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DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION LEAD (Pb), CADMIUM (Cd) AND CHROMIUM (Cr) IN SOME LOCAL RICE AND RICE HUSK OBTAINED IN NASARAWA MARKET, NASARAWA STATE
ABSTRACTS
Rice is an excellent staple crop which contains vitamins and minerals such as vitamins E & B and potassium needed for human growth and wellbeing. In recent times, majority of Nigerian consume a lot of rice as compared to other local staple. However, heavy metal contamination of rice and other crops is threatening the quality of these crops and the health of consumers.
Due to industrialization and other human activities, environmental pollution with chemicals is increasing and this has led to the contamination of agricultural produce. Heavy metal contamination has been associated with adverse effects such as damages to the nervous system, kidneys, liver, lungs and other vital organs in humans and animals. With dietary intake as one of the major routes of heavy metal exposure to human, there is the need to investigate the levels of these metals in our foods.
This study intended at determining the concentrations of three heavy metals (chromium, cadmium and lead) in rice sold on the Nasarawa market. Three samples of local rice grain and rice husk were collected from the markets in Nasarawa;. Samples were homogenized and digested for analysis using a microwave digester. The concentrations of the 3 elements (Cr, Cd &Pb) were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The method used was validated using a certified reference material.
Results indicated that, for chromium concentration in rice grain samples,obtained concentrations which ranged from 0.0708 to 0.4489mg/l with an average of 0.2159 mg/l. Concentration of chromium in rice husk ranged from 0.0.697 to 0.1569 mg/l with an average of 0.1102 mg/l. Cadmium concentration of rice grain ranged from 0.0230 to 0.1153 mg/l with an average of 0.0728 mg/ l in rice grain. Cadmium in rice husk ranged from 0.0169 to 0.0688 mg/l with an average of 0.0415 mg/l in the samples. Lead concentration in rice grain ranged from 3.1124 to 1.9575 mg/l with an average of2.4785 mg/l. Concentration of lead in rice husk samples ranged from 0.1153 to 0.6588 mg/l with an average of0.4120 mg/l in rice husk.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Health is wealth and as such you are the product / function of what you eat; but the health hazard associated with heavy metals contamination in our world cannot be over emphasized. The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, Nickel, cadmium, mercury, chromium and Arsenic. The metals have been extensively studied and their effect on human health regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the world health organization (WHO 2010).
According to IPCS/WHO. 1995, many challenges with health have risen with some to no cure but management, and heavy metals known to be accumulated in plants adversely affect human health and these heavy metals get accumulated in part of the plants (oryza Sativa L.) via the metal transfer factors from the soil to the rice plant.
Heavy metals from natural and anthropogenic source accumulate in soil and plant has a consequences represent important environmental contamination problems. Never the less, food safety issues and adverse health risk makes this of the most serious environmental issues soils are considered to be an excellent media to monitor and access heavy metals pollution because anthropogenic heavy metals contaminated soil adversely affects the whole ecosystem. When this toxic heavy metals migrate into underground water or are taken up by the flora and fauna, may result in great threat to ecosystem due to translocation and bio accumulation (Naseri, et al 2009)
Heavy metals are potentially toxic to crop plants, animals, and human being when the contaminated soil are used for crop production and thus human health is directly affected through the intake of the crops grown in polluted soils, and there is a clear evidence that human renal dysfunctionis related with contamination of rice with cadmium in subsistence farms in Asia. Plant absorb heavy metals from the soil (Naseri et al 2009)and the surface 25cm zone of the soil is mostly affected by such pollution resulting from anthropogenic activities and these heavy metals are absorbed and accumulated in the soil layer probably due to relatively high organic matter. The plant part of interest for direct transfer of heavy metal to human body are the edible part such as the rice grain, which may consequently become a threat to human health. Nevertheless, heavy metals in the environment consequently are of immense concern because of their persistence nature, bio accumulation and bio magnification characters causing to plants, animals and human being (UNICEF 2008)
The use of polluted soil or water for crop cultivation mainly results in decrease of overall productivity and affects human health to and therefore there is a vital need to know and understand the mechanism involved such as the concentration and oxidation of heavy metals.
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
The research problem is to find out the concentration of heavy metal (Lead, chromium and Cadmium) contained in the rice grain and the rice husk that are consumed by human in Nasarawa, and to see how the production process can be increased or become thus reducing the risk of heavy metal contamination with the body. Also to look for a better way at which the rice can be processed.
1.3. AIMS OF THE STUDY
- The study is aimed at determining the concentration of heavy metal in local rice and its husk.
1.4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- To access the limit of potential contaminate in the plants.
- To know the level in degree of contamination of lead (Pb) chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) in the plant (rice).
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The effect of heavy metals can never be over emphasized according to Payus, (2014). Heavy metals toxicity can either be acute or chronic effect long term exposure of the body to heavy metal can progressively lead to muscular, physical and neurological/ degenerative progresses that are similar to disease such as parkisons disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, brain damage, kidney damage, nervous system and reproductive system and can also lead to cancers and even death. And as such, if they are substance in these modern age that pose such effect on health, thus carrying out research about them would be of paramount importance so as to create awareness to the consumer of such substance. More so many local farmers have gone into the business of rice farming and so creating heavy metals on plants consumption will be great help to humanity.
1.6. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research work is to determine the concentration of the heavy metals in local rice and its husk produced in Nasarawa main market, Nasarawa state and the heavy metals to be determined are lead (Pb) chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd).
1.7. AREA OF THE STUDY
The investigation will cover the rice mill in Nasarawa main market, Nasarawa, Nasarawa state and the prepared for analysis in the Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, then heavy metal determination in Kwali, F.C.T.
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