CONSTRUCTION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED SECURITY DOOR USING SMART CARD

CONSTRUCTION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED SECURITY DOOR USING SMART CARD

ABSTRACT

This project shows the construction of a microcontroller based security door using smart card. It is aimed towards programming the microcontroller to control the hardware in sliding door. The system consists of a microcontroller 89S52 which sends a signal to the multiplexers on insertion of the smart card in the card slot. The multiplexers consist of ICS which prompts for a display of the identity of the card user in the liquid crystal display (LCD). The LCD displays the status of the card. On validation of the card, the LCD displays a welcome note to the user and prompts for a pin code. The pin code is being keyed in from the key pad. If confirmed by the program written into the microcontroller access will be granted, otherwise no access, giving the user two more chances to insert the correct smartcard or pin code to it, before final denial of access and alarm. When access is granted, the card sends a 5volt signal to the microcontroller which triggers relay, resulting in the opening of the door.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Creation of secured access path to offices, homes, hotels, industries etc. has been a successful discovery of man. As a result of this, it has been possible to create door/gates that are well secured using smart card.

Individuals are becoming more aware of the dangers/ risk associated with relying on keys or padlocks to provide security to unauthorized areas of their apartments. Fraudsters/criminals can forge keys or make master keys that will be used to break into such rooms or offices. To eliminate this insecure and old fashioned method, the use of password in doors/gates mechanism evolved. The development of single secret authentication such as password is an effective security control.

A long pass-word of more than ten characters that consists of random letters, numbers and special character can be very difficult to crack. Unfortunately, users cannot always remember the sort of pass-word, partly due to fundamental human limitations.

However, most security guidance recommends at least eight character random password. Because most users cannot commit eight character random password to memory and many attempt to write it down on a piece of paper which can be misplaced or seen by another person, while some users tend to choose easy to remember passwords such as ‗123‘ or other easily guessed characters. Due to this shortcoming of a single secret authentication, creation of two factor authentication evolved.

Two-factor authentication i.e. System that uses card and pin code for authentication overcame the issues of single secret authentication by the requirement of a second secret. Two-factor authentication uses a combination of the following items; Something that the user has, such as hardware token or a smartcard. Something the user knows, such as personal identification number (pin).

Smartcard and their associated pins are becoming increasingly popular, reliable and cost effective. Two-factor authentication with the right control in place, the user must have the smartcard and know the pin code to gain access to the required apartment. The smartcard requirement significantly reduces the likelihood of unauthorized access to an organization‘s outfit.

Hence to reduce or eliminate the access of unauthorized personnel into unauthorized areas, an automated door/access path is to be constructed. This involves controlling the doors/gates by an artificial means (artificial intelligence). It involves the application of automated system that is incorporated into these doors/gates for efficient and optimum performance. Taking the advantage of the microcontroller as one of the fastest processing and intelligent instrument, was incorporated into the system and interfaced with smartcard in order to achieve accuracy in processing.

This project was constructed using microcontroller for better creativity and beauty in design. The microcontroller (programmable) has series of instruction fed into it, this help it to accomplish most intelligent task like the human brain. These include detection of card, identification of password, displaying ―access granted‖, ―access denied‖ and opening and closing of door/gate with the aid of the smart card. An electromagnetic relay controls the opening and closing of the door/gate which is moved to and fro by a synchronous motor (DC).

The microcontroller based security door using smart card is designed using the 89S52 microcontroller with appropriate software package. The project is segmented into different module which includes; the mechanical, electrical/electronic and programmable (computerized) part as listed below;
1. The microcontroller module
2. The keypad module
3. Electromagnetic relay
4. The display unit (module)
5. The Smart card module
6. The alarm signal module
7. The sliding door/gate
8. Electric motor
9. The Power Supply Module etc.

The microcontroller: The microcontroller does most of the addressing and instruction execution through its data, address and control busses.

The Keypad: The keypad is used for selection i.e. As an input device to issue instruction to the control processing unit (CPU) of the processor.

The smart card and its associated pin: provide the security system.

The Display Module: the display module shows the output of events that are taking place.

The Electromagnetic Relay: The help of the relay is utilized by the CPU to switch the motor ON which moves or turns causing the gate/door to slide to the defined direction.

The Alarm Unit: The alarm unit produces an alarm signal when a wrong password or pin code is entered more than three times.

The power supply Unit: The power supply unit supplies a voltage for optimum operation of the circuit.

In all, this project demonstrates the integral function of what is obtainable in real system.

1.1 AREAS OF APPLICATION
This project is applicable in areas where unauthorized personnel are restricted from access as can be seen in Offices Hotels Residential quarters Banks Security System Credit or ATM cards Authorization card for pay television Sims for mobile phones

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The major aim of this project is to construct a system that uses two-factor authentication (smart card and their associated pins) to provide security control to
reduce the threat of authorized access to some restricted areas. It also aims at bridging the technological gap between developing and developed countries of the world.

1.3 PROJECT SCOPE
The construction of security door using smart card is based on discrete components like resistors, transformers, Liquid crystal display, transistors, relays, microcontroller, D.C motor, diodes, bridge rectifier, bolt and nuts, aluminum etc. This project design can be mounted on hotels door, office door etc with the incorporation of big dc motor and thyristor that will be able to drive specially constructed sliding gate/door when activated.

CONSTRUCTION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED GATE

CONSTRUCTION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED GATE

ABSTRACT

Microcontroller based gate automation is a project design of a system that is used in operating a gate automatically. The system opens the gate automatically when a human being or car is about to enter a compound or exit a compound. The system works by sensing the light rays from the head lamp of the vehicle. The light ray is sensed and signal is used in operating the gate. Different blocks of circuit are put together to ensure that the system works perfectly as desired. The blocks include; the power supply unit, the control unit, the sensor unit, and drive unit. The power supply unit powers on the entire system, it supplies appropriate dc signal to where it is needed. The supply unit is made up of a 12volts step down transformer, a bridge rectifier circuit, a filter capacitor and a voltage regulator IC. The control unit receives signal from the sensor section to control the remaining part of the system. The control section is the logical part of the system and decides the state of the entire system depending on the signal from the sensor unit. The control section carries its operation with use of a microcontroller ATMEL89S52. The sensor unit receives signals from the headlamp of the vehicle or the human being and sends signals to indicate that a human being or car is present. This is achieved with the use a light dependent resistors. The drive unit is a DC motor which carries the gate to a specific direction as indicated by the microcontroller.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
In the past, many systems that are designed by man are normally operated manually. This mode of operation is accompanied with many defects or disadvantages. Some of the disadvantages involve stress undergone by the operator; the operator is also exposed to health hazards when carrying out his or her duties. These health hazards might be in terms of electrocution, skin burn or bruises.

To overcome the above mentioned disadvantages that are associated with manual operation of systems, the recent systems are designed with mechanisms that enable them to carry out the required operations automatically. To this effect, the system carries out the required operation by them. The mechanism of the system can only be altered during servicing of the machine. With automatic operation of systems, the stress involved with handling the systems are reduced drastically.

The automatic gate control system is one of the systems that operate automatically. The system simply detects the presence of object at the front of the gate and then, opens the doors of the gate automatically. It incorporates sensors that are mounted at strategic positions and which has the capability of detecting objects. These systems are used in public offices where people often make use of the doors.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of the design is to practically obtain a system that opens and closes a given gate automatically, when there is presence of cars or persons. The system is designed in such a way that it has sensors that senses the presence of people.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The design and implementation of microcontroller based automatic gate controller utilizes the characteristic operation of both passive and active electronic components such as resistors, capacitors and integrated circuits. The circuit is designed in a prototype forms and it is only meant for indoor demonstration of how the system works. The system also uses a programmable integrated circuit in its control unit. Meanwhile, this project, microcontroller based automatic gate control has sub units such as:

• Power supply unit
• The control section
• The gate drive section
• The sensor unit

The block diagram of microcontroller based automatic gate

1.4 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Voltage regulation: this is simply, the control of voltage as needed by the design. Voltage regulation ensures that a specific and steady voltage supply is provided for the system operation. Electromagnetic switch: this is the contact making that exists between terminal of electronic components. These switches are carried through a process known as electromagnetic induction. Examples of devices that can perform this action is the relay. Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM): this is a type of memory device which can be programmed. The device also has program erasing ability if it is to be reprogrammed.

1.5 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
Five chapters were covered in the course of design and development of this project. The chapters and their contents are as follows:

Chapter one is the introductory chapter that gives the background of the project, aim and objective, the scope and organization of the project.

Chapter Two handles the literature review; information on previous work relevant to the topic.

In chapter three, I discussed the practical system analysis of the project. Also discussed is the requirement analysis, which is all the information, gathered from a wide research on microcontroller over/under voltage protective system.

Chapter four deals with the design procedure, construction steps, packaging and cost of components.

Chapter five contains the test result, summary, conclusion and recommendations for further work.

CONSTRUCTION OF A GSM BASED HOME AUTOMATION USING AVR

CONSTRUCTION OF A GSM BASED HOME AUTOMATION USING AVR

ABSTRACT

With advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and easier for us. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. The purpose of this project is to design and construct A GSM based home automation using AVR. Using GSM networks, in this project a home power control system has been proposed that will act as an embedded system which can monitor and control appliances and other devices locally using built-in input and output peripherals. The system has a delay of 2 minutes after the first call to initiate the next command. This project is made up of four vital units. These units are as follows: GSM module unit, peripheral interface control (PIC) unit, driver unit and a power monitoring and control unit. The GSM module is a GSM transceiver which gives the system access to the GSM service provider. The peripheral interface control (PIC) is programmed to carry out the OFF/ RESET operation according to the GSM commands while the driver and control unit consist of capacitors, resistors, diodes, regulators and electromagnetic relay is to effect power switching. The major component that performed the power control of 220v main supply and the automatic voltage regulation (AVR) is the automated electromagnetic relay. The project was realized.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT
With advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and easier for us. Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. Through this project we have tried to show automatic control of a house as a result of which power is saved to some extent. GSM based home automation using AVR is an electronic device that allows a GSM cell phone to monitor and shut down electrical power supply at home where there are emergency or ugly situations such as fire outbreak, lightning strikes, switching surges, transients, neutral failure and other abnormal conditions or malfunctions that can destroy lives and properties.

GSM based home automation using AVR is a system that implements the emerging applications of the GSM technology which enable the users to carry out some task from anywhere in the world via a GSM network, and the system will automatically regulates power surge. The system is made up of a GSM amplifier unit, PIC12f629 microcontroller, power control and a power supply unit. These sub circuits are designed using passive and active electronic components like capacitors, resistors, diode, regulators, transistors, electromagnetic relay, microcontroller and battery.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The new age of technology has redefined communication. Most people nowadays have access to mobile phones and thus the world indeed has become a global village. At any given moment, any particular individual can be contacted with the mobile phone. But the application of mobile phone cannot just be restricted to sending SMS or starting conversations. New innovations and ideas can be generated from it that can further enhance its capability.

Technologies such as Infra-red, Bluetooth, etc which has developed in recent years goes to show the very fact that improvements are in fact possible and these improvements have eased our life and the way we live. Remote management of several home and office appliances is a subject of growing interest and in recent years we have seen many systems providing such controls. An appliance of a certain location is eliminated with the use of our system. These days, apart from supporting voice calls a mobile phone can be used to send text messages as well as multimedia messages (that may contain pictures, graphics, animations, etc). Sending written text messages is very popular among mobile phone users. Instant messaging, as it is also known, allows quick transmission of short messages that allow an individual to share ideas, opinions and other relevant information. We have designed a control system which is based on the GSM technology that effectively allows control from a remote area to the desired location. The application of our suggested system is immense in the ever changing technological world. It allows a greater degree of freedom to an individual whether it is controlling the household appliances or office equipments. There is no need to be physically present in order to control.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Technology has advanced so much in the last decade or two that it has made life more efficient and comfortable. The comfort of being able to take control of devices from one particular location has become imperative as it saves a lot of time and effort. Therefore there arises a need to do so in a systematic manner which we have tried to implement with our system. The system we have proposed is an extended approach to automating a control system. With the advancement and breakthroughs in technology over the years, the lives of people have become more complicated and thus they have become busier than before. With the adoption of our system, we can gain control over certain things that required constant attention. The application of our system comes in handy when people who forget to do simple things such as turn ON or OFF devices at their home or in their office, they can now do so without their presence by making a call from their mobile phone. This development, I believe, will ultimately save a lot of time especially when people don’t have to come back for simple things such as to turn OFF switches at their home or at their office once they set out for their respective work.

1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The objective of this project is to develop a device that can automatically regulate power surge in the home and allow its users to remotely control and monitor multiple home appliances using a cellular phone. This system is a powerful and flexible tool that will offer this service at any time, and from anywhere with the constraints of the technologies being applied. Possible target appliances include (but are not limited to) climate control system, security systems, lights; anything with an electrical interface.

The proposed approach for designing this system is to implement a microcontroller-based control module that receives its instructions and command from a cellular phone over the GSM network.

The project “GSM based home automation using AVR” as the title suggests is aimed to construct a control system that enables the complete control of the interface on which it is based.

• General objectives of the project are defined as;
• To co-ordinate appliances and other devices through phone call.
• To effectively receive and transmit data via phone call
• To eliminate the need of being physically present in any location for tasks involving the operation of appliances within a household/office.
• Minimize power and time wastage

1.5 SCOPES AND PURPOSE OF SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

The system specification shows the description of the function and the performance of system and the user. The scope of our project “GSM based home automation using AVR” is immense.

The future implications of the project are very great considering the amount of time and resources it saves. The project we have undertaken can be used as a reference or as a base for realizing a scheme to be implemented in other projects of greater level such as weather forecasting, temperature updates, device synchronization, etc. The project itself can be modified to achieve a complete Home Automation system which will then create a platform for the user to interface between himself and the household.

1.6 LIMITATIONS

Our project has certain limitations and a list of such is mentioned below:-
A. The receiver must reside in a location where a signal with sufficient strength can be received from a cellular phone network.

B. Only devices with electrical controlling input ports will be possible targets for control.

C. Operation of the controlling unit is only possible through a cell phone and SIM card with the capability of receiving phone calls.

D. The Control unit must be able to receive and decode phone calls.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
The first machines to be operated by remote control were used mainly for military purposes. Radio-controlled motorboats, developed by the German navy, were used to ram enemy ships in World War I. Radio controlled bombs and other remote control weapons were used in World War II. Once the wars were over, United States scientists experimented to find non-military uses for the remote control. In the late 1940’s automatic garage door openers were invented, and in the 1950’s the first TV remote controls were used. Zenith began playing around with the idea of a TV Remote control in the early 1950’s. They developed one in 1952 called “Lazy Bones,” which was a long cable that was attached to the TV Set. Pushing buttons on the remote activated a motor that would rotate the tuner in the set. This type of remote wasn’t popular for long considering that, at the time, there were very few channels to choose from.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE WAY JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE WAY JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

ABSTRACT

T-junction traffic light controller is such a device that will play a significant role in controlling traffic at junctions, to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum disorderliness that may arise, as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads. Such an electrical system with a touch of electronics that control the flow of traffic in a pre-determined sequential pattern at a junction, has its diagram comprising of different components. The power supply unit provides the control unit with specified voltage from primary source. The pulse generator consisting of a timer generates pulse for the system. The clock or counter moderates the signal that enters the decoding logic system. The display unit of each stand consists of led, the first is red in colour, the second is amber in colour and the last is green in colour.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The traffic on our roads, especially intra-city traffic due to increasing number of cars grow by the day and unless adequate steps are taken to control the situation, we shall soon meet with circumstances we do not bargain for. That the innumerable traffic junctions in the country by far out-number the staff strength of the traffic wardens available and that the traffic wardens even where they are enough to control all the junctions cannot do so throughout the day is not in doubt. Traffic control at T.junctions or elsewhere ensures orderliness of movements of vehicles, goods and pedestrians while its absence strongly indicates chaos and most at times leads to accidents.

In the light of the above, it is imperative to recognize the need to compliment the physical exhausting efforts of the traffic wardens. In doing so, steps to be taken should assume permanence in nature rather than any ad-hoc exercise. Such is the role expected to be played by an installed operational road junction traffic controller.

This project –DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE WAY JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER is such a device that will play significant role in controlling traffic at junctions to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum such disorderliness that may arise as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads.

Such an electrical system with a touch of electronics that controls the flow of traffic in a pre-determine sequential pattern at a junction has its diagram below with blocks representing distinct units.

The power supply unit provides the control unit with specified dc voltage from primary source, which is a 240v, 50Hz ac supply, from public power system. The pulse generator containing a timer generates pulse for the system. The clock or counter moderates the signal that enters the decoding logic system.

The display unit of each stand consists of three bulbs Red in colour showing STOP, three bulbs Amber in colour showing GET READY and three bulbs Green in colour showing MOVE.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of the study includes:

1. To investigate the practicality of the theoretical knowledge about these components to be used.
2. To experiment on the compatibility of the working relation between components to be used.
3. To investigate the extent to which the design and construction of the control unit can be useful to mankind.
4. To investigate the immediate usefulness of the control system as complimentary to traffic wardens.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this project is to enlighten all electronics students on the use of microcontroller base traffic light (3-ways) and timer system in T-junction. On the practical usage it is limited to the laboratory used for reference purpose. The larger application of this project work is found in most of our mega cities like Abuja, Lagos, Calabar, Enugu etc, to control and manage heavy traffic congestion.

1.4 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION

This report is structured to follow the history and origin of traffic light system all through the design and implementation phase. The report takes into account the step-by-step process followed in order to arrive at the final design.

Chapter one of this report introduces the concept of the Traffic light system and its objectives. Chapter two centers on the literature review, the origin and history of Traffic light systems and its basic functionality. Chapter Three explains the components which make up the Traffic light system and their basic functionalities/mode of operation. Chapter Four discusses the design procedure, construction, steps and packaging. Chapter five handles the tests and results as well as conclusion and recommendation.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
The tremendously increased number of vehicles on our roads and the overwhelming army of pedestrians on road sideways call for great concern. The numerous avoidable accidents at junctions be it T-junction, 4-way junction is acknowledged not only by Government but also by the people themselves. The services of our traffic wardens as well as that of the policemen no longer contain adequately the situation more so when they cannot carry out a twenty-four hour duty.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER FOR BOTH OVERHEAD AND UNDERGROUND TANKS

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER FOR BOTH OVERHEAD AND UNDERGROUND TANKS

ABSTRACT

Automatic water level controller for both overhead and underground tank is designed to monitor the level of water in a tank. It displays the level of water and when it is at the lowest level; a pump is activated automatically to refill the tank. When the tank is filled to its maximum capacity, the pump is automatically de-energized. Several circuits are put together to ensure proper working of this design, and the block diagram includes the supply unit, the micro-processor unit, the sensor unit, the display unit and the pump drives unit. The power unit is responsible for turning on the entire circuit. Some components are used to set up power unit and they include; a 15v step down transformer, a bridge rectifier circuit, a smoothening capacitor and a voltage regulator IC. The microprocessor (AT89S50) controls virtually all the actions carried out in this design. (AT89S50) is used in the design. The sensor unit is responsible for sensing the level of water and transfer the current position of water to the microprocessor. The display unit in the circuit is use to physically show the current position of water in the tank, the properties of seven segment display are been used.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The project “automatic water level control with an automatic pump control system” is design to monitor the level of liquid in the tank. The system has an automatic pumping system attached to it so as to refill the tank once the liquid gets to the lower threshold, while offing the pump once the liquid gets to the higher threshold. Sustainability of available water resource in many reason of the word is now a dominant issue. This problem is quietly related to poor water allocation, inefficient use, and lack of adequate and integrated water management. Water is commonly used for agriculture, industry, and domestic consumption. Therefore, efficient use and water monitoring are potential constraint for home or office water management system. Moreover, the common method of level control for home appliance is simply to start the feed pump at a low level and allow it to run until a higher water level is reached in the water tank.

This water level control, controls monitor and maintain the water level in the overhead tank and ensures the continuous flow of water round the clock without the stress of going to switch the pump ON or OFF thereby saving time, energy, water, and prevent the pump from overworking Besides this, liquid level control systems are widely used for monitoring of liquid levels in reservoirs, silos. Proper monitoring is needed to ensure water sustainability is actually being reached with disbursement linked to sensing and automation, such programmatic approach entails microcontroller based automated water level sensing and controlling or using 555 timer IC.

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The goal or objectives of which the designed device is expected to accomplish is to build an automatic water level control with automatic control system. In this project sensors are place at different level of the tank and with the aid of this sensors, the micro-controller monitor the level of the liquid at any particular point in time, some of the objectives are
1. to design an automatic water monitoring system
2. to incorporate an interactive medium between the end user and the machine
3. to prevent over labor of the pumping machine and prevent it from getting bad
4. to avoid wastage of water
5. since the demand of electricity is very high, automatic water level control saves energy

1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Automatic water level monitor came into existence because of human error and inconsistence that is associated with manually operated water pumping machine. This is because it takes time for individual who is manually operating the water pump to turn off the pumping machine and this may cause water spillage and at times the individual might not know that the water level has drop so low until the tank is completely empty. This was the problem that leads to the development of the ideal of an automatic water level control and automatic pump short down.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The project was design to automatically control the pump which ensures constant reserve of water in the reservoir. The scope of the design was keep concise and simple to in other not to introduce unnecessary complexities and render it generally uncomfortable. The system does not have attached complex peripheral device which though impossible for the detail printable information has been excluded for reasons of affordability material of low range and less accurate performances as opposed to a well built automatic water pump was use d to achieve this aim, the automatic water level controller detect and control the water in the tank

1.4 CONSTRAINS
The biggest setback experience during the course of this project is difficulties in finding the design of the project, secondly sourcing of material and component I used for the project were difficult to find like pump and buffer for programming

1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
It is significant to know that this design is limited to 12v, 5amps electric pump and cannot be use to control industrial water pump above 5 amps

BLOCK DIAGRAM OVERVIEW
This project report writing is written is design in such a way that each chapter is related to the next as shown below

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROL WITH PUMP

1.6 PROJECT RESPORT ORGANISATION

The organization of this project report is well detailed and vast in its coverage it covers all the activities encountered during the research work. The first chapter of this work took care of the introduction, aims and objective, scope, Justification and project report organization. Chapter two highlight on literature review chapter three highlight on description of system and some of the component used were emphasized chapter four highlight on the system design and implementation, construction, testing and packaging of the pump. Chapter five is all about the conclusions problem encountered recommendation and cost of the project.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

An automatic water level control detects the water level in the tank and also ensures continuous water flow round the clock because of its automatic, this automatic water control is made up of microcontroller written in C programming language this program is burn into an IC called AT89S52 With 40 pins.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RADIO FREQUENCY GSM SIGNAL JAMMER

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RADIO FREQUENCY GSM SIGNAL JAMMER

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
A wireless signal jammer is a device which blocks transmission by creating interference. This wireless signal jammer can be categorized into the Radio Frequency (RF) jammer and GSM jammer.

A Radio Frequency jammer is a device used to disrupt or prevent communication via a broadcasted RF signal. It is an RF and GSM frequency disrupter commonly known as wideband radio frequency (RF) and GSM cell phone jammer. Simultaneously, they can blocks all commercial FM broadcast band (87.5 MHz to 108 MHz) and GSM signal transmissions within the jammer’s transmission range. The device can possibly block these frequencies by transmitting a dirty signal (like noise) on the same frequency at which the GSM and radio system operates.

A Radio Frequency jammer is a device that transmits a radio frequency signal on the same frequency at which the radio system operates and the jamming succeeds when the radio sets in the area where the jammer is located are disabled.

A GSM jammer is a device that transmits a signal on the same frequency at which the GSM operates. The jamming succeeds when the mobile phones in the area where the jammer is located are disabled.

In recent times, where bombs are being planted and detonated by GSM or Radio Frequency signals, this device can be at an advantage by jamming the signals required for the detonation of the bomb.

Presently, the mobile jammer devices are becoming civilian products rather than electronic warfare devices, since with the increasing number of the mobile phone users the need to disable mobile phones in specific places where the ringing of cell phone would be disruptive has increased. These places include worship places, university lecture rooms, libraries, concert halls, meeting rooms, and other places where silence is appreciated.

The solution to these annoying and disrupting noises is to install a device which can block the signal transmission from mobile phones and radio sets and thus, disrupt the triggering of bombs by these wireless signals.

1.2 Project Background
The technology being used by this device is very simple. The mobile phone transmission is being blocked and interfered by RF which creates high noise. The frequency being generated by the jamming device jams the signal being generated by the cell tower (as illustrated in figure 1.1 below). When the signal has been blocked, the mobile phone will show “NO NETWORK” on the network bar, and radio devices will not be able to tune into any signal. Thus, all phones and radio devices in the 200m radius of the jammer will be having the same situation.

Radio Frequency (RF) and Mobile signal jammer is an illegal device in many countries. It is because the device is blocking the signal which has been approved by government agency as a legal communication transmission system. According to the National Communications Commission (NCC) in Nigeria, “The manufacture, importation, sale, or offer for sale, of devices designed to block or jam wireless transmission is prohibited”.

The reason I am developing this device is for educational purpose only. This device was developed and tested in this report just for Final Year Project presentation. There is no intention of manufacturing or selling such device in Nigeria or elsewhere.

In the construction of this wireless signal jammer, the device will be able to jam GSM and Radio Frequency (RF) signals and this can be done alternatively through a switch.

As shown in Fig. 1.1 below, the wireless signal jammer is divided into two major branches: the GSM signal jammer, and the radio receiver jammer. The radio receiver jammer is also sub-divided into the Amplitude Modulated (AM) signal jammer and the Frequency Modulated (FM) Signal jammer. The Cell phones and Radio receivers cannot be blocked simultaneously as they operate at separate frequencies. The frequency can then be varied using a frequency tuner mounted on the jammer.

Block Diagram of Signal Jammer

The block diagram in Fig. 1.2 below gives a pictorial representation of the working principle of a wireless signal jammer

From the Fig. 1.2, the jamming device jams cell phones and radio sets within the range of cell towers 1 and 2.

The cell tower 1, 2, 3 and 4 transmits signals which can be received by GSM or radio sets. The jamming device is placed in-between cell towers 1 and 2 and thus produces a signal which is at the same frequency being operated /transmitted by the cell tower. It can be said that the resultant of the signals is zero.

From Fig. 1.2, the sending object is the jamming device and the target object is the cell towers.

However, mobile phones placed within the range of cell towers 3 and 4 will not be jammed due to the fact that they are not within the range of the jamming device.

1.3 Problem Statement

Due to the increasing sophistication and high technology, most people are using mobile phones, and also due to the need for man to stay updated with his environment, the use of radio is also in wide use.

Mobile phones have become a very important communication tool today. With the use of the mobile phones everywhere, it becomes annoying device while working, studying, praying and many more.

Modern technology has contributed to the sophistication of bombs which are being triggered by GSM and Radio signals.

Wireless mobile jammer can be placed in schools, mosque, and conference hall, meeting rooms, library and many more places which need quiet and peaceful environment. This device will block the transmission of Radio and GSM signals.

1.4 Objectives

The Development of Wireless Signal Jammer for Security Application objective is:

1. To design Radio Frequency (RF), Intermediate Frequency (IF), and Power Supply circuit.
2. To construct the Development of Wireless Signal Jammer for Security Application’s circuit.
3. To construct the development of wireless signal jammer for security application’s circuit.
4. To simulate Intermediate Frequency (IF) section circuit.
5. To block mobile phones transmission by creating interference.
6. To block amplitude modulated and frequency modulated signal transmission by creating interference within its range.

1.5 Scope of Project /Limitation

This project only focuses on blocking the signal transmission of GSM900 which is the range between 935 to 960 MHz. This is because the components are hard to find in Nigeria for the GSM1800 frequency range between 1805 to 1880 MHz The components for GSM1800 are also very expensive compared to GSM900.

The second limitations of the project are, the device only can block the three main operators which are ETISALAT, MTN and GLOBACOM. This is because, the lines are only for Nigerian users and the frequency band range is between 935 to 960 MHz.

These requirements fulfil the GSM900 specifications.
The third limitation is that for reliability of the jammer, a Radio Frequency amplifier should be incorporated but the components required for this are difficult to find in Nigeria.

1.6 Summary

This project is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside it coverage without interfering with communication channels outside it range, thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted area only. Although we must be aware of the fact that nowadays lot of mobile phones can easily negotiate the jammer effect are available and therefore advance measures should be taken to jam such type of devices. The main disadvantage of the mobile phone jammer is that the transmission of the jamming signal is prohibited by law in many countries. These disadvantages will restrict the use of Radio Frequency jammer. [10]

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter will discuss more about all of the information related to the project. It discusses about the previous history and the present work about my project. The literature review in this paper is based on Internet, journal, books, and articles.

2.2 History of RF/ GSM jammer

Communication jamming devices were first developed and used by military. This interest comes from the fundamental area of denying the successful transport of the information from the sender to the receiver. Nowadays the mobile jammer devices are becoming civilian products rather than electronic warfare devices, since with the increasing number of the mobile phone users the need to disable mobile phones in specific places where the ringing of cell phone would be disruptive has increased. These places include worship places, university lecture rooms, libraries, concert halls, meeting rooms, and other places where silence is appreciated.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF 20WATTS WIRELESS PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

It has become inevitable that there would be communication and due to the inherent limitation of the human voice, the public address system came to being. A public address or “P.A SYSTEM” is an electronic amplification system with a mixer ,amplifier and loudspeakers, used to reinforce a given sound , e.g a person making a speech, pre-recorded music ,or message and distributing the sound throughout a venue . The voice signal is passed through a microphone , which converts the sound energy to electrical energy, the energy electrical signal being transmitted is been received and amplified by the amplifier circuit. The amplifier’s output is fed into the loudspeaker which converts the electrical energy back to the original form but amplified sound energy. This project is made up of the power supply unit, the pre-amplifier and power amplifier units, and the tone control unit. This system is capable of delivering 20W of electrical power into a 8 ohm load(loudspeaker).

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A public address system allows you to broadcast information to a large group of people, whether you are giving a speech or playing live or recorded music.

Public address systems typically consist of input sources, preamplifiers, control and monitoring equipment, and loudspeakers. Input sources refer to the microphones that provides a sound input for the system. These input sources are fed into the preamplifiers. The pre amplified signals are then passed into the audio power amplifiers.

These amplifiers will amplify the audio signals to an adequate speaker line level. In view of the above, one can now say that the public address system is an electronic amplification system used for communication in public areas.

Microphone is a device that converts sound waves into electrical waves. Some times colloquially called a micro mike is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, live and recorded audio engineering, in radio and television broadcasting and in computers for recording voice, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic checking. The sensitive transducer element of a microphone is called its element. Since a wireless microphone is used in this project; a wireless microphone is one in which communication is not limited by a cable.

A transmitter is extremely important equipment and is housed in the broadcasting station. Its purpose is to produce radio waves for transmission into space. The important components of a transmitter are microphone, audio amplifiers, oscillator and modulator.

It usually sends its signal using a small FM radio transmitter to a nearby receiver connected to the sound system, but it can also use infrared light if the transmitter and receiver are within sign of each other. The transmitter are responsible for taking in the signal from the microphone, modulating it, and transmitting it to the receiver using radio waves.

Transmittal Circult Diagram for Wireless Public Address System

The first transistor (Q1) is the pre-amplifier for the microphone, and you can omit this circuit if you don’t want to transmit the sound picked up by the mic, for example you can connect your mp3 player directly to C1. The core of this FM transmitter circuit is Q2, a modified Culprits oscillator that the frequency is determined by L1, C4, C6, and the transistor’s internal base-emitter capacitance. The antenna use 1/16 wave length to compromise between the efficiency and the size. If you want the microphone to be less sensitive, we can replace the R1 by a higher resistor, such as 10k or 22k, and this might overcome the feedback problem if you use this wireless microphone FM transmitter for a public address system.

The receiver captures the radio waves sent out by the transmitter, demodulates the signal, amplifies it to an appropriate level, and sends it out to the audio mixer. A receiver is an electronic circuit that receives its input from an antenna, uses electronic filters to separate a wanted radio signal from all other signals picked up by this antenna, amplifies it to a level suitable for further processing, and finally converts through demodulation and decoding the signal into a form usable for the consumer, such as sound, and digital data, etc.

Amplifier or simply amp is any device that changes, usually increases, the amplitude of a signal. The “signal” is usually voltage or current. Amplifier is a device for increasing the power of a signal. It does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape but with larger amplitude. Routing the low-frequency parts of the signal to an amplifier can substantially improve the clarity of the overall sound reproduction.

In this project, the audio amplifier used is capable of delivering 20watts continuously. The term “power amplifier” is a relative term with respect to the amount of power delivered to the load and/or sourced by the supply circuit.

In general a power amplifier is designated as the last amplifier in a transmission chain (the output stage) and is the amplifier stage that typically requires most attention to power efficiency. Power amplifiers have also become lighter, smaller, more powerful and more efficient due to increasing use of Class A amplifiers, which offer significant weight and space savings as well as increased efficiency.

Power amplifier circuits (output stages) are classified as A, B, AB and C for analog designs, and class D and E for switching designs, based upon the conduction angle or angle of flow, Θ, of the input signal through the output amplifying device, that is, the portion of the input signal cycle during which the amplifying device conducts. The image of the conduction angle is derived from amplifying a sinusoidal signal. (If the device is always on, Θ = 360o.) In this project a class A amplifier is used because it offers low signal distortion.

Loudspeaker is an electro-acoustical transducer that converts an electrical signal to sound. A transducer that turns an electrical signal into sound waves is the functional opposite of a microphone.

Since a conventional speaker is constructed much like a dynamic microphone, (with a diaphragm, coil and magnet), speakers can actually work “in reverse” as microphones. The speaker pushes a medium in accord with the pulsations of an electrical signal, thus causing sound waves to propagate to where they can then be received by the ear. The loudspeaker used in this project is a load of 8 Ohms.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the audience. In public speaking, as in any form of communication, there are five basic elements, often expressed as “who is saying what to whom using what medium with what effects?”(W.Kleitz;2005 pg134).

The major objective of this project is to design and construct a public address system with relatively unique operational characteristics that is capable of delivering 20 watts of electrical power into an 8Ohms load (loudspeaker). This will be achieved with adequate tone controls and mixer stages so as to enable communication or reproduction of speech and recorded music in buildings and institutions.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION
Over the ages, science and technology has been developing with new inventions in various fields; including the increase in modifications on existing technology all gearing towards improving effectiveness and reliability of equipment and achieving to a great degree miniaturization and optimal cost.

This project is backed by my interest in the area of electronics and communication, and having been groomed to a great extent with introductions into the various fields of electrical and electronics engineering, with the knowledge in principles of telecommunications, telecommunication engineering, basic electronics and lab practice. I chose to combine basic electronics and lab practice. I chose to combine all these ideas in embarking on this project to develop a special system that utilizes all the above stated knowledge in one system; “the public address system”.

This system makes use of radio communication system, it utilizes radio frequency to achieve all its set objectives, like data communication in the operation of wireless communication between the transmitter and the receiver.

This system is intended to provide a fast and reliable means of communication in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and small bars.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This system is for public address; it has an estimated power rating of 20watts. For power supplies, it uses a 220/12Vac transformer for the receiver, amplifier and loudspeaker units. It has a power On/Off button with volume control.

1.5 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

The system is made up of the transmitter which is incorporated in the microphone; and the receiver unit, the tone control and mixer unit, the audio amplifier unit and the loudspeaker.

DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF 200 WATT SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF 200 WATT SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

The 200W solar system was determined by load assessment, solar panel number determination, battery requirement and then inverter sizing. A complete solar panel rated at 200w was however purchased, together with 2 no. 150A solar battery, 1500W inverter and also 10A charge controller. These were assembled together with necessary protective gadgets like cut out switches; to give the 200W expected. The solar panel was mounted outside the building to allow for maximum collection of sun energy. It is expected that the system will help the department meet up with its office duties even when central power is not available.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT
The general objective of the system is to provide efficiency, steadiness in the use of power appliances, by ensuring continuous availability of power supply even in the absence of mains. Uninterruptability of the system made it possible to eliminate all suspense from mains outage during the execution of an important and urgent assignment as may be required.

For better production of the system, the system was operated at a fully charged condition of the battery.

The project was rated 200W of 220V and 50Hz. It was expected that at this condition, it was favourable to carry load of the stipulated power. Loads of low power factors are not helpful since they produce spikes. Overloading is not potent to provide zero change over time and the inverter had LEDs which indicates mains failure and battery discharge and system fault.

1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY
This solar power source makes it possible to provide a clean reliable supply of alternative electricity free of sags or surges which could be found in the line voltage frequency.

The solar power system (SPS) system achieved this by direct current from solar panel and by rectifying the standard main supply, using the direct current to charge the batteries and to provide clean alternative power by passing the energy a filter system.
It has zero change over time and LEDs which indicates mains fail and battery discharge level and it provides 100% protection against line noise, spikes surges and audio frequency interference.

1.3 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Inverter unit: This unit converts a DC voltage into AC voltage with the help of the inverter unit.

2. Automatic Control Unit: This provides all the required control needed to meet up the objective of the whole system

3. Battery Unit: This is a secondary cell unit, capable of storing enough DC voltage from either sun or AC main, of which is later converted to AC voltage.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

The use of the sun’s energy is nothing new and dates back to the beginning of time. In recent years however, the focus on energy consumption worldwide rapidly spurred growth in the research and development of ‟green” alternative fuel source including the sun, wind, hydro, wave, geothermal, hydrogen and other forms of energy. And today, because of that focus, the use of solar energy is expanding by leaps and bounds especially since sunlight is free, unlimited, readily available, clean and reliable.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PATIENT HEARTBEAT AND TEMPERATURE MONITOR

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PATIENT HEARTBEAT AND TEMPERATURE MONITOR

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Heart beat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit time, usually expressed as beats per minute (bpm). The human heart pounds to pump oxygen rich blood to the muscles and carry cell waste products away from the tissues. Heartbeat rate can vary according to the demand of the muscles to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes such as during exercise or sleep. It also varies significantly between individuals based on age, fitness and genetics. This means that the heart must beat faster to deliver more oxygen rich blood. During exercise routines, the heartbeat rate gives a strong indication of how effective the exercise is to the body.

The patient monitoring systems is one of the major improvements in the global health care program because of its advanced technology. A patient monitoring system measures the heartbeat and body temperature by using embedded technology. This advancement in technology is highly needed because many sick patients at the hospitals die because of high fever and heart attacks. The trend of cardiovascular disease has shown that heart beat rate plays a key role in determining the possibility of a heart attack while an increase in the body temperature can induce fever on a patient. Heart diseases such as heart attack, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, and congenital heart disease are the leading causes of death for men and women in many countries. Most of the time, the aged people of the society are more prone to heart disease problems than the younger ones. For people who live alone with no one to monitor their health condition, this device offers an opportunity to them for a constant monitoring of their health status, it is developed to monitor and alert the doctors about the heartbeat and temperature condition of a patient. It is developed to give patients a timely and proper heath care.

These days it is not easy for doctors and the nurses to remain close to a patients bed side to monitor their heath condition. In the past, a huge and fixed monitoring device was used (only in the hospitals) to know the health status of a patient when on a bed. These monitoring devices are only available in the hospitals and are constantly on the patient’s body. Many of them are not user friendly so it is important that the doctors and family members will have a handy device that can always monitor their patients when they are not around. One of the vital things to monitor on a patient is the body temperature.

This has to do with the measurement of the body’s ability to generate and get rid of heat. Temperature monitoring is one of chief indicators of the normal functioning of health. The nature of the human body is to keep its temperature within a narrow, safe range in spite of large variations in temperatures outside the body. Normal human body temperature depends upon the place in the body, from which the measurement is made, and the time and level of activity of the person. The typical body temperature is 37.0 °C ± 0.4°C (98.6 ° F ± 0.7°F).

When the body temperature is high, the blood vessels within the skin expand (dilate) to carry the excess heat to the patients skin surface. One may begin to sweat, and as the sweat evaporates, it helps to cool his/her body. When one is too cold, the blood vessels narrows (contracts) so that blood flow to the skin is reduced to conserve body heat. This may cause an involuntary shivering in some people due to cold which is a rapid contraction of the muscles.

This extra muscle activity helps to generate more heat. Under normal condition, thus keeping one’s body temperature within a narrow, safe range. Body temperature is regulated by neural feedback mechanism which operate primarily through the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus contains not only the control mechanisms, but also the key temperature sensors. Under control of these mechanisms, sweating begins almost precisely at a skin temperature of 37°C and increases rapidly as the skin temperature rises above this value. The heat production of the body under these conditions remains almost constant as the skin temperature rises. If the skin temperature drops below 37°C a variety of responses are initiated to conserve the heat in the body and to increase heat production. These includes: Vasoconstriction to decrease the flow of heat to the skin, Cessation of sweating, shivering to increase heat production in the muscles, Secretion of nor epinephrine, epinephrine, and thyroxin to increase heat production.

Another vital thing to monitor in a patient is the heartbeat rate. It is very important that the heartbeat is to be normal. That is 72 BPM. If there is any abnormality, then the patient is in distress. Heartbeat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit of time. The normal heartbeat rate of a resting person is about 70 bpm for adult males and 75 bpm for adult females. The average heartbeat per minute for 25-year old ranges between 140-170 beats per minute while for a 60-year old it is typically between 115-140 beats per minute and body temperature is 37 degree Celsius or 98.6 Fahrenheit.

Normally it is difficult to keep track of the abnormalities in the heartbeat count of by manual means. Patients are not well versed with the manual treatments, which the doctors normally use for tracking the count of the heartbeat. Thus, there must be some kind of device which would help patients and their family member to keep track of their health by themselves. This sole reason is why this project presents a heartbeat and temperature monitoring device using radio frequency (RF.). The concept of developing an RF. based patient monitoring device is to have a simple home and hospital based pulse and body temperature monitoring device for sick person’s that are in critical condition and needs to be constantly or periodically monitored by clinician or family.

1.2 WHAT IS A PATIENT HEARTBEAT AND TEMPERATURE MONITOR USING RF?
A patient heartbeat and temperature monitor using RF. is a radio frequency based pulse wave and body temperature monitoring system, which allows the control of a sick person’s condition in real time.

The system monitors the heart beat and temperature of a patient simultaneously and if the patients heartbeat rate or body temperature is abnormal, the system alerts sends an alert to the doctor or patient’s family members to quickly examine or diagnose the patient’s condition and take early precaution to save the patient’s life. The alerts sound can be triggered at any time as long as there is a deviation in the health condition of the patient from the normal, such that the status of the patient can be known on time.

The system consists of a sensor, which monitors the patient and sends a signal to a microcontroller, which processes it to determine the temperature and heartbeat rate of the patient before sending an alert to a receiver using radio frequency. The receiver has to be in the possession of the patient’s doctor or family members. This project can also be used by athletes who engage in physical exercise and by medical professionals. Individuals, such as athletes, cyclists or those who are interested in monitoring their heartbeat rate and body temperature to gain maximum efficiency from their training can also use this project. It can be used during physical exercise and healthcare.

1.3 PROBLEM DEFINITION
The human health is one of the most important concerns in the world today. Anything/everything becomes meaningless when one becomes sick and dies due to improper Medicare. For health reasons, people, governments and several voluntary bodies spend a lot of money to ensure a better health condition for themselves and the entire populace. Scientists and Engineers are always at work to device a means of supporting/sustaining a sound health condition for all through the invention of numerous technologies both Electrical/Mechanical gadgets that are in use for health care delivery today.

The heart is a very delicate organ in the human body (once it stops beating, nothing else matters). Thus, If early actions are taken (and on time) the heart condition can be managed effectively and many patients can be cured and saved. The problem of patients slumping and dying is associated with cardiovascular arrests and can be checkmated this sensitive and highly effective device (the patient heartbeat and temperature monitor).

This device has an outstanding advantage that it is easy to handle and access. Heartbeat rate and body temperature monitors are part of the most vital tools needed in first aid kit for saving lives. Unlike the x-ray, the heartbeat and temperature monitor does not impose any hazard to the human health.

There devices in the market which can provide raw measurement data of the patients to the doctors, but the patients may not be able to interpret the medical measurement into a meaningful diagnosis due to their limited medical background. On the other hand, if raw medical data is delivered to the doctor, time is wasted and may pose a problem, but in emergencies waste of time can never be tolerated. It is tough to share data over large area within a short period.

Most of the products available in the market have this drawback of limitation in flexibility and portability. If the heat that is produced from metabolism cannot be checkmated on time, it will cause a turbulent body temperature, which could be worse than 40°C and lead to headache, vertigo, low blood pressure, high energy consumption, unconsciousness and crocking up of body temperature regulation function. On the other hand, when the produced heat is less than the dissipating heat, the body temperature cannot hold on and it will result to a decrease in metabolism.

1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The major aim and objective of this design [of a patient heartbeat and temperature monitor using RF. is to help the doctors and family members to keep track of the heartbeat condition of their loved ones [as well as their body temperature] in the case of an abnormality in the health condition (for those with heartbeat defects and those that run excessive high temperature beyond normal). If any varied change takes place, it is notified. This notification through RF. Channel would to take an appropriate action at an instance of time, thereby alerting the appropriate persons.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
There are various instruments available in the hospitals to keep track of the internal body changes, but many of them have limitations regarding to maintenance, cost, size of instruments, and mobility. This project is so significant because it is mobile, small in size, cost effective, very easy to use, highly efficient performance, portable and light in weight etc. It uses RF. to help both the patient and the concerned doctor to take an appropriate action.

It is beneficial in terms of cost. It saves time and is very helpful to patients who lives alone. It offers a freedom of movement to patients. It has a low power consumption though the stability of its wireless data communication is still to be enhanced. To some degree, the wireless data communication via RF has anti-jamming ability.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project operates at a 30 feet’s distance on open space. It is designed to operate with an alkaline battery of a minimum of 9 volts to a maximum of 12v consumes 50mA. It uses a buffer, temperature sensor, AT89c51 Microcontroller and a led display with buzzer for the alert. The hardware and soft ware of the system is oriented towards the AT89c51 single chip microcontroller. Hence, reducing the size of the device. A regulated 3.7v RF. operates in the frequency range of 415 MHZ per second used for data transmission, which can easily penetrate over three floors of a building and go over 30 feet’s in open space.

1.7 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
The organization of the project report is well detailed and vast in its coverage. It covers all the activities encountered during the research work as shown in the block diagram below.

 

PROJECT ORGANIZATION BLOCK DIAGRAM

The first chapter is the introductory chapter, which covers the background, project objectives, scope of the project, constraints and block diagram overview of the states. Chapter 2 presents the literature review. Chapter 3 covers the system analysis and design including the design methodology in block diagram form. Chapter 4 presents the system implementation, which shows the component layout, the wiring schedule, the wiring diagram and the complete schematic diagram. Chapter 5 covers the testing and integration of the project design. The system testing was first carried out in a laboratory. Chapter 6 is the summary and conclusion, which includes the summary of achievements, problems encountered during project design, recommendation and suggestion for further improvement.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE TRANSMISSION BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTER AND THE RECEIVER

Basic idea of a transmitter and receiver transmission using RF

With the aid of a simple, low cost microcontroller based heartbeat rate and temperature measuring device with LCD output. The heartbeat rate of a patient is measured from the index finger or the wrist or neck using IRD (infrared device) sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on a text board LCD.

The device sounds an alarm when the heartbeat and body temperature exceed the safe threshold value. The programmer stipulates this threshold value at the time of programming of the microcontroller. The threshold value given for the device is between 20 to 120 pulses per minute for heart beat indication and 18 degrees Celsius to 38 degrees Celsius for temperature.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HOME CONTROL SWITCH AUTOMATION USING GSM COMMUNICATION

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HOME CONTROL SWITCH AUTOMATION USING GSM COMMUNICATION

ABSTRACT

The advantage of cellular communication like GSM technology is a potential solution for such remote controlling activities. GSM-SMS technology can be used to control household appliances from remote places. Remotely, the system allows the home owner to monitor and control his house appliances via his mobile phone set by sending commands in the form of SMS message and receiving the appliances status as well. This system provides ideal solution to the problems caused in situations when a wired connection between a remote appliance device and the control unit might not be feasible. The system is wireless and uses the user’s mobile handset for control and therefore the system is more adaptable and cost effective. The system uses GSM technology thus providing ubiquitous access to the system for appliance control. With this hypothesis, three different approaches have been proposed and implemented in this project; FIRSTLY, home control switch/household appliances are controlled by server mobile which acts as remote control. SECONDLY, GSM-SMS messaging technology is used to control them from remote places and FINALLY, to provide a multiple agents environment.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, people’s expectations in their life quality are increasing as the technology is improving rapidly. People need an affordable system (smart) that can make their lives easier, more comfortable, and offer more safety.GSM based home automation system is an electrical and electronic system designed to control home appliance with a mobile phone. The two main technologies applied in the system are GSM and PLC. GSM stands for global system for mobile communication and PLC stands for power line communication. In this study, Nokia 6100 is chosen as the GSM phone that receives command and transfers it to controller. Due to rapidly advancing of mobile communication technology and widely availability make it possible to incorporate mobile technology into home automation systems. ’’AT’’ command is used as communication between GSM phone and microcontroller by passing through a serial interface RS232 with the help of its driver.

The project is based on the principle of GSM network, which enables the user to remotely control the operations of the appliances by using a mobile phone. In other word it would transform a normal home into an intelligent home. The controlling circuit is the most important component in communication and interface between home appliances. It was implemented by using peripheral interface controller (PIC) interfaced to mobile phone. The user can perform ON/OFF operations of the appliances just by pressing keypad of mobile phone.

The user sends GSM data in the form of SMS (short message service) message to switch ON or OFF any appliances at home such as lamp, air condition, fan and etc. the appliances may also provide the user with its current ON/OFF status. The system can be improved to provide the user with information about the status of each appliance.

1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are as follows;

1. To design and develop home appliances control system over GSM network by using a mobile phone.

2. To determine and understand on how the GSM works.

3. To understand the architecture and programming of the PIC.

4. To learn the troubleshooting and techniques.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scopes of works in this project are;

1. Mobile phone with SIM card enables the user to remotely control the operations of the appliances by communication to the GSM modem.

2. GSM modem allows the capability to send and receive SMS to and from the mobile phone.

3. RS-232 is the basic serial communication cable that will be used to interface between GSM modem and PIC microcontroller.

4. PIC microcontroller will be interfaced to the control circuit that is connected to the appliances. It contains the software components through which the appliances are controlled and monitored.

5. Relay and control circuit used to detect and control the condition of the home appliances.

1.3 OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM
The system works as a remote sensing for the electrical appliances at home or industry to check whether it is ON or OFF, at the same time the user can control the electrical appliances at home by sending SMS message into the system, for example, turning on the AC before returning home. in case of fire/security the chip will receive signals from the different sensors in the monitoring place and acts according to the received signal by sending an SMS message to user’s mobile phone, it also works as automatic and immediate reporting to the user in case of emergency for home security, as well as immediate and automatic reporting to the fire brigade and police station according to activated sensor to decrease the time required for tracking action.

A sketch of overall design of the home appliances control using GSM is shown in the figure below.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Simplified block diagram of home appliances Control using GSM

ARCHITECTURE OF THE SYSTEM

It can be implemented to any levels of the security system. The architecture of the system mainly consists of three components the GSM MODEM and the interface circuit that include the different sensors used. The function of the GSM MODEM is the remote communication between the user and the controller through the RS232 serial communication standard. The function of the controller is to continuously check the inputs coming from the different sensor and send message through the GSM network in case of emergency such that it acts as a 24hours monitoring and continuously checking for any received message from the user through the GSM MODEM to switch on the AC for example.