose of future researcher to have more opportunity in develop data. The significance of the study can be useful for the institution as they kept it for future reference and help to improve the life of other student in the institution.

1.6     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study would have covered wider areas, but due to the fact that the respondent were uncompromising with the researcher because they believe that the study will not benefit them, they fail to give adequate information to make up the project work. This has led the researcher to make conclusion based on the respondent answer to question in conjunction with researcher’s personal observation.

1.7     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The major challenge encountered by the researcher was lack of adequate material availability in the nearest library. This has limited the quality of literature reviewed for the study.

1.8     OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

     The meaning of the following terms shall apply in this project.

1. Exclusive Distribution: This means surely limiting the number of   intermediaries. It is used where the service level and out puts offered by the resellers. Often it involves exclusive dealing arrangements. By granting exclusive distribution, the producer hopes to obtain more dedication and knowledgeable selling.
2. Selective Distribution: This involves the use of more than a few or less of all of the intermediaries who are willing to carry a particular product. It is used by established companies and by new companies seeking distributions. The company does not have to worry about too many outlets; it can gain adequate market coverage with more control and less cost in intensive distribution.
3. Intensive Distribution: This consists of the manufacturer placing the goods in as many outlets as possible. This strategy is generally used for items such as tobacco products, soap, snack foods, and gum products for which the consumer requires a great deal of location convenience. Manufacturers are constantly tempted to move from exclusive or selective distribution to increase coverage and sales. This strategy may help in the short term, but often hurts long term performance. Intensive distribution increases product and service availability but may also result in retailers competing aggressively.  

REFERENCES

Burton J.A (2008): Effective Warehousing Third Edition Published by Great Britain Hollen Street Press Ltd. Stough P 124-139.

Edward W. (2007): Fundamentals of Marketing Fourth Edition Published by       Prentice Hall India Private Limited P 136-139.

Kotler Philip (2004): Marketing Management 12th Edition London Prentice Hall P. 450.

McCarthy E. S. (1987): Basic Market Management 8th Edition London  Prentice Hall P. 55.

Philip Kotler (2007): Marketing Management Sixth Edition Published  By Macmillan Press. London P 120-129.

MEASUREMENT OF BACKGROUND IONIZATION RADIATION FOR SOME GAS FILLING STATION IN PORT-HARCOURT

MEASUREMENT OF BACKGROUND IONIZATION RADIATION FOR SOME GAS FILLING STATION IN PORT-HARCOUR

ABSTRACT

Human is exposed to background radiation in their environment with or without their consent; and the exposure to natural background radiation is an unpreventable event on earth. The assessment was conducted for the determination of the amount of background ionization radiation level of some gas filling station in Port-Harcourt. This was carried out using RDS-200 Universal Survey Meter. The assessment was done on thirty 5 gas filling station where four (4) readings were taken in each of the gas station in order to have a reliable data. The value of the annual dose rates of the gas station ranges from 0. 63mSv/yr  to 1.44mSv/yr. The radiation levels in the gas station were found to be within the safe limit. This shows a relatively high emission of background radiation from these gas station as compared with the world’s average of lmSv/yr and set by ICRF. These results would serve as a baseline upon which other exposures would be assessed and in the future, serve as reference for dosimetry and decontamination in situation of radiation poisoning of these cafes.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study

Human exposure to background radiation is unavoidable. This is because we live in a “sea of radiation’. It is omnipresence nature in the atmosphere, terrestrial deposits and in our body makes it a unique area of assessing energy in our environment.Background Radiation is a long wavelength electromagnetic radiation that hits the earth uniformly from all direction. It represents energy left over from the “big bang” the explosion of the beginning of the universe. What makes it a background radiation is because of man’s environment most people often associate the word radiation with lionizing radiation (e.g as occurring in nuclear weapons, nuclear reaction) but it can also refer to electromagnetic radiation (i.e radio waves, infrared light, visible light and x-rays). This can also be lionizing radiation to acoustic radiation because energy radiate i.e travels out wardly froth a source called an emitter in straight lines in all directions (Agba, 2016).

Natural Background radiation accounts for 80% of radiation source in our environment which includes cosmic radiation from the sun and outer space and consists of positives charged particles, form radioactive material found on earth surface as in rocks and soil as well as radiation in our bodies in form of element liker potassium 40. The first two sourcesmentioned as referred to as external sources of natural background radiation while the last is called the internal source of natural background radiation. The other 20% comes from the artificial background source like the nuclear power plants, nuclear weapon testing and medical procedures (x-rays and mammography) in medicine and dentistry (ICRP, 2020).

Radiation is classified in to forms based on energy level; the lionization form of radiation which is the high energy radiation capable of lionizing atoms. It includes Alpha Particles bête particles, gamma rays and neutrons. And the non-lionization form of radiation which is a low frequency and energy radiation. It includes ultraviolet rays, visible light microwaves, and radio waves.

Over the years the level of background radiation in our surrounding has grown significantly. A study conducted by Japan’s institute of radiological studies in 1977 shows that the increase in radiation level was due to nuclear power plant production. Other factors regarded as major contributors include nuclear reactor explosion mining activities, industrialwaste and effluent from factories (IAEA 2016) estimate of dose contribution in the environment shows that 85% of radiation dosereceived by man are derived from natural radionuclide while the remaining 15% comes from cosmic rays and nuclear process.

In the year 2000, the average, the average background radiation for human being amounts to about 2.4 micro sievert per year (iSv/yr) and about 5tSv/yr comes from nuclear activities (UNCSCEAR, 2000). At sea level, the average cosmic radiation dose is about 26 mRern per year. At high elevation, the amount of atmosphere shielding cosmic rays decreases and thus the dose increases. Radioactive elements like uranium, thorium and atom which are the terrestrial emitting radio nuclides are also regarded as contributors to high level of background radiation (Ellwell, 2018). Radonfor instance is a current health concern – radon gas formed from radioactive decay of natural uranium in the soil. It emits alpha radiation, raises form soil under houses and can build up in homes particularly well insulted homes.

Exposure to radiation can cause severe damage to human biological system (Emeka, 2017). Although a dose of 25 Rerns which is equivalent to 0.25mSv causes some detectable changes in blood, doses to near 100 Rems usually have no immediate effect. Dose above 100 Rerns causes the first signs of nausea, vomiting, headache, some lost of white blood cells. Dose of 300 Rems on more cause temporary hair loss but also more significantly internal harm including damage to nerve cells and cells that line up the digestive tract (Agba, 2016). Severe loss of white blood cells which are the body defense system makes a radiation victim vulnerable to diseases. Radiation also reduces the blood platelets which aid bloodclotting, so victims of radiation are vulnerable to hemorrhaging. Half of the people exposed to 450 Rems die and dose of 800 Rems are fatal. The main way of saving the cells of the body is to protect it from expcsure to radiation. This is why radiation monitoring and measurement are quite essential in our society today (Hay, 2016).

It cannot be denied that wireless internet routers figure among the devices which emit electromagnetic radiation in order to send signals to computers. However, one school of thought affirm that radiation exposure within a free wireless internet access environment is. so low that it should not be cause for any concern it points out that there is radiation from various natural sources all around such as the sun, while the other school of thought responds that the hammering effects on the body of radiation generated by man’s action are not the same as naturally. occurring radiation. Therefore there is the need to took into the argument to verify the very effect of background radiation in internet cafes and business centers which are the artificial or man-made sources. Most countries of the world including the developed and the developing nations are indifferent, unconscious or ignorant of the potential effect of NIR when subjected to long exposure

1.2       Statement of the Problem

According to Agba et al., (2020), every person is exposed daily to variety of radiation whether he recognize it or not. This is due to the various activities in our immediate surroundings.In fact, the context of background radiation over the years has passed in silence especially in developing countries like ours Nigeria. if it is mentioned at all, it is mostly the theoretical possibilities that are highlighted and negligence in the study especially on it effect to man in his surrounding will continue to leave a threat to human existence. The study finds solution to question like; the various factors that lead to the variation in background radiation of different indoor surrounding of the gas filling station Port-Harcourt in  the hazards of man’s continual exposure to radiation through different radiation emitting source and the possible protection and control measures to its exposure.

1.3       Aim and Objective

1.3.1 Aim

The aim of this research is to measure the background ionization radiation for some gas filling station in Port-Harcourt.

1.3.2    Objectives

In view of the problem defined above, the general objective of the study includes:

1. To evaluate the amount of radiation present in gas filling station in Port-Harcourt
2. To review the effects of long exposure to radiation
3. To create awareness of the possible danger posed by long exposure to non lionizing radiation sources.

1.4       Justification

The limit of radiation exposure for non radiation workers is 1millisievert/yr while that for radiation workers is 20 millisievert average 5yrs according to the international commission on radiological protection (ICRP). As such there is a need to know the amount of background radiation exposure in the internet cafes from which the annual exposure in the cafes can be calculated and compared with international limit started by the ICRP. More so, the recent studies have shown that “Pittsburgh cancer warns of risk from cell phone use” Geoffrey lean in the article “Germany warns citizens to avoid using Wi-Fi’ et al are pointing to more and evidence of diseases being caused by radiation from laptops, cell phones and other similar devices. Hence, there is the need to frequently and increasingly notify the public about the threat posed by radiation to health in general – also information derived from the study will therefore.

1. Provide database for information regarding management of background radiation in gas filling station.
2. Create more awareness on the danger posed by background radiation.
3. Serve as reference for further or subsequent research

1.5       Significance of the Study

The infinite need for use of Internet Cafes or wireless internet service also calls for or demand softly of the people receiving the services. However, it has bçen observed that awareness on safety or steps on how to minimize the risk of exposure to background radiation by devices concerned is drastically neglected.

Like every other business enterprise, most wireless internet cafes have its aim to rnaximize profit at the detriment of their customers. As a result, a conscious effort needs to be made by measuring the amount of background radiation in the Cafes so as to create more awareness from the result of the study.

1.6       Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study focuses on the measurement of the background ionization radiation for some gas filling station in Port-Harcourtrelative to the standard amount of absorbable radiation in order to determine the effect of background radiation to the general public. It is however limited due to the following challenges:

1. Insufficient finance to carry out the research work
2. Limited time
3. Poor cooperation by Internet Cafes owners

1.8       Definition of Terms

1. Annual Limit Intake (ALT): the limit of radiation absorbed close for a human body as set by ICRP
2. Cancer: A human disease which is characterized by the abnormal growth of body cells.
3. Cosmic Radiation: subatomic particle from the sum and outer space that, can travel nearly to the speed of high.
4. Dose Rate: the rate of lionized radiation absorbed by a human being;
5. Exposure Rate: the rate at which human being are exposed to radiation dose or radioactive materials.
6. ICRP: Acronym for international commission on radiological protection an international non- governmental scientific organization responsible for making recommendation and providing guidance on fundamental principles of radiation protection.
7. Indoor Radiation: Background radiation present within a building or structure.
8. Radiation pose: The amount of radiation in a body or environment
9. Radioactive Isotopes: One of two, or more species of atom having the same atomic number that emits radiation or energy in form of streams of particle
10. Radioactive Materials: substances on earth surface that emits radiation
    
11.  Rem: Acronym for Roentgen Equivalent in man, formerly a unit of radiation dose rate used for human body lrem = 0.0lSv.
12. Sievert: the Ai Unit measuring the probability that a specific dose of a particular radiation type will cause biological effect. 1 sievert is equal to 1 joule per kilogram. And 100 rem.
13. Uranium: chemically reactive radioactive metallic element that is the main fuel used in nuclear reactors and a radiation emitting source in rocks s and soil.
14. X -Rays: Electromagnetic radiation which is produced when atomic electrons undergo a charge in orbit.

IMPROVING THE CAPACITY OF A RENEWABLE POWER SYSTEM, USING SOLAR POWER PANEL

IMPROVING THE CAPACITY OF A RENEWABLE POWER SYSTEM, USING SOLAR POWER PANEL

(A CASE STUDY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ND SOFTWARE LAB)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The use of renewable energy increased greatly just after the first big oil crisis in the late seventies. At that time, economic issues were the most important factors, hence interest in such processes decreased when oil prices fell. The current resurgence of interest in the use of renewable energy is driven by the need to reduce the high environmental impact of fossil-based energy systems. Harvesting energy on a large scale is undoubtedly one of the main challenges of our time. Future energy sustainability depends heavily on how the capacity of renewable energy is improved in the next few decades.

Although in most power-generating systems, the main source of energy (the fuel) can be manipulated, this is not true for solar and wind energies (Valenzuela, et al, 2004). The main problems with these energy sources are cost and availability, wind and solar power are not always available where and when needed. Unlike conventional sources of electric power, these renewable sources are not “dispatchable”—the power output cannot be controlled. Daily and seasonal effects and limited predictability result in intermittent generation. Some manufacturers has released products to facilitate the integration of renewable energy but the researcher is examining ways of improving the capacity of renewable power system using solar power panel (Camacho et al, 2007).

Industry must overcome a number of technical issues to deliver renewable energy in significant quantities. Control is one of the key enabling technologies for the deployment of renewable energy systems. Solar power requires effective use of advanced control techniques. In addition, reliable electric supply cannot be achieved without extensive use of control technologies at all levels.

Solar power plant exhibit changing dynamics, nonlinearities, and uncertainties—challenges that require advanced control strategies to solve effectively. The use of more efficient control strategies would not only increase the performance of these systems, but would increase the number of operational hours of solar and wind plants and thus reduce the cost per kilowatt-hour (KWh) produced. The solar have tremendous potential for fulfilling the world’s energy needs (White House, 2010).

One of the greatest scientific and technological opportunities researchers are faced with is approaches to developing efficient ways to collect, convert, store, and utilize solar energy at an affordable cost. The solar power reaching the earth’s surface is about 86,000 TW. Covering 0.22% of our planet with solar collectors with an efficiency of 8% would be enough to satisfy the current global power consumption. Estimates are that an energy project utilizing concentrating solar power (CSP) technology deployed over an area of approximately 160 x 160 km in the Southwest U.S. could produce enough power for the entire U.S. consumption.

Solar-sourced electricity can be generated either directly using photovoltaic (PV) cells or indirectly by collecting and concentrating the solar power to produce steam, which is then used to drive a turbine to provide the electric power (CSP).

Concentrating solar thermal systems use optical devices (usually mirrors) and sun-tracking systems to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a smaller receiving area. The concentrated solar energy is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists, the main ones being parabolic troughs, solar dishes, linear Fresnel reflectors, and solar power towers. The primary purpose of concentrating solar energy is to produce high temperatures and therefore high thermodynamic efficiencies.

Parabolic trough systems are the most commonly used CSP technology. A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic mirror that reflects and concentrates the received solar energy onto a tube (receiver) positioned along the focal line. The heat transfer fluid is pumped through the receiver tube and picks up the heat transferred through the receiver tube walls. The parabolic mirror follows the sun by tracking along a single axis. Linear Fresnel reflectors use various thin mirror strips to concentrate sunlight onto tubes containing heat transfer fluid. Higher concentration can be obtained, and the mirrors are cheaper than parabolic mirrors, but a more complex tracking mechanism is needed.

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The uncertainty and intermittency of solar generation are major complications that must be addressed before the full potential of this renewable power system can be reached. The researcher provides an overview of a solar power panel with an evolution of electricity networks toward greater reliance on communications, computation, and control which is a way aimed at improving it.

The application of advanced digital technologies (i.e., microprocessor-based measurement and control, communications, computing, and information systems) which are expected to greatly improve the reliability, security, interoperability, and efficiency of the electrical grid, while reducing environmental impacts and promoting economic growth will be considered.

1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The following are the objectives of this study:

1. To provide an overview on renewable power system and its capacity.
2. To examine ways of improving the capacity of renewable power system using the solar power panel.
3. To identify the limitations of solar power system

1.4       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is renewable power system and its capacity?
2. What are the ways of improving the capacity of renewable power system using the solar power panel?
3. What are the limitations of solar power system?

1.6       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following are the significance of this study:

1. Findings from this study will educate students on renewable power system with emphasis on solar power system.
2. It will educate researchers on methods of improving the existing solar power technology.
3. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.

1.7       SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study will cover approaches at improving the existing solar power technology with a view of optimizing the operation of the system and minimizing environmental impacts.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

1. Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
2. Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

WATER AND FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

1. DEFINE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Water-soluble vitamins are those that are dissolved in water and readily absorbed into tissues for immediate use. Because they are not stored in the body, they need to be replenished regularly in our diet. The water-soluble vitamins include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine), folacin, vitamin B₁₂, biotin, and pantothenic acid.

• Explain the general functions of water soluble vitamin

The followings are the functions of water soluble vitamins:

1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important to nerve function
2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important for normal vision and skin health.
3. Vitamin B3 (Niacin) – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important for nervous system, digestive system, and skin health
4. Pantothenic acid – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism
5. Biotin – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism
6. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) – Part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism; helps make red blood cells
7. Folic acid – Part of an enzyme needed for making DNA and new cells, especially red blood cells
8. Cobalamin (vitamin B12)  – Part of an enzyme needed for making new cells; important to nerve function
9. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) – Antioxidant; part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism; important for immune system health; aids in iron absorption

• LIST THE DEFICIENCY DISEASE OF VITAMINS

Vitamin deficiency is the condition of a long-term lack of a vitamin. When caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified as a primary deficiency, whereas when due to an underlying disorder such as malabsorption it is called a secondary deficiency. An underlying disorder may be metabolic – as in a genetic defect for converting tryptophan to niacin – or from lifestyle choices that increase vitamin needs, such as smoking or drinking alcohol.

DEFICIENCY OF WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin	Symptoms & Diagnosis
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency	Weight loss, emotional disturbances, impaired sensory perception, weakness and pain in the limbs, and periods of irregular heartbeat. Deficiency is assessed by red blood cell status and urinary output.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) deficiency	Deficiency causes painful red tongue with sore throat, chapped and cracked lips, and inflammation at the corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis). Eyes can be itchy, watery, bloodshot and sensitive to light. Riboflavin deficiency also causes anemia with red blood cells that are normal in size and hemoglobin content, but reduced in number.
Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency	Deficiency causes pellagra, a reversible nutritional wasting disease characterized by four classic symptoms often referred to as the four Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death. The signs and symptoms of niacin deficiency start to revert within days of oral supplementation with large amounts of the vitamin.
Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) deficiency	Irritability, fatigue, and apathy.
Vitamin B6 deficiency	microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruption, atrophic glossitis with ulceration, angular cheilitis, conjunctivitis, and intertrigo. Neurologic symptoms of depression, somnolence, confusion, and neuropathy (due to impaired sphingosine synthesis) and microcytic anemia
Biotin (Vitamin B7) deficiency	Rashes including red, patchy ones near the mouth and fine, brittle hair. Hallucinations, Lethargy, Mild depression, which may progress to profound fatigue and, eventually, to somnolence, Generalized muscular pains (myalgia) and Paresthesias. Decreased urinary excretion of biotin and increased urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid are better indicators of biotin deficiency than concentration in the blood.
Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency	Loss of appetite and weight loss can occur. Additional signs are weakness, sore tongue, headaches, heart palpitations, irritability, and behavioral disorders. In adults, anemia (macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia) can be a sign of advanced folate deficiency.
Vitamin B12 deficiency	Anemia (reduction of red blood cells), and the presence of limb neuropathy and digestive disorders.A wide range of associated symptoms may include angular cheilitis, mouth ulcers, bleeding gums, hair loss and thinning, premature greying, a look of exhaustion and dark circles around the eyes, as well as brittle nails.
Vitamin C deficiency	Deficiency leads to weakness, weight loss and general aches and pains. Longer-term depletion affects connective tissues, severe gum disease, and bleeding from the skin.

• FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Fat-soluble vitamins are dissolved in fats. They are absorbed by fat globules that travel through the small intestines and distributed through the body in the bloodstream. Fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted, they can accumulate to toxic levels if taken in excess. Where a well-balanced diet can’t cause toxicity, overdosing on fat-soluble vitamin supplements can.

FUNCTIONS OF FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Fat-soluble vitamins play integral roles in a multitude of physiological processes such as vision, bone health, immune function, and coagulation. This review discusses the biochemistry, transport, and roles of these vitamins highlighting deficiency syndromes and potential toxicities.

DEFICIENCY OF FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin	Symptoms & Diagnosis
Vitamin A deficiency	Can cause nyctalopia (night blindness) and keratomalacia, the latter leading to permanent blindness if not treated..
Vitamin D deficiency	Usually asymptomatic, causes reduce bone density associated with the development of schizophrenia.
Vitamin E deficiency	Causes poor conduction of electrical impulses along nerves due to changes in nerve membrane structure and function.
Vitamin K deficiency	Signs and symptoms can include sensitivity to bruising, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, and heavy menstrual bleeding in women

REFERENCES

Gilbert C. What is vitamin A and why do we need it? Community Eye Health. 2013;26(84):65. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Shahidi F, de Camargo AC. Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Common and Emerging Dietary Sources: Occurrence, Applications, and Health Benefits. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Oct 20;17(10) [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Booth SL. Vitamin K: food composition and dietary intakes. Food Nutr Res. 2012;56 [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Russell McDowell (2000). Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition (2 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-8138-2630-1.

“Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins”(PDF). Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2019.

“Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment”. 28 July 2021. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.

Importance OF Vitamins supplement

Importance OF Vitamins supplement

Supplementation can help meet the higher nutritional needs of ones more demanding lifestyle or medical condition. Stresses, medical complications, and energetic living can all create a greater need in your specific body for very specific minerals or vitamins. Supplementation can also help correct deficiencies in the very food you are eating. Chemicals used in farming, depleted soils, refinement, preservatives, and additives all create deep imbalances in our food supply itself. Through supplementing your diet, one can make great strides in correcting for these food supply deficiencies. It helps in protecting onse health and preventing disease.

It is clear that a multivitamin supplement has the ability to increase our wellness. Calcium and Vitamin D are proven to aid in bone health, Vitamin D also supports a healthy colon and may prevent colon cancer and many chronic conditions, Folic Acid is proven to reduce birth defects and has been linked to a lower risk of heart disease, colon cancer and other cancers including breast cancer, B Vitamins are proven to increase energy and aid in neurological functions, Magnesium is proven to relax the body, antioxidants are proven to prevent certain cancers, and both Vitamin C and Zinc are proven to increase immune function.

EFFECT OF BRAND IMAGE ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR IN COCA-COLA BOTTLING COMPANY ABUJA

EFFECT OF BRAND IMAGE ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR IN COCA-COLA BOTTLING COMPANY ABUJA

ABSTRACT

This project examined the effect of brand image on consumer buying behavior in Coca cola Bottling Company Abuja with the aimed of examining the impact of product branding on consumer behaviour with special interest in Nigeria Bottling Company, Abuja. This study is guided by the following specific objectives: To determine the impact of brand image on consumer buying behavior, to determine whether there is a relationship between consumer’s perception of a brand image and his or her purchase. to evaluate the effects of product branding on organizational performance and profitability and to identify various problems associated with product branding. Data were collected through the administration of questionnaires to some management and production staff of Nigerian bottling company (coca-cola) Abuja. The researcher make use of tables, descriptive statistics and chi-square to present and analyze the data. The researcher conclude that most of the activities or concepts concerning branding techniques are highly practiced and impact positively on consumer behaviour as result in more sales. Lastly, the chapter five which summarize, conclude, and recommend on the general findings of the research work.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

Brand is exceptionally  significant resource for the organizations as its able to emphatically effect the buying behavior of the consumers and it is additionally useful in strengthening the business entity. Consumers depend on branded goods and generally want to purchase goods with the brand that has a position in the market and in the minds ofthe customers. Companies such  as Coca Cola Nigeria Plc in any casetry to fulfill their customers’expectations with quality goods. Consumer buying behavior is the thing that influences them to buy products and services, such as apparels. Hence forth the brand image can make a critical effect on consumers buying behavior. Subsequently, it is basic to upgrade the marketing strategies towards branded apparels in Nigeria as the purpose of achieving success in the organization and  industry at large.

The purchasing process is a combination of mental and physical activities that ends with an actual purchase almost daily (Sheth & Mittal 2004) Therefore it is interesting to study the connection within “what we buy” and “why we buy it”. In this circumstance, product brands play a leading role in consumer behaviour. There are many factors or attributes of consumers effecting their view and decisions.

In today’s increasing competitive marketplace, Consumers differ in their perceptions; they would necessarily hold different images for any specific brand and often have to make a choice among a range of products or brands in the market that differ very little in its price or function. In such circumstances, their final decision depends on the image they associate with different brands.

Product branding has been an important concept in consumer behaviour research and is a crucial factor influencing the consumer behaviour towards purchasing of any product especially in the aspect of soft drinks and beverages. Keller (1997) demonstrates that the product brand is essential in apparel purchase behaviour because it impacts consumers’ preferences and purchase intentions as well as their willingness to pay a premium price and recommend the brand to others. Thus, when consumers hold a strong and constructive brand image, they will be more likely to evaluate the apparel product positively, regardless of price.

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Product brand represents product image, quality or value. Brand influences the buyer in making his buying decisions and reduces his searching time in finding products with desired features. A brand generally suggests that quality and standard of the product. Thus, it helps a consumer in purchasing a good quality product. (Aaker, 2014).

Product brands also have a symbolic value which helps the people to choose the best product according to their need and satisfaction. Usually people do not buy certain brands just for design and requirement, but also in an attempt to enhance their self esteem in the society (Leslie and Malcolm, 2012).

Product brand names present many things about a product and give number of information about it to the customers and also tell the customer or potential buyer what the product means to them. Furthermore it represents the customers’ convenient summary like their feelings, knowledge and experiences with the product brand. More over customer do not spend much time to find out about the product.  When customer considers about the purchase they evaluate the product immediately by reconstructed product from memory and cued by the brand name (Hansen and Christensen, 2003).

Product Brand plays a very important role in the consumer behaviour with regards decision making processes. It is really important for companies to find out consumer behaviour and identify the conditions, which consumer applies while making decision (Cravens and Piercy, 2003).

Marketers are highly concerned to know how brand names influence the customer purchase decision. Why customers purchase a particular brand also implies how customers decide what to buy. Customers follow the sequence of steps in decision process to purchase a specific product. They start by realizing a requirement of product, get information, identify & evaluate alternative products and finally decide to purchase a product from a specific brand. When customers purchase particular brand frequently, he or she uses his or her past experience about that product brand regarding performance, quality and aesthetic appeal (Keller, 2008).

Ramasamy (2005) reported that, the consumer behaviour is vastly influenced by awareness and attitude towards the product. Commercial advertisements over television was said to be the most important source of information, followed by displays in retail outlets. Consumers do build opinion about a brand on the basis of which various product features play an important role in decision making process.

Today’s business environment is highly competitive and rapidly changing. Therefore if firm wants to succeed in its goals it has to do a continuous observation of the consumer behavior and their preference because consumers are the kings in the business world.

In earlier days soft drinks market in Nigeria was thin and had few varieties of soft drinks such as Coca Cola and very few local unknown brand. But nowadays it is changed inversely and grown over time. Today soft drink has become a vital daily usage which no one can avoid. The usage differs according to age, sex, income, culture, and different models, different taste, different customer’s style, different volume, and different smell, different verities of product which are available in the present market. It is therefore, important for the consumer who is described as the ‘King’ in a competitive marketing environment to identify those factors, which influence their buying behavior.

 1.2     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CASE STUDY

Nigeria Bottling Company (NBC) plc is one of the few multinational organizations that had its beginning in Nigeria from a small family owned operation at inception. They are the predominant bottler of alcohol free beverages in Nigeria, responsible for the manufacture and sales coca cola brands.

The Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC) Plc was founded and incorporated in November 1951, as a subsidiary of the A.G Leventis Group with the franchise to bottle and sell coca cola products in Nigeria.

Production began in 1953 at a bottling facility in Iddo, Ebute metta, Lagos which also serves as its headquarters. Over the years production capacity has grown and NBC operates eleven (11) production plants and eight (80) distribution warehouses (depots) located across the country with over 1.8 billion bottles sold per year, making it the second largest market in Africa.

The Nigeria Bottling Company Abuja plant is located in Abuja the Federal Capital Territory and started operation since 2006. The plant produces Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite and Schweppes and     also distributes all product categories.

The Abuja Plant services Federal Capital Territory, Niger State, Nasarawa State, Kogi, and its surrounding towns.

The Nigeria Bottling Company has achieved greatly in terms of pace setting and innovative practices which includes:-

1. The first soft drink company to use standardized distribution bottles
2. First to use special tracts decorated in company’s logo and colour.

• First to use in-route system of distribution

1. Established the first carbon dioxide plant in 1958

From the 1990’s till date the Nigeria bottling company (NBC) has created new innovations as regards their bottling packaging and introduction of new products such as fanta pineapple, fanta lemon, different brands of five alive such as the atoms burst and strawberry flavour.

In conclusion, the success of the Coca-cola Nigeria Bottling company depend on their well known powerful brand name which have greatly uplifted the name of the organization to be known all over the country through their quality products.

1.3     STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS

The bottling company market is a very competitive one where different brands are produced targeted towards catching the attention of would-be buyers and consumers with similar products.Over the years, because of the way products flooded market, consumers are left with no choice to consider choosing a particular brand, hence putting some factors into consideration which affects his purchasing behavior.It is on this background that this research is aimed at, looking at how product branding has effect on consumer behavior to bring about continuous purchase of that brand. This is what the research, is set to find out.

1.4     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of this study is to have an in-depth study of the effect of brand image on consumer buying behavior in coca cola Bottling company. This study is guided by the following specific objectives.

1. To determine the impact of product branding on consumer behaviour
2. To determine whether there is a relationship between consumer’s perception of a product brand and his or her purchase.
3. To evaluate the effects of brand image on organizational performance and profitability
4. To identify various problems associated with product branding in Nigeria bottling Company, Abuja plant.

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were designed to guide the study.

1. What are the impact of brand image on consumer buying behaviour?
2. What is the relationship between consumer’s perception of a brand image and his or her purchase?
3. Does brand image have any effects on organizational performance and profitability?
4. What are the various problems associated with product branding in Nigeria Bottling Company, Abuja plant?

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following are the hypothesis formulated in line with the aims and objective of this research:

Hypothesis One

H₀: Brand Image has no significant effects on consumer’s buying behaviour.

H₁: Product Branding has significant effects on consumer’s buying behaviour.

1.7     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is of immense importance in the scene that it intends to study the effects of product branding on consumer’s behaviour. The result of this study with be of immense importance to the marketing departments, marketing managers, marketers and sales force of Nigeria Bottling company as it will educate them on the importance of product branding and its effect on organizational performance and profitability.

The results of the study will provide a benchmark that can be used in assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of product branding and how it affects consumer buying behaviour.

The research will also be very significant to researchers, students, and others who intend to carry out further research on a similar topic.

1.8     SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this research is limited to Nigeria Bottling Company Abuja Branch and is specifically to study the effect of brand image on consumer buying behaviour. This research is limited to the above scope because of setting limitations which hinders the researcher from expanding the scope of the study beyond Nigeria Bottling Company Abuja to branches of the company and Nigeria beverages industry at large. Such limitations are outline below:

1. Time: The researcher has a limited time to carry out this research, since there is no time set aside for writing this project, the researcher has to combine the writing of the project with normal academic work and other commitment in the academic environment.
2. Finance: Finance hinder the researcher from expanding the scope of this study by the Nigeria Bottling company Abuja as this will involve more money which is not at the disposal of the researcher.
3. Lack of adequate materials: Another limitation arises from inadequate research materials and uncooperative attitude of the respondents to attend to the researchers request.

1.9     DEFINITION OF TERMS

Brand: – A brand is a name, combination of those elements which is Intended to identify the goods and services of a producer from those of Competitors.

Brand Name: – A brand name consists of words, letters and or numbers that can be vocalized and letter able e.g. NASCO, AP, chevron etc.

Brand Mark: – This is the part of the brand that can be recognized by Sight but not utterable. It appears in from of symbol, design, coloring or Lettering e.g. red, star of petroleum products, umbrella of PDF, Maize of ANPP etc.

Trade Mark: – This is a brand or its part that is given legal production. A trade mark provides sellers exclusive right to use the brand name and or brand mark.

Generic: – They are unbranded, plainly packed, less expensive version of common product purchased in market.

Competitors: – In business terms; competitor is a person who sells or produces the same product with his opponent. They can also be called business rivals.

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF 5KVA SOLAR SYSTEM

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF 5KVA SOLAR SYSTEM

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

In recent times there has been an increasing demand for alternative energy sources as global oil reserves dwindle and concerns for the environment continue to grow.Today, just about everyone increasingly depends on devices that require electricity,but in Nigeria, one of the most populated nations in Africa, only 40% of the people are connected to the energy grid; those connected experience brownouts and total blackouts around 60% of the time. Meanwhile, it is sunny 43% of daylight hours in Nigeria, which is an average of 1885 hours of sunlight per year, this means solar as an alternative energy solution is very much feasible in this part of the world.

There is therefore a growing need for inverters to convert low voltage DC to high voltage AC which are of lower cost and more efficient.This project focuses on DC to AC power inverter whose aim is to efficiently convert a DC power source to a high voltage AC source, similar to power that would be available at an electrical wall outlet.Inverters are used for many applications as in a situation where low voltage DC sources such as batteries, solar panels or fuel cells must be converted so that devices can run on AC power. One example of such a situation would be converting electrical power from a car battery to run a laptop, television, lighting or cell phone etc.

The method in which the low voltage DC power is inverted, is completed in two steps. The first being the conversion of the low voltage DC power to a high voltage DC source, and the second step being the conversion of the high DC source to an AC waveform using pulse width modulation. Another method to complete the desired outcome would be to first convert the low voltage DC power to AC, and then use a transformer to boost the voltage to 220 volts. This project focused on the design, construction and implementation of 5KVA Solar system which specifically the transformed a high voltage DC source from the sun into an AC output.

1.1       BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Beginning from the late 19th century to the middle of the 20th century DC to AC power conversion was accomplished using rotary converters, or Motor Generator(MG) sets. In the early 20th century, vacuum tube and gas filled tube began to be used as switches in inverter circuits. The most widely used type of tube was the thyraton.

The origination of electromechanical inverters explains the source of the term inverter. Early AC to DC converters used on conduction or synchronous AC motor are directly connected to a generator (dynamo), so that the generators commutation reversed its connection exactly the right moments to produce DC. A later improvement is the synchronous converter, in which the motor and generator windings are combined into one armature, with slip-rings at one end and a commutation at the other end and only one field frame.

The result is either with AC-on, DC-out. With an M.G sets, the DC can be considered to be separately generated from the AC with a synchronous converter,in a certain sense, it can be considered to be mechanically rectified AC. Using the right auxiliary and control equipment, an M.G set or rotary converter can “run backward”, converting DC to AC. Hence, an inverter is inverter converter.It should also be noted that early inverter did not use transistors for switching purposes, because its voltage and current ratings were not high enough for most inverter applications. However, in 1975, the Silicon Control Rectifier (SCR) was introduced as switches, hence initiating a transition to solid state inverter circuits.Today, however due to an increased knowledge in technology, modern inverters are less bulky, and more efficient with the use of various components such as ICs (Integrated Circuits).

1.2       PROBLEM STATEMENT

Lack of incentives to invest in the aged and inefficient national grid, transmission and distribution infrastructures, as well as the fact that energy from decentralized,renewable sources is not well fashioned to work on the electricity grids in the country has led to incessant power outage all over the country. Some of the solutions to this problem is an auxiliary AC power generator, nuclear power plants,wind turbines, solar power etc., but the cost of fossil fuels continues to increase rapidly and hence will not be cost effective in the future; while solar power has some aesthetic, economic and technical drawbacks. A more effective and reliable alternative is battery power back-up system which can be converted to AC power using power inverters.

1.3       OBJECTIVES

The main aim of this project is to design, construct and install a 5kVA solar system inverter with48volts supply so as to achieve the following objectives:

1. To produce pure sine wave output voltage that can be used to power Electrical/Electronic Department.
2. To back-up the erratic power supply by PHCN.

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The important of an inverter is that, it has the capability to convert the DC power into AC power making it useful to operate equipment such as household items,computers, power tools and much more, by simply plugging typical equipment into the inverter.

It is also important because it can deliver efficient power to run an electrical product with high power requirement usually as electric utility heater, air conditioners with additional batteries connected because of it high current it will draw.

1.5       JUSTIFICATION

Designing a pure sine wave inverter with the above listed features is of great significance for it serves to unveil the challenges and possible flaws that are associated with modern inverters in the market and hence give insight and practical design experience to students which will in turn encourage more researches in the area of solar inverter power system as an alternative power supply for homes and industries.

This project also serves to widen the horizon of students especially in the area of modern day solar technology and hence can serve as an area for further research and development in schools and industries.Solar power inverter systems find application in the following areas of life:

• In homes and offices as stand-alone power supply or supplement to the mains power supply
• In industries and factories as grid-tie or stand-alone system
• In camping grounds and off grid locations as a portable power supply
• In hospitals as back-up power supply in case of mains outage
• In other power critical places as emergency power supply, etc.
• In our case, it serves to provide an alternative power source for the department during the times of mains power outage.

1.6       SCOPE OF WORK

This project work covers the design and installation of a 5kVA solar inverter that can power the loads that are within its capacity. The design’s focus will be in designing an inverter that will power the department’s first floor and be dependent on power from the mains or solar cells. The battery bank is limited to 19,200 Watt-Hour (i.e. 48V x 400Ah) and can be charged by either the mains power or the power from the array of solar modules. The design is capable of automatically switching to mains or inverter mode when appropriate and features all forms of protection techniques/schemes to guard the system and the connected appliances against any form of danger that may arise during operation.

The design does not accommodate a high power surge beyond its stated capacity and hence cannot be used to power high inductive loads like industrial electric motors and high power air conditioners. It can be used to power very sensitive and life dependent devices/equipment like medical equipment and servers because of the near absence of harmonic content in the final power output of the design.